The electromagnetic radiation from fresh and saltwater (18 %) surfaces at a frequency of 15 GHz was experimentally studied over the temperature range of (30–50) °C. It is shown that the dependence of the radiation power on temperature is linear, with the temperature gradient for fresh water (0.107 rel. units / °C) being greater than that for the saline solution (0.077 rel. units / °C). For this frequency range, fluctuations in radiation power were recorded for the first time at approximately 30 °C, which are presumably associated with the disappearance of the “light” water fraction. A corresponding theoretical analysis was performed using the laws of ray optics (Snell’s law) and the model of Stogryn for the dielectric constant. It was established that the radiation is formed within a surface temperature film, which thickness exceeds the skin depth. It is shown that the difference in the radiation power of fresh and salt water cannot be explained solely by the difference in their emissivity, indicating the influence of the vertical temperature distribution in the surface layer. The results of the study are important for understanding the heat exchange processes at the water – atmosphere interface and for developing methods for the remote monitoring of water bodies.

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Lighting is one of the key elements that influence the way viewers perceive artistic works. Despite the importance of this topic, it has long been overlooked by specialists because there was a rigid system of norms and standards established back in the Soviet period. However, over time, these rules should evolve with the development of technology and modern trends. The right choice of lighting allows viewers to delve deeper into a work of art by emphasizing the shape, texture and colour of objects, as well as creating soft, natural shadows and an appropriate atmosphere that helps to better understand the author’s intent. At the same time, traditional lighting methods can cause harsh shadows and glare, which can distort the impression of the artwork. Modern digital technologies provide an opportunity to create virtual expositions available to a large number of viewers, but their realization requires high-quality visualization of synthetic images of sculptures. The use of special programs for calculating illumination and analysing colour characteristics makes it possible to test various lighting options, considering a variety of parameters, and through experimentation to find the most suitable solutions for each specific situation.

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The article presents the results of a study of the buildings of the latest mosques to identify common techniques and patterns of daylighting systems. The options for illuminating the wall of the Qibla and the main prayer niche of the mihrab with overhead and side lights, including through a spatial grid of shanashil or mashrabiya, are shown. Highlighting the mihrab with a directed stream of light is an innovative technique that has been actively used in mosque architecture only in the 21st century. It is noted that in modern houses of worship, the architecture of which demonstrates, it would seem, a clear rejection of traditional Islamic methods, daylight acquires the most important importance, endowing the religious space with semantic and valuable content. The main objects of the study are modern mosque buildings, which at first glance do not fit into the Islamic traditions of architecture, built by architects E. Arolat, A. Kazmaoglu, Cubeinside Bureau, Forum architects, Nakshabid architects and others in the period 2005–2025 in the Middle East and Southeast Asia.

