Based on the analysis of mosques built in the 21st century in Turkey, Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates, Albania, Malaysia, Indonesia, Oman, and other countries, innovative architectural techniques for daylighting systems have been identified: placing the mihrab in the stained-glass structure, dissolving the qibla in light, replacing the mihrab with a stream of sunlight, and solid glazing of the mosque. The trend towards an increase in translucent structures and the "openness" of prayer halls to the outside world is shown. The interrelation of some of the studied techniques with the cultural and religious basis of Islam has been revealed, which makes it possible to "reconcile" innovation and tradition in mosque architecture. The results of the scientific analysis of daylighting systems in the latest mosques, presented as a theoretical systematic material, are important for designing architects, because they allow them to go beyond the design or technical solution to a more complex plane, the plane of human habitation of deep emotions associated with a sense of belonging to religion, to a centuries-old cultural tradition.

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Digital development is steadily creating new challenges and stress tests for the global energy infrastructure. However, with the emergence and popularization of mining activities and the proliferation of data centres, the condition and capacity of power grids have become critical issues for the proper functioning of lighting networks, as well as the entire national economy. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive study and assessment of the impact of mining activities and data centres on the condition of lighting networks, including an analysis of the sensitivity of LED equipment to power quality fluctuations caused by mining and server loads. The objective of the study is to identify key issues and pain points in the operation of lighting networks due to the proliferation of mining activities and data centres, as well as to identify possible actions to mitigate energy risks. The article concludes on the possibility of optimizing energy consumption when adapting mining data centres for data processing for the development of AI technologies. The key reasons for introducing regional restrictions on mining activities are also formulated, which are related specifically to issues of the stability of electrical networks, consumption meters, and ensuring the normal functioning of electronics and lighting equipment during peak loads.

1. Kamiya, G. Bitcoin Energy Use – Mined the Gap // International Energy Agency (IEA), July 5, 2019. URL: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/bitcoin-energyuse-mined-the-gap (date of accesses 30.04.2026).
2. Savina, A.V. Legalization of mining and crypto exchanges in Russia: risks and limits of legal regulation [Legalizatsiya mayninga i kriptovalyutnykh birzh v Rossii: riski i ogranicheniya pravovogo regulirovaniya] // Current problems of Russian law, 2025, # 5, pp. 64–71.
3. Pavlova, A. S., Danilyuk, M.A., Sergienko, O.I., Pavlova, A.S. Environmental Assessment of Cryptocurrency for Sustainable Development of the Digital Economy [Ekologicheskaya otsenka kriptovalyut dlya ustoychivogo razvitiya tsifrovoy ekonomiki] // Scientific Journal of NRU ITMO. Series "Economics and Environmental Management", 2019, # 3, pp. 118–127.
4. Stenin, V. Compliance with standards for illumination pulsations is one of the main conditions for the quality of LED lighting [Sootvetstviye standartam pul'satsiy osveshcheniya yavlyayetsya odnim iz glavnykh usloviy kachestva svetodiodnogo osveshcheniya] // Semiconductor lighting technology, 2017, # 3 (47), pp. 70–73.
5. Ponamorenko, V.E., Nasyrova, G.A., Kodasheva, G.S., Shchukina, T.V., Konovalov, N.N. Current issues of the impact of cryptocurrency mining on the energy security of the states of the Eurasian region (on the example of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation) // COAL Journal [Ugol' Zhurnal], 2022, # 4 (1153), pp. 61–66.
6. Clark Corrie, E. Cryptocurrency Mining and the Electricity Sector // Congressional Research Service, 2026, R48914, VERSION 1, 24 p.
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8. Dostov, V. and Shust, P. Cryptocurrencies: An Unconventional Challenge to the AML/CFT Regulators? // J. Finance, Crime, 2014, Vol. 21, # 3, pp. 249–263.
9. Ante, L. Smart Contracts on the Blockchain – A Bibliometric Analysis and Review // Telematics and Informatics, 2021, Vol. 57, 101519. ISSN 0736-5853
10. Md Rafiqul Islam, Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid, Mohammed Ataur Rahman, Muslim Har Sani bin Mohamad, Abd Halim bin Embong. A Comprehensive Analysis of Blockchain-based Cryptocurrency Mining Impact on Energy Consumption // International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA), 2022, Vol. 13, # 4, pp. 590–598.
11. Sothearath Seang & Dominique Torre, 2019. Proof of Work and Proof of Stake Consensus Protocols: A Blockchain Application for Local Complementary Currencies // GREDEG Working Papers 2019–24, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.