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8. Ermolenko, E.V. Daylighting in Contemporary Christian Churches [Estestvennoe osveshchenie novejshikh khristianskikh khramov] // Light & Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 4, pp. 8–15. [Online]. Available: https://l-e-journal.com/en/journals/light-engineering‑29–4/daylightingof-the-newest-christian-churches-l-e-vol‑29‑no‑4–2021/ (Accessed: 11.02.2025).
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1. Korobko, A.A. Utilitarian outdoor lighting: A training manual [Utilitarnoye naruzhnoye osveshcheniye: uchebnoye posobiye] / Moscow, Editorial Office of the Journal Svetotekhnika / Light & Engineering, 2020, 124 p.
2. Danilko, A.V., Karev, A.V., Lagov, I.S., Stanislav A. Lyapunov, S.A., Pavlov V.A. Protective Glass in the Design of Outdoor Luminaires // Light & Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 2, pp. 43–54.
3. Final Report prepared for the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, January 2016: Measure and Report Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (Ldd) in LED Luminaires for Street and Roadway Lighting Applications; https://moodle.polymtl.ca/pluginfile.php/512391/mod_resource/content/3/RES‑1–16.pdf.
4. Davis, R.G., Wilkerson, A.M., Kinzey, B.R. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD): Field Data from Several Exterior Lighting Projects // LEUKOS, 2019, 15:1, pp. 55–63; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15502724.2018.1517598.
5. FHWA report: Design Criteria for Adaptive Roadway Lighting / The USA, Federal Highway Administration, Research and Technology Report, July 2014; https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/14051/003.cfm.
6. VTRC 20-R31: Safety Benefits and Best Practices for Intersection Lighting / Final Report, Centre for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342048440_Safety_Benefits_and_Best_Practices_for_Intersection_Lighting.
7. Jackett, M. and Frith, W. (2013) Quantifying the Impact of Road Lighting on Road Safety – A New Zealand Study / IATSS Research, 36, pp. 139–145; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2012.09.001.
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The lighting sector has experienced rapid technological advancements in recent years. One of the important products developed in this context is light emitting diode (LED) technologies, which have a high-efficiency factor and can respond to different lighting needs. However, the use of LEDs in lighting causes harmonics. Harmonics are one of the disruptive factors affecting power quality. Harmonics cause overheating, flickering, increased losses, etc. in devices connected to the system. Additionally, harmonics produce undesirable impacts such as errors in digital meters and control systems, and interference in communication systems. Therefore, the analysis of the impacts of LEDs on power quality (PQ) is important. In this study, harmonic measurements of LEDs in the lighting systems of an industrial facility were made. The measurement results were compared with the IEC 61000–3–2 and IEEE 519–2014 harmonic standards. Then, passive LC filters were designed for different harmonic orders and added to the system. Thus, the impacts of LEDs in the lighting system on electrical power quality in an industrial facility were observed and solution methods were investigated by different passive LC filters.

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This paper proposes a high-efficiency LED driver system powered by photovoltaic (PV) energy, designed to operate under variable irradiance conditions with optimized power conversion. The system integrates a high-frequency Series Resonant Inverter (SRI) controlled by Pulse Density Modulation (PDM), enabling soft switching through zero-voltage and zero-current conditions. A 2.2 kW PV array serves as the energy source, and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is achieved via a Perturb and Observe (P&O)-based algorithm. This controller simultaneously manages MPPT and inverter operation by adjusting the pulse density in real time according to the irradiance level. To improve system performance,the study implements and compares three modulation strategies: conventional irregular PDM, Enhanced PDM (EPDM), and Improved PDM (IPDM). All methods are developed and simulated in the PSIM environment, using non-ideal parameters to replicate real-world conditions. Simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategies achieve over 99 % efficiency across varying power levels, with IPDM demonstrating the lowest harmonic distortion and resonance current ripple. These results confirm that the proposed PDM-based control approach offers a robust and energy-efficient solution for PV-powered LED drivers, particularly in off-grid or energy-constrained environments.

1. Efe, S.B., Varhan, D. Interior lighting of a historical building by using led luminaires: A case study of fatih Paşa mosque // Light and Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 4, pp. 77–83.
2. Thothadri, M., Sathi, R.R., Ponnurangam, S., Chinnaraj, K. Fractional order PID controlled phase shift modulated interleaved Watkins – Johnson converter-based LED driver with reduced current ripple // Electr. Eng. 2025, 107, 2163.
3. Askari, S., Farzanehfard, H., Maghsoudi, M. Isolated Soft Switched Resonant Led Driver with Constant Output Current and Wide Input Voltage Range // 16th Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conference, PEDSTC 2025, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
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5. Pal, A.K., Singha, A.K. A Digital Pulse Frequency Modulation Technique for a Series Resonant Converter-based LED Driver // IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2025, Feb, Vol. 40, # 2, pp. 2797–2808.
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8. Akdeniz, M., Efe, S.B. Forecasting of Harmonic Distortions in MV Distribution Network Caused by Illumination Devices // Light and Engineering, 2025, Vol. 33, # 2, pp. 64–69
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This paper describes methods for assessment of a glare discomfort which is a critical aspect in lighting design for work and living spaces. Traditional methods work with small homogeneous light sources in three-dimensional space. In contrast, methods based on the analysis of high dynamic range images, obtained as a result of computer simulation, allow for early assessment of visual discomfort at the design stage of buildings. Particular attention is paid to the problem of calculating glare ratings for non-uniform light sources, such as LED lamps or windows with blinds. Improved methods are proposed, including a weighted average summation of pixel brightness for more accurate calculation of the Guth index, as well as a clustering mechanism for glare areas that takes into account spatial proximity and similarity of brightness characteristics. These methods provide a more adequate assessment of visual discomfort based on HDR images, which is confirmed by the results of testing in the Lumicept lighting simulation and photorealistic image generation system.

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This study examines the interdisciplinary synthesis of light, sound, kinetics, and digital media in 21st-century installation art through analysis of works by leading European, Russian, and Asian practitioners. Applying structural, semantic, comparative, and technological methodologies, the research investigates ten significant installations that demonstrate innovative applications of both daylight and electric light in creating emotionally powerful three-dimensional environments. These case studies reveal four fundamental artistic-technical approaches: theatricality (dynamic light-soundmechanics integration), spontaneity (incorporating natural kinetic elements), contrast (juxtaposing geometric and organic forms), insiderism (active viewer immersion). Findings demonstrate how contemporary artists are expanding sensory perception through multisensory environments that transcend traditional visual paradigms.
A central comparative analysis focuses on two conceptually related works – Russian Field and The Day We Left Field – connected through their shared ‘field’ terminology and agrarian themes.
The research incorporates unique primary data obtained through interviews with Signatura Studio artists, offering new insights into creative processes behind light-based installations.

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The article describes the proposed prototype of a LED device for lighting birds in cages, consisting of a housing, in which a strip of LEDs of different glow colours is placed, and a controlled power supply with the ability to set a radiation power certain level for each colour LEDs. The device electrical and lighting characteristics measurement was carried out at the S.I. Vavilov VNISI (Ltd) and at the Lighting Engineering Department of the NRU MPEI. An analysis of the blue, green, and red LEDs spectral measurement dependence on the different level of brightness showed that the maxima wavelength values practically do not change depending on the current, and are (467–468) nm for blue, 520 nm for green, and 629 nm for red. The absence of a wavelength shift from current, especially for red and green LEDs, may indicate the absence of their active area significant heating, as a result of which no shift of the spectral maxima wavelengths is observed in the operating range of currents, which, in turn, ensures the resulting spectrum stability. The discrepancy between the results of the LED strip colour coordinates measuring with the SPECTRO 320 and with the CL‑70F devices is, on average, satisfactory.

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Currently, the primary method for modelling light fields in lighting installations relies on Monte Carlo techniques. However, the conventional direct Monte Carlo approach has significant limitations. A promising solution to these shortcomings lies in local estimation methods, initially developed for radiative transfer problems.
This paper presents a formulation of initial and transitional ray-wandering densities within a scene, enabling local estimation of luminance as well as any other integral light-field characteristic expressible as a linear functional of luminance and a radiation value function defined by the corresponding receiver. By employing an orthonormal basis for this function, the method is extended to optical system modelling in luminaires.
Building on these developments and prior research, the authors propose a universal light-field modelling method applicable to three key areas in lighting practice:
 Optical system simulation,
 Multiple reflection calculations, and
 Light-surface interaction modelling.
The method has been implemented in Light-in-Night, a newly developed simulation program. Its results have been benchmarked against comparable software tools.