The dominant use of electrical lighting systems in modern architecture risks severing the temporal and spatial connection that an individual has with daylight. The fundamental problem here is not that electrical light should be seen as an alternative to daylight. The issue is how to strategically integrate electrical light as a complement that supports the sensory depth and biological rhythm it offers. This study addresses the critical role of material and light interaction in constructing the ontological identity of a space and the user experience on a scientific level. Successful architectural design does not perceive electrical light as a substitute for daylight. On the contrary, when electrical light is positioned as an element that reinforces temporal awareness in architectural design, the permanence and impact of architectural works increase. The most concrete evidence of this approach is that architectural works that skillfully blend natural and electrical light from the past to the present continue to inspire, defying time. Ultimately, a holistic design methodology that centres biological and psychological sustainability, balancing the temporal awareness of daylight with the controllability of electrical light, enhances the impact of architectural design.

1. Schielke, T. The Language of Lighting: Applying Semiotics in the Evaluation of Lighting Design // LEUKOS, 2019, Vol. 15, # 2, pp. 227–248.
2. Karim, N.S.A. The Significance of Light in Shaping Modern Architectural Space Procedia // Social and Behavioural Sciences, 2012. Vol. 50, pp. 363–373.
3. Vandevyvere, H., Heylighen, A. Between the lines: The role of light in architectural design stories // Design Studies, 2014. Vol. 35, # 5, pp. 514–536.
4. Efe, S.B., Varhan, D. Interior Lighting of a Historical Building by Using LED Luminaires A Case Study of Fatih Pasha Mosque // Light & Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 4, pp. 77–83.
5. Cengiz, M.S., Cengiz, C. Numerical Analysis of Tunnel LED Lighting Maintenance Factor // IIUM Journal, 2018, 19, # 2, pp. 154–163.
6. Unver, F.R., Ozturk, L., Akın Adıguzel, S., Celik O. Effect of the facade alternatives on the daylight illuminance in offices // Energy and Buildings, 2003, Vol. 35, # 8, pp. 737–746.
7. Aries, M.B., Aarts, M.P., Van Hoof, J. Daylight and health: A review of the evidence and consequences for the built environment // Lighting Research & Technology, 2015, Vol. 47, # 1, pp. 6–27.
8. Rea, M. S., Figueiro, M. G., Bierman, A., Hamner, R. Modelling the spectral sensitivity of the human circadian system // Lighting Research and Technology, 2012, Vol. 44, # 4, pp. 386–396.
9. Bower, J.S. Atmospheric Light: The Role of Light in the Phenomenology of Space // Journal of Architectural Research, 2020. Vol. 5, # 1, pp. 12–28.
10. Ozturk, L. The effect of luminance distribution on interior perception // Architectural Science Review, 2003, Vol. 46, # 3, pp. 233–238.
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This article analyses lighting literacy as a component of entrepreneurial competencies in the creative industries segment, such as Film, Video, and Television Program Production (OKVED 1 59.11). The underlying premise is that light is understood not only as an engineering subsystem ensuring visibility but also as a key artistic and technological resource determining the visual style, safety, and production efficiency of an audio-visual product. Based on a normative and functional comparative-legal analysis, as well as an interdisciplinary approach integrating lighting engineering and management aspects, lighting engineering is conceptualized as an independent component of the entrepreneurial competencies of film producers and managers. This module is substantively described as a "minimum literate customer" format, encompassing knowledge of basic lighting values and key parameters (TLCI, CRI, CCT, luminous efficacy), an understanding of lighting equipment types and the life cycle of lighting installations, consideration of energy efficiency, and associated operating and investment costs, as well as skills in setting technical specifications and interacting with professional lighting technicians and designers. It is demonstrated that integrating lighting literacy into entrepreneurial competencies contributes to enhancing the artistic and technological quality of audio-visual products, reducing production risks, and strengthening the sustainability of business-models in the face of increasingly complex film production infrastructure

1. Foster, B. An Examination of Entrepreneurial Competencies in Creative Industries in Bandung, Indonesia // International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147–4478), Centre for Strategic Research in Business and Finance, 2018 July, Vol. 7(3), pp. 10–17.
2. Durão, M., Fernandes, S., Nogueira, S., Neves, A. Mapping Entrepreneurial Competences for the Cultural and Creative Industries [Electronic resource] // Mapping Entrepreneurial Competencies for the Cultural and Creative Industries, IntechOpen, 2024. URL: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1191199 (date appeals: 04/24/2026).
3. Jackman, J. Lighting for Digital Video and Television. 3rd ed. // Burlington: Focal Press, 2010, 268 p. (pp. 3–5).
4. Konovalova, A.A. Lighting engineering in the educational process: History of the development of lighting engineering at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries / A.A. Konovalova // Actual problems of pedagogy and psychology, 2024, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 26–36. EDN AKHSZF.
5. Brown, B. Motion Picture and Video Lighting. 2nd ed. / Boston: Focal Press, 2003, 269 p.
6. Lekus, E. Yu. Lighting design: light as material, technology, form / E. Yu. Lekus, N.V. Bystryantseva // Material-technology-form as a universal triad in design, architecture, fine and decorative arts: Proceedings of the international scientific conference, Moscow, May 18, 2018, Moscow State Academy of Art and Industry named after S.G. Stroganov, pp. 447–451. EDN VLZZJS.
7. Zaeva-Burdonskaya, Elena A. and Nazarov, Yuri V. Light Side of Design: Professional Vector // Light & Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 1, pp. 23–33.
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The renovation of the urban environment of Krasnogorsky Square in Sergiev Posad through the use of lighting design is a significant project aimed at both updating and preserving the authenticity of the monumental ensemble of the city, which is located near The Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, the largest male stavropegic (directly subordinate to the Patriarch) monastery of the Russian Orthodox Church and the spiritual centre of Russia.
The lighting project for the renovation of the historic square has been designated as a part of a state program to create a nationally-oriented urban environment.
To achieve this goal, a systematic approach to the project is proposed, which involves considering the various components of the project in an integrated manner. This includes spatial elements, lighting technologies, functional and decorative solutions, as well as their socio-cultural significance.
As a result, a proposal for the design renovation of an urban historical square was made, including the development of routes and the functional zoning of the area. A set of lighting and technical solutions was also proposed, as well as a master-plan for the lighting renovation of the square. Thanks to an optimal design solution, this plan can be adapted for various events, from religious celebrations to secular gatherings.
The lighting design tool allows for the integration of the project into the museum environment without damaging valuable historical artifacts.
The research for this project was based on a training project that was created as part of a degree course at the Department of Environmental Design at the Russian State University of Design and Applied Arts (Stroganov University).

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3. New Face of Grozny: How a Lighting Master-plan is Changing the City's Image // URL: https://архитекторы.рф/blog/novoe-litso-groznogo-kak-svetovoy-master-planmenyaet-oblik-goroda (accessed 29.09.2025)
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9. Kuryleva, L.A. Modern Concepts of Artificial Lighting in the Context of the Historical Urban Environment // Urbanistics, 2017, # 1, pp. 1–10.
10. Narboni, R. From Light Urbanism to Nocturnal Urbanism // Light & Engineering, 2016, Vol. 24, # 4, pp. 19–24.
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14. Lekus, E. Yu. Light Culture // St. Petersburg: ITMO University, 2017.
15. Shchepetkov, N.I. Urban Lighting Design: textbook // Moscow: Arkhitektura-S, 2006, 320 p.
16. Novakovskiy, L.G. Problems of Lighting Churches and Their Solutions [Problemy osveshcheniya tserkvey i ikh resheniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2016, # 4, pp. 11–18.
17. Cengiz, M.S. Master-plan for Urban Space Lighting // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 6, pp. 124–132.
18. Development of a comprehensive development program for St. Petersburg as a centre of light culture in Russia for the period 2018–2030 with a perspective until 2050 // "St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics," SUE "Lensvet", 2017
19. Bystryantseva, N.V., Kolgushkina, S.V. Criteria for the Attractiveness of a City's Light Environment. Project "Methodological Materials and Recommendations for the Architectural and Artistic Design of the Urban Environment in Terms of Integrated Lighting Solutions and Festive Decoration of the Territory of St. Petersburg" // Science, Education and Experimental Design: Abstracts of the International Scientific and Practical Conference of Faculty, Young Scientists and Students, Moscow, April 03–07, 2023, Moscow Architectural Institute, pp. 367–368.