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Blue ray is the visible light with a wavelength ranging from 415 nm to 490 nm. The short wavelength of blue light indicates that it contains high-energy visible light. This high-energy blue ray can penetrate the cornea of the eyes and has been scientifically proven to cause related eye diseases such as cataracts. Additionally, it can disrupt hormone levels by triggering the brain to release melatonin and affect hormone secretion, thereby impacting sleep quality. Consequently, there is a need for a study on blue light exposure. This paper reports a comparison of blue ray intensity among different types of lamps. The method employed to measure blue ray intensity involves using an averaging spectrometry method. The findings indicate that LED lamps have the highest blue ray intensity when compared to compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and incandescent lamps. The key contribution of this paper is to highlight to consumers that incandescent lamps are considered as the safest option, emitting the lowest amount of blue ray.

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Vladimir P. Budak, Ilgiz R. Galyamov, and Daniil A. Kiselev
Virtual Laboratory for Analysing Museum Lighting

Leon M. Bedoev
Fields of Light in Installations: Artistic Interpretation

Nikolay I. Shchepetkov
Figurative Features of the Light Environment and its Objects as Outcomes of Lighting Design Creativity

Elena V. Ermolenko
The Influence of Daylighting on the Architecture of the Newest Mosques: Part I. The Top and Side Lighting of the Mihrab

Mikhail S. Kopylov, Elissey D. Birukov, and Alexey G. Voloboy
Improved Methods of Glare Rating Assessment for High Dynamic Range Images

Hadi Manap, Mohd Shawal Jadin, Mohd Amir Shahlan bin Mohd Aspar, Mohd Ashraf Ahmad, and Abdul Hadi Sulaiman
A Blue Ray Study on Home Lamps for Healthy Eye Sight and Sustainable Lighting Using Spectrometry Method

High-quality daylighting plays a crucial role in creating a comfortable environment in educational auditoriums. It is well known that insufficient daylighting adversely affects both: students’ health and academic performance. The existing methods for designing and evaluating daylighting focus on ensuring the minimum acceptable levels of horizontal illuminance (Daylight Factor, D) required for visual tasks. However, it is equally important to provide comfortable general daylighting in auditoriums.
Currently, requirements for general daylighting are not systematized. This article proposes a structured approach to defining the functions of daylighting as general lighting in indoor spaces and criteria for assessing comfortable general lighting. These proposals aim to refine the requirements not only for daylighting but also for electrical lighting in future design projects. The authors continue to investigatethe relationship between measurable photometric parameters, obtained using a luxmeter, and qualitative lighting criteria such as light saturation, uniformity, and contrast.
The article presents the results of studies conducted in several auditoriums at the National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (NRU MGSU) with side lighting openings, all serving the same functional purpose but differing in room and opening characteristics. An evaluation of D levels was carried out using the existing methodology, alongside an assessment of saturation through the ratio of the coefficient of daylight cylindrical illuminance (CDCI) to Daylight Factor (D). Additionally, the distributions of the coefficient of daylight vertical illuminance (CDVI) in four planes relative to the light opening and the coefficient of daylight spherical illuminance (CDSI) in characteristic cross-sections were analysed.
It was found that the CDVI in the plane oriented towards the wall opposite the light opening remains nearly constant in absolute values across all points of the characteristic cross-section of the room. Suggestions are provided for assessing contrast and light saturation in rooms using the CDVI.

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Currently, modelling light fields in a slab of a turbid medium is a fully solved task within the framework of the so-called discrete transfer theory. The slab model is of great practical importance, but there is a wide range of problems that cannot be reduced to it and have fundamentally three-dimensional (3D) geometry: twilight sky radiance, reflection from transparent objects, light fields in 3D-printed materials, and biological or medical tissues. To date, there is no general solution to the boundary value problems of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in 3D geometry, and it is unlikely to exist given their diversity and multiparametric nature. Greater progress in solving 3D problems can be achieved by combining approximations with numerical methods.
In this paper, the solution is represented as the sum of an anisotropic part, approximated using a small-angle modification of the spherical harmonics method (SHM), and a smooth regular part, determined from the diffusion approximation, referred to as the quasi-diffusion approximation. The accuracy and applicability domain of this approximation are estimated by comparing the spatial-angular radiance distribution with the numerical solution of the RTE for a slab. It is shown that the difference does not exceed a few percent for most viewing angles. Further development of the method for 3D media is possible using advanced numerical tools for solving partial differential equations. The solution can be refined via the synthetic iteration method.