The widespread adoption of LED headlights and lithium batteries by commercial vehicles as part of import substitution is creating unresolved legal conflicts. The essence of the conflict: replacing a halogen bulb with an LED in a standard headlight inevitably violates the boundary between light and shadow, which, without recertification, directly violates traffic safety requirements. At the same time, environmental regulations require the disposal of failed LED devices as hazardous waste, without providing a viable infrastructure.
Carriers are faced with a dilemma: bear the costs of a certified headlight, a waste certificate, and a licensee, or violate regulations, risking fines and business interruption. The goal is to identify legal conflicts and propose changes to legislation (de lege ferenda) and develop an algorithm for the legal write-off of LED headlights for commercial vehicles.
Methods: formal legal, systemic interpretation, comparative legal, legal modelling, economic analysis of law, analysis of law enforcement practice, legal forecasting.
Scientific novelty: for the first time, the legal problems of freight carriers in the transition to energy-saving lighting technology have been systematized with an assessment of economic risks and substantiation of foreign experience (EU, Germany).
Practical significance: the results can be used in preparing amendments to TR CU 018/2011, laws No. 89-FZ and No. 40-FZ, and as a checklist for legal services.
Key findings: A conflict was identified between the ban on aftermarket lighting and the requirement to dispose of used LED headlights as Class III – IV hazardous waste; a typical violation scenario was established; and five legislative amendments were proposed.

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The article provides a legal analysis of the copyright regime of stage lighting in the context of the technological evolution of the performing arts industry and examines the criteria for distinguishing a copyrightable lighting design work from a technical lighting service. The purpose of the study is to identify the legal uncertainty in qualifying stage lighting as a copyright object, caused by the absence in legislation and doctrine of measurable parameters of originality for dynamic and intangible lighting solutions, and to substantiate the possibility of granting them copyright protection. The methodological basis is a comparative legal analysis of judicial practice, doctrinal sources, as well as an interpretation of originality criteria in relation to the physical parameters of light (intensity, spectral composition, modulation frequency, beam direction). It is shown that the current legal doctrine does not operate with the parameters of perception of lighting compositions, and judicial practice demonstrates contradictory approaches: from recognising the lighting designer as an author to qualifying the gaffer's activity as auxiliary, not generating copyright. The article substantiates the possibility of recognising stage lighting as an independent copyright object, provided that the author's creative choice was not dictated exclusively by technical imperatives, and also proposes objective originality criteria. The practical significance lies in the development of clarifications for the Intellectual Property Court, which would eliminate legal uncertainty, ensure protection of the rights of lighting designers, and differentiate creative solutions from technical services in stage art.

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6. Sokolov, D. Yu. Yu.B. Norshtein's Inventive Approach to Solving Technical and Artistic Problems [Izobretatel'skiy podkhod Yu.B. Norshteyna k resheniyu tekhnicheskikh i khudozhestvennykh zadach] // Patents and Licences. Intellectual Rights, 2013, No. 9, pp. 47–51.
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1. Website National projects of the Russian Federation. https://национальныепроекты.рф/mediaProjects/sport-idet-v-malye-goroda-i-sela/
2. Blog of Sergei Sobyanin. "Territory of the future. Moscow 2030" https://www.sobyanin.ru/forum-territoriya-buduschego-moskva-2030
3. Blog of Sergei Sobyanin. Sports Moscow: reviving historical stadiums. https://www.sobyanin.ru/sportivnaya-moskva-vozrozhdaem-istoricheskie-stadiony
4. Karev, A.V., Lyapunov, S.A., Shchepetkov. N.I. Assessment Luminaries According to the Degree of Light Pollution // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 5, pp. 66–78. https://doi.org/10.33383/2022‑124
5. SP 52.13330.2016 – set of rules "Daylighting and artificial lighting".
6. Standard GOST R 55706–2023 Road lighting. Classification and requirements.
7. International Commission on Illumination. Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive Light from Outdoor Lighting Installations, 2nd ed. // Technical Report CIE 150; International Commission on Illumination: Vienna, Austria, 2017; ISBN 978-3-902842-48-0.
8. European Committee for Standardization. EN 12464–2:2024 Light and Lighting – Lighting of Work Places, Part 2: Outdoor Work Places / CEN Publication.
9. International Dark-Sky Association. Criteria for Community Friendly Outdoor Sports Lighting v1.0. https://darksky.org/app/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2022/06/Final-OSL-v1.2.pdf
10. Serikova, V.S, Karev, A.V, Fomin, A.G. Methodology for assessing the energy efficiency of sports lighting installations // Innovative lighting technology: Journal of RNA MKO, 2025, # 1, pp. 71–78.
11. Danilko, A.V., Karev, A.V., Lagov, I.S., Stanislav A. Lyapunov, S.A., Pavlov. V.A. Protective Glass in the Design of Outdoor Luminaires // Light & Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 2, pp. 43–54, 2024. https://doi.org/10.33383/2023‑051

A modern poultry farm is a complex of premises isolated from the external environment, in which a controlled microclimate is created, ensuring, in part through rational electrical lighting, the good physiological condition of the birds and allowing for a significant increase in virtually all indicators of the productivity of the flock of birds, increasing survival rates and reducing feed costs.
The combined irradiator prototype includes the following radiation sources: erythema lamp, like LE 15 type, germicidal lamp, like DB 15 type, quartz halogen lamp thermo-emitter KGT 220–500, LED block with variable emission spectrum. Measurements of the photometric characteristics of the light sources and LED module were conducted at the Lighting Metrology Shared Use Centre of the Electronics and Lighting Engineering Institute of N.P. Ogarev National Research MRSU.
A brief description of the prototype assembly is provided. The results of the study can be used for the further development of LED based irradiators.

1. Belyaeva, O.A. The influence of ultraviolet irradiation on the physiological state and productive qualities of broilers kept on deep litter in the Amur region [Vliyanie ultrafioletovogo oblucheniya na fiziologicheskoe sostoyanie i productivnye kachestva broylerov pri soderzhanii na glubokoy podstilke v usloviyakh Piiamurya / Dis. Ph. D. in agricultural science – Krasnoyarsk, 2005.
2. The influence of light on the behaviour and productivity of poultry [Vliyanie sveta na povedenie i productivnost' ptitzy] // Ptitsevodstvo, 2006, # 6, pp. 36–37.
3. Naydenskiy, M.S. The influence of different illumination on the productivity and biochemical parameters of the blood of chickens when kept in multi-tiered battery cages [Vliyanie razlichnoy osveshchennosti na productivnost' i biokhimicheskie pokazateli krovi kur pri soderzhanii ikh v mnogoyarusnykh batareyakh] // Povyshenie estestvennoy resistentnosti s. – kh. ptitzy / Sb. nauchn. Tr. (Mosk. vet. akad.), 1983, pp. 47–53.
4. Vrakin, V. F., Kashlev, N.V., Efimova, A.A. Morpho-functional state of the pineal gland and ovary of chickens at different illumination levels [Morfofunktsionalnoe sostoyanie epifiza i yaichnika kur pri razlichnykh urovnyakh osveshchennosti] // Izvwstiya TSKhA, 1991, # 1, pp. 157–159.
5. Kovalenko, O. Yu., Pilshchikova, Yu. A., Guseva, E.D. Improving the efficiency and control of radiation source parameters of irradiation installations in agriculture [Povyshenie effektivnosti i kontrol parametrov istochnikov izlucheniya obluchatelnykh ustanovok v selskom khozyaystve] // Fotonika, 2017, # 8 (68), pp. 68–73.
6. Ovchukova, S. A., Kondrat'eva, N. P., Kovalenko, O. Yu. Energy saving in lighting technologies for agricultural production [Ekonomiya elektroenergii v svetovykh tekhnologiyakh selskokhozyaystvennogo proizvodstva] // Svetotekhnika, 2020, # 6, pp. 68–70.
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17. GOST R 8.760–2011 "Measurement of the energy and efficiency characteristics of ultraviolet radiation of germicidal irradiators. Measurement methodology" [Izmerenie energeticheskikh i effektivnykh kharakteristik ultrafioletovogo izlucheniya bakteritsidnykh obluchateley. Metodika izmereniy].
18. GOST R 70380–2022 "Low-pressure ultraviolet germicidal lamps. Methods for measuring the energy characteristics of ultraviolet radiation and electrical parameters" [Lampy ultrafioletovye bakteritsidnye nizkogo davleniya. Metody izmereniy energeticheskikh kharakteristik ultrafioletovogo izlucheniya i elektricheskikh parametrov].