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Living rooms are shaped by functional, aesthetic, and socio-economic choices and formed by visual factors such as luminance contrast and colour schemes that create distinct atmospheres. Using a single living room image with digitally manipulated luminance contrast levels and colour schemes (warm, cool, and grey), 35 Turkish participants evaluated the emotional and cognitive effects of these variations. Results indicate that luminance contrast significantly shapes the perception of atmosphere, with higher contrast contributing to more vibrant and lively spaces, while low-contrast grey schemes led to more subdued, negative associations. Gender differences emerged in the perception of certain adjectives, such as ‘depressing’ and ‘uncomfortable’. By examining how visual elements create distinct atmospheres in domestic spaces, this study offers insights relevant to interior design and domestic architecture, contributing to a deeper understanding of how material and sensory elements influence the experience of home environments.

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The article introduces the concept of “light-graphic design”, which reveals the synthetic aspects of lighting design that combine informational illumination, graphic design, and urban wayfinding. The authors examine the results of 2018 discussions on terminological changes in the field of lighting design, as presented in publications of the “Svetotekhnika” journal. The study analyses the application of light-graphic design in the structure of the historical centre of St. Petersburg, highlighting existing issues such as the lack of systematization in light signage, light pollution caused by advertising and decorative lighting, and the inconsistency between architectural lighting and the perception of light-graphic information. The authors argue for the necessity of developing a unified wayfinding system based on the synthesis of light and graphics. They emphasize the importance of creating a unified graphic design code to facilitate orientation in the urban environment.
Proposed solutions to these problems outline the main directions for the development of light-graphic design, using urban wayfinding in the protected historical and cultural zones of St. Petersburg as an example. These include structuring innovations in light infographics and existing informational signs, implementing light projection technology, introducing interactive markers into the urban environment, utilizing animated light-graphics, employing light installations and art objects as landmarks, and, finally, creating light scenarios and routes as tools for visual orientation that ensure an organic perception of the urban context.
Key aspects of the research include the modernization of light-graphic tools in the development of tourist routes and the identification of architectural landmarks during night time, as well as the potential use of light routing in the design of urban park spaces.
The authors identify promising directions for the development of light-graphic design in the historical centre of St. Petersburg, justifying the need for a comprehensive light wayfinding system as a significant component of the city’s informational environment.

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The relevance of the topic of the article is caused by the low quality of the architectural environment, which is determined among other things by the requirements for sufficient insolation not only of residential premises in houses, but also in the territories adjacent to them. However, more and more often there are demands to abolish the concept of insolation, leaving only the concept of illumination, which is caused by investment interests to increase the density of buildings not only by a simple increase in the number of storeys, but also by a reduction of insolation gaps between buildings. It is quite obvious that such ill-conceived decisions can adversely affect not only the health of subsequent generations, but also the gene pool of the nation as a whole. At the same time, the already low architectural quality of the mass dwelling will finally become unsuitable for a full life. In this regard, the purpose of this study is a chronological analysis of the impact of insolation requirements on the calculated building density standards and the evolution of the aesthetic appearance of mass housing at different time stages. To achieve the goal, tasks have been set related to the loss of privacy and scale to humans in the environment, the identification of insufficient greenery and places of quiet rest in an open space, which leads to the facelessness and monotony of the spatial pattern of new construction. A hypothesis has been put forward about the need to switch from multi-storey construction to low-rise buildings of comparable density with the obligatory preservation of insolation standards, which will help ensure a high aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic quality of development.
The issues of insolation, and accordingly the quality of mass residential development, were considered in the works of individual scientists and research teams, published in 2004–2023 in free print on the pages of the electronic e-library and the databases of Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), Scopus, and Web of Science.
The results of search queries include 104 links with a sample of 20 articles, the analysis of which was carried out taking into account the following main directions: the history of changes in the standards for ensuring insolation of premises in residential buildings and in the territories they formed, as well as the effect of the duration of insolation on building density injection and, as a result, deterioration of the architectural appearance of mass residential development.
The prevailing trends in reducing the time of insolation in residential premises and in playgrounds, together with the growing number of square meters per unit of territory, led to a deterioration in the quality of life in areas of new housing construction. The transition from multi-storey to low-format high-density residential buildings will help improve the architectural appearance of mass housing.

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Based on long-term experimental studies and analysis of the specific features of the current-voltage characteristics of quantum well light emitting diodes (LEDs), based on wide-bandgap semiconductors, it has been found that modern quantum well LEDs have an inherent limitation on their operating current density, determined by existing design and technological parameters. This limitation is associated with the formation of a built-in electric field within the quantum well region, caused by the injection of excess charge from the incoming charge carriers. When such a built-in electric field forms in the quantum well region the efficiency decreases inversely with the potential difference between the outermost quantum wells, that is, inversely with the increasing current density.
Thus, a multiple quantum well structure can be modelled as a multi-plate parallel-plate capacitor, where the stored charge is proportional to the charge of the injected excess carriers or depends exponentially on the voltage that lowers the potential barrier of the space charge region. As a result, once a certain current density threshold is exceeded, the external voltage across the LED structure increases sharply.
The current density, at which the excess voltage Ui appears, is approximately the same for all quantum well LEDs with existing design and fabrication parameters. This threshold can be described by the expression JКР=(2kTo)/(q2L), where L is the product of the carrier lifetime in the quantum wells and the distance between the outermost wells. This value typically falls within the range of (1–10) A/cm2.

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4. Uwe Jahn, Vladimir M. Kaganer, Karl K. Sabelfeld, Anastasya E. Kireeva, Jonas Lähnemann, Carsten Pfüller, Timur Flissikowski, Caroline Chèze, Klaus Biermann, Raffaella Calarco, and Brandt, O. Carrier diffusion in GaN – a cathodoluminescence study. I: Temperature-dependent generation volume // arXiv:2002.08713v4 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] 23 Nov 2021.
5. Oliver Brandt, Vladimir M. Kaganer Jonas Lähnemann, Timur Flissikowski, Carsten Pfüller, Karl K. Sabelfeld, Anastasya E. Kireeva, Caroline Chèze, Raffaella Calarco, Holger T. Grahn, and Uwe J. Carrier diffusion in GaN – a cathodoluminescence study. II: Ambipolar vs. exciton diffusion // arXiv:2009.13983v3 [cond-mat.mtrlsci] 23 Nov 2021.
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8. Manyakhin, F. I., Mokretsova, L.O. The Regularity of Quantum Efficiency Reduction in Quantum Well LEDs under Prolonged Current Flow from the Perspective of the ABC Model // Light & Engineering, 2021, # 5(2), 62–70.
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12. Manyakhin, F.I., Varlamov, D.O., Mokretsova, L.O., Skvortsov, A.A., Krylov, V.P. The mechanism of formation of the Volt-Ampere dependence of LEDs with quantum wells // JMRS, 2025 (the article is currently under peer-review).
13. Manyakhin, F.I., Varlamov, D.O., Mokretsova, L.O., Skvortsov, A.A., Krylov, V.P., Skvortsov, A.A., and Nikolaev, V.K. Physico-mathematical model of the volt – current characteristics of light-emitting diodes with quantum wells based on the Sah – Noyce – Shockley recombination mechanism // Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, V.32, https://doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/23120044.
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Working in the dark requires quality lighting of the construction site. To illuminate large open spaces, floodlights are used to create a powerful directional luminous flux, which improves visibility of working areas, reduces the risk of occupational injuries and improves overall safety at the construction site. Analysis of construction organization projects developed in period of 2014–2024 years revealed that almost all projects determine the number of floodlights for outdoor lighting of construction sites for incandescent lamps using the specific power method. Due to the fact that incandescent lamps are prohibited at the legislative level, LED floodlights are actually used on construction sites in violation of project requirements. This can affect the quality and safety of work, as well as increase the cost of lighting. The results of the study showed that the method of specific power provides at the required level of average illuminance on the horizontal plane, but can only be considered as a preliminary calculation and in the projects of construction organization should not use them, because the method does not take into account other mandatory lighting characteristics that determine the safety of work at the construction site. For the device of general illumination of the studied construction site preferable are floodlights with a capacity of 70 W in the number of 28 pcs. Other LED floodlights turned out to be more than (1.04–4.64) times more expensive to operate and maintain.