Green plants are essential for human and animal life, as they alone can synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis using sunlight energy. In modern plant cultivation, the meristem culture method is used to increase crop yields. Experiments were conducted on in vitro potato meristem plants to study the influence of spectral component doses of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on their development.
The aim of this work was to develop energy-efficient digital lighting technologies for in vitro culture that reduce energy consumption while maintaining plant productivity. Based on the works of A.F. Kleshnin, an analysis of solar radiation spectral density in the geographical region of the crop's origin was performed, showing that radiation consists of approximately 29 % red, 21 % yellow, 18 % green, 16 % blue, 9 % violet, and 6 % UV spectral ranges.
To implement the required spectral component doses, a PLC control algorithm for the LED irradiator was developed using the CoDeSys industrial automation software package. An energy-efficient lighting technology was proposed that enables faster growth of in vitro plantlets compared to controls. As a result, LED irradiator operating time and power consumption were reduced by approximately 13 %, while leaf area increased by 26 % relative to controls, leaf number increased to 7.5 (versus 5.57 in controls), and root system development reached 2.7 points (versus 2.06 in controls).

1. Nichiporovich, A.A., Chmora, S.N. On the use of solar radiation for photosynthesis in potato crops [Ob ispol'zovanii solnechnoy radiatsii dlya fotosinteza v kartofel'nykh kul'turakh] // Plant Physiology, 1958. Vol. 5, # 4, pp. 320–326.
2. Tooming, H.G. Solar Radiation and Crop Formation [Solnechnoye izlucheniye i formirovaniye sel'skokhozyaystvennykh kul'tur] / Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1977, 168 p.
3. Rabinovich, E. Photosynthesis. Part I – III [Fotosintez. Chast' I – III] / Moscow: Foreign Literature Publishing House, 1959, 310 p.
4. Senchenkova, E.M. K.A. Timiryazev and the Theory of Photosynthesis [K.A. Timiryazev i teoriya fotosinteza] / Moscow: Nauka, 1961, 182 p.
5. Yagovkina, D.E., Timshina, P.S., Kostina, M.D. Obtaining Virus-Free Potato Mini-Tubers by Adapting Micro-cloning Technology [Polucheniye svobodnykh ot virusov mini-klubney kartofelya putem adaptatsii tekhnologii mikroklonirovaniya] // Young People's Knowledge is the Future of Russia: Collection of articles from the XXII International Student Scientific Conference, Kirov, 2024, pp. 351–355.
6. Yagovkina, D.E., Timshina, P.S. Micro-clonal Propagation and Obtaining of Improved Potato Seed Material [Mikroklonal'noye razmnozheniye i polucheniye uluchshennogo semennogo materiala kartofelya] // Knowledge of the Young is the Future of Russia: Collection of articles from the XXII International Student Scientific Conference, Part 1, Kirov, 2023, pp. 288–292.
7. Shamanin, A.A., Popova, L.A., Korelina, V.A., Golovina, L.N. Obtaining test-tube micro-plants and potato mini-tubers in the Arkhangelsk Region [Polucheniye mikrorasteniy i mini-klubney kartofelya v probirkakh v Arkhangel'skoy oblasti] // Bulletin of the Altai State Agrarian University, 2023, # 2 (220), pp. 22–30. DOI 10.53083/1996‑4277‑2023‑220‑2‑22‑30
8. Yagovkina, D.E., Timshina, P.S., Kostina, M.D., Savinykh, E. Yu. Micro-clonal propagation and production of improved potato seed material [Mikroklonal'noye razmnozheniye i proizvodstvo uluchshennogo semennogo materiala kartofelya] // Resource-saving technologies in the agro-industrial complex of Russia: Proceedings of the IV International Scientific Conference, Krasnoyarsk, 2024, pp. 300–305.
9. Butenko, R.G. Culture of isolated tissues and physiology of plant morphogenesis [Kul'tivirovaniye izolirovannykh tkaney i fiziologiya morfogeneza rasteniy] / Moscow: Nauka, 1964, 272 p.
10. Bolshin, R.G. Improving the efficiency of irradiation of potato meristem plants with LED phyto installations [Povysheniye effektivnosti oblucheniya meristemnykh rasteniy kartofelya s pomoshch'yu fitosvetil'nykh ustanovok na osnove svetodiodov] / Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, dis. cand. tech. sci., 2016, 136 p.
11. Koy, K., Shuravilin, A.V., Zakharova, O.A. Photosynthetic activity of potato plants under industrial (Dutch) cultivation technology [Fotosinteticheskaya aktivnost' kartofel'nykh rasteniy pri promyshlennoy (gollandskoy) tekhnologii vyrashchivaniya] // Theoretical and Applied Problems of the Agro-Industrial Complex, 2017, # 4(33), pp. 23–27.
12. Shatilov, I.S. Principles of Yield Programming [Printsipy programmirovaniya urozhainosty] // Bulletin of Agricultural Science, 1973, # 3.
13. Shatilov, I.S., Kayumov, M.K. How to Get a Programmed Wheat Harvest [Kak poluchit' zaprogrammirovannyy urozhay pshenitsy // Russian Agriculture, 1970, # 12.
14. Vavilov, N.I. International Genetic Congresses of 1927 and 1932 // Moscow: Akvarel, 2022, 32 p. ISBN 978-5-904787-92-9.
15. Bolshin, R.G. Resource-saving and energy-efficient system for irradiating hydroponic greenhouses // Vestnik NGIEI, 2024, # 9 (160), pp. 40–51. DOI 10.24412/2227‑9407‑2024‑9‑40‑51
16. Kondrateva, N.P., Akhatov, R.Z., Bolshin, R.G. et al. Digital automation of energy-efficient in vitro irradiation of orchard plum micro cuttings // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 6, pp. 57–64. DOI 10.33383/2023‑019
17. Ovchukova, S.A., Kondrateva, N.P., Kovalenko, O.Y. Energy saving in lighting technologies of agricultural production // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 2, pp. 21–25. DOI 10.33383/2020‑039
18. Kleshnin, A.F. Plant and Light. Theory and Practice of Light Culture of Plants [Rasteniya i svet. Teoriya i praktika svetovogo kul'tivirovaniya rasteniy] / Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1954, 353 p.