1. Smirnova (Meshkova), T.V., Boos, G.V., Budak, V.P., Ilyina, E.I. Evaluation of lighting quality based on visibility // Light & Engineering, 2023, vol. 31, # 4, pp. 4–13; DOI: https://doi.org/10.33383/2022-096.
2. Onososen Adetayo, Musonda Innocent, Onatayo Damilola, Saka Abdullahi, Adekunle Samuel, Onatayo Eniola. Drowsiness Detection of Construction Workers: A Proactive Approach to Accident Prevention Leveraging Yolov8 Deep Learning and Computer Vision Techniques // Preprints.org (www.preprints.org), Posted: 10 October 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.0764.v1.
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4. Kuzmenko, V.P. Investigation of the influence of LED floodlights on the processes of managing the quality of electric energy and energy efficiency [Investigation of the influence of LED floodlights on the processes of electric energy quality and energy efficiency management] // Omsk Scientific Bulletin, 2021, # 2(176), pp. 15–19; DOI: https://doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2021-176-15-19.
5. Gordeeva, V.V., Shamin, K.V. Program for optimizing the placement of lighting sources at construction sites [Programma optimizacii razmeshcheniya istochnikov osveshcheniya na stroitel’nyh ploshchadkah] // Software engineering: modern trends in development and application: collection of materials of the 3rd All-Russian conference dedicated to the 55th anniversary of South-West State University, Kursk, March 11–12, 2019, Kursk: Closed Joint-Stock Company “University Book”, 2019, pp. 117–121.
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8. Shmarov, I.A., Brazhnikova, L.V., Soloviev, A.K. Safety of using LED lighting according to the EU Scientific Committee and Russian studies [Bezopasnost’ primeneniya svetodiodnogo osveshcheniya po dannym nauchnogo komiteta Evrosoyuza i rossijskih issledovanij] // News of higher educational institutions. Technology of the textile industry, 2019, # 4 (382), pp. 196–202.
9. Shcherbakov, A.S., Frolov, V.A. Matrix transformations for effective implementation of radiosity algorithm using graphic processors // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 2, pp. 105–110.
10. Stolyarevskaya, RI. Forecasting the technical resource of lamps with LEDs [Prognozirovanie tekhnicheskogo resursa svetil’nikov so svetodiodami] // Svetotekhnika, 2017, # 3, pp. 70–75.
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Outdoor public lighting is essential for shaping nocturnal urban environments, as it significantly enhances visibility and fosters a sense of safety perception and visual comfort in public spaces, thus, influencing their usage. While extensive research has been conducted on lighting parameters such as luminance, illuminance, uniformity, and glare, there remains a lack of focus on user preferences for actual outdoor lighting settings. This study aims to address this gap by investigating photo stimuli based on public lighting preferences in a real outdoor environment in Ljubljana, Slovenia. In this research, 116 participants evaluated their levels of comfort, confidence, and spatial awareness based on nine virtual images from two distinct locations featuring various lighting settings, these included continuous and less-continuous lighting environments, low-mounted (4.5 m) lighting poles vs. high-mounted (12 m) lighting poles, three distinct CCTs, and both overhead and peripheral lighting environments. Participants rated each lighting scene on a 5‑point scale, facilitating an assessment of their preferences. The analysis revealed a significant preference for continuous, high-mounted (12 m) lighting poles with a natural white CCT in the square area, and for overhead lighting in the road area. The most substantial difference in user experience was observed between continuous and less-continuous lighting environment, while variations in pole height, CCT, and lighting position demonstrated comparatively minor impacts. Notably, the influence of CCT on participants’ perceptions of safety, comfort, and spatial awareness was the least significant among the factors examined.
These findings provide valuable insights into the design of urban lighting aimed at enhancing safety and comfort, thereby informing future urban planning and lighting design practices.

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The paper reports an experimental photobiological study estimating the effectiveness of different spectral modes of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for cultivating tomato vegetables using LED irradiators as electrical grow lighting. Variety of Tomato cv. Katya F1 was used in the study. The purpose of the study was to compare the photobiological efficiency of radiation from dimmable LED irradiators with an adjustable spectrum and high-pressure sodium lamps (DNaT‑600).
PAR irradiance at the upper leaf level was maintained constant in the treatment (using LED) and control (using DNaT‑600) and was (425 ± 15) μmol/(m2·s). Energy consumption was measured using electronic electricity meters separately for the control and treatment part of experiment. The characteristics of plant growth and development were recorded throughout the experiment. The tomatoes were analysed for nitrate, sugar, and vitamin C contents.
The study showed that during the growing period of 80 days, a twofold saving in energy consumption was achieved in the treatments with LEDs compared to the control. At the same time, the yield of vegetables per illuminated area in the control was 63.9 kg, which exceeded the average values of this parameter in the treatments by 1.4 times. Taking into account the consumed electricity, the cost of the tomatoes produced in the treatment was lower by 38 % and amounted to 42.2 kW·h and in the control to 58.1 kW·h per one kg of tomatoes. The assumption is substantiated that the reasons for differences in tomato yields may be associated, first of all, with different qualitative and quantitative characteristics of infrared radiation in LED irradiators and sodium lamps. Ways to improve LED irradiators to increase the photobiological efficiency of their radiation are outlined.

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Lanlan Wei, Grega Bizjak, Matija Svetina, and Matej B. Kobav
Assessing Lighting Preferences in Nocturnal Urban Environments: A Photo Stimuli Survey on Safety Perception and Visual Comfort

Ipek Yalcın and Nilgun Olgunturka
Living Room Atmospheres: Exploring How Luminance Contrast and Colour Influence Domestic Space

George V. Boos, Andrei A. Grigoryev, and Victoria A. Rybina
Analysis of Physiological Colorimetric Systems of Trichromats

Olga A. Vul and Daniil F. Nikandrov
Light-Graphic Design in Wayfinding of the Historical Centre of Saint Petersburg

Irina V. Sokolova
LED Street Lighting

Elena A. Korol and Evgeniy N. Degaev
Calculation and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Lighting the Construction Site with Floodlights of Various Capacities

The article presents a methodology for creating light concepts for buildings and structures, as well as architectural ensembles, developed by teachers of the subdepartment of Light and Engineering of the NRU MPEI. The proposed technique provides an answer to the urgent question of creating not just functional lighting, but a harmonious lighting environment that meets the aesthetic and cultural values of users. It consists of three blocks of practical tasks that allow you to train your eyesight and teach from simple to complex. Of course, lighting design is impossible without computer graphics tools. After all, a photorealistic image of a light concept is the starting point of lighting design. It is based on it that you can judge the future visual impression of the object. In this paper, a necessary and sufficient set of computer graphics programs has been identified to create harmonious light concepts, which is confirmed by successful defences of bachelor’s final qualifying works on the topic of architectural lighting.

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