The timely detection of road surface deterioration is a critical factor in infrastructure maintenance and traffic safety. Conventional inspection methods remain labour-intensive, costly, and prone to human error. In contrast, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) combined with advanced computer vision techniques provide a scalable and cost-effective alternative.
In this study, we propose a neural network model based on the YOLOv12 object detection framework for identifying road surface defects. The model is trained on a UAV-PDD2023 dataset containing over 2400 high-resolution aerial images annotated across six categories of road defects. Two model configurations with varying preprocessing steps and hyperparameters are evaluated to assess robustness and generalization.
The evaluation of the model efficiency was performed when RGB imagery is replaced with single-channel counterparts. Results show that the accuracy of defect detection remains largely unaffected: over 90 percent of the defects detected in RGB imagery were also correctly identified in single-channel images, with a performance variation of less than ±5 %. This indicates that a single trained model can be effectively applied to images with different spectral characteristics.

1. Kataev, M. Yu., Dadonova, M.M., Efremenko, D.S. Illumination Correction of Multi-Time RGB Images Obtained with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 2, pp. 50–58.
2. Kataev, M. Yu., Kartashov, E.Y., Avdeenko, V.D. Method for detecting road defects using images obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles // Computer Optics, 2023, Vol. 47, # 3.
3. Chen, S., Efremenko, D.S., Zhang, Z., Meng, L. In-Terrestrial Aquaculture Fields Mapping from High Resolution Remote Sensing Images //Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 5, pp. 135–142.
4. Ariff, M.F.M., Abidin, M.S.Z. UAV Photogrammetry for Road Defects Mapping // Journal of Advanced Geospatial Science and Technology, 2023, Vol. 3, # 1, pp. 1–14.
5. Zhang, Y., Zuo, Z., Xu, X., Wu, J., Zhu, J., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Tian, Y. Road damage detection using UAV images based on multi-level attention mechanism // Automation in Construction, 2022, 144:104613.
6. He, X., Tang, Z., Deng, Y., Zhou, G., Wang, Y., Li, L. UAV-based road crack object-detection algorithm // Automation in Construction, 2023, 154:105014.
7. Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Wu, Z., Guo, X., and Jia, S. Optimizing pavement distress detection with UAV: A comparative study of vision transformer and convolutional neural networks // KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2025, 29 (6):100095.
8. Sun, Z., Zhu, L., Qin, S., Yu, Y., Ju, R. and Li, Q. Road Surface Defect Detection Algorithm Based on YOLOv8 // Electronics, 2024, 13 (12): 2413.
9. Wang, J., Meng, R., Huang, Y., Zhou, L., Huo, L., Qiao, Z., Niu, C. Road defect detection based on improved YOLOv8s model // Scientific Reports, 2024, 14.
10. Li, J., Yuan, C., Wang, X. Real-time instance-level detection of asphalt pavement distress combining space-to-depth (SPD) YOLO and omni-scale network (OSNet) // Automation in Construction, 2023, 155:105062.
11. Alzamzami, O., Babour, A., Baalawi, W., Al Khuzayem, L. PDS-UAV: A Deep Learning-Based Pothole Detection System Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Images // Sustainability, 2024, 16 (21): 9168.
12. Silva, L., Leithardt, V. Q., Batista, V., Villarrubia Gonzalez, G., De Paz Santana, J.F. Automated Road Damage Detection Using UAV Images and Deep Learning Techniques // IEEE Access, 2023, # 11, pp. 62918–62931.
13. Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Luo, H, Li, X., Zhan, J., Chen, W. BCGW-YOLO: A lightweight network for road damage detection using enhanced feature fusion and dynamically adjusted gradient loss // Digital Signal Processing, 2026, 168:105609.
14. Sharma, S., Gosain, A. Addressing class imbalance in remote sensing using deep learning approaches: a systematic literature review // Evolutionary Intelligence, 2025, 18 (1).
15. Yan, H. and Zhang, J. UAV-PDD2023: A benchmark dataset for pavement distress detection based on UAV images // Data in Brief, 2023, 51:109692.
16. Tian, Y., Ye, Q., Doermann, D. YOLOv12: Attention-Centric Real-Time Object Detectors // arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.12524, 2025.
17. Kostenetskiy, P. S., Chulkevich, R. A., Kozyrev, V. I. HPC Resources of the Higher School of Economics // Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, 1740 (1): 012050. DOI 10.1088/1742–6596/1740/1/012050.

The article presents the results of a study of compositional and lighting techniques in digital interior installations from four immersive exhibition environments (teamLab Planets TOKYO, Arte Museum New York, Luminar, Futurione). The analysis focuses on the architectonics of space, spatial composition, and the parameters of light. It is shown that the immersive experience is formed according to a three-level strategy: the scripted route as a meta-composition, the composition of installations as a coherent world, and light dramaturgy as the core of multisensory synthesis. Four basic compositional techniques (infinity, densification, dematerialization, light-scape) and four lighting techniques (light dramaturgy, light pointillism, materialization of light, multisensory synchronization) are systematized. Based on the synthesis of the route and these techniques, four behavioural modes of visitor presence are identified (labyrinth-like movement, free wandering, fixed contemplation, tactile involvement).
The obtained results form a methodological framework for the design of immersive environments and can be applied in lighting design, media architecture and curatorial practice in digital art. One of the empirical sources of the study is an interview with representatives of the company d’strict.

1. Agrawal, S., Simon, A., Bech, S., Baerentsen, K., & Forchhammer, S. Defining immersion: Literature review and implications for research on audio-visual experiences // Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 2020, 68 (6), pp. 404–417. https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2020.0039
2. Baeva, O.V., & Kazaryan, A. Yu. Artificial Lighting Systems in a Medieval City Using the Example of Ani // Light & Engineering,2025, Vol. 33, # 3, pp. 12–17.
3. Bedoev, L.M. Fields of light in installations: Artistic interpretation // Light & Engineering, 2025, Vol. 33, # 5, pp. 11–17.
4. Budak, V.P., Gallyamov, I.R., Kiselev, D.A. Virtual laboratory for analysing museum lighting // Light & Engineering, 2025, Vol. 33, # 5, pp. 4–10.
5. Ermolenko, E.V. The influence of daylighting on the architecture of the newest mosques: Part I. The top and side lighting of the mihrab // Light & Engineering, 2025, Vol. 33 # 5, pp. 24–31.
6. Grau, O. Virtual art: From illusion to immersion / MIT Press, 2003, 408 p.
7. Qi, Y., & Zhang, S. Research on the characteristics of immersive installation art from the perspective of digital media // Frontiers in Art Research, 2024, 6 (9), pp. 6–10. https://doi.org/10.25236/FAR.2024.060902
8. Zhu, W. Research on interactivity of visual communication design based on digital media technology // Journal of Cases on Information Technology, 2025, 27 (1), pp. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.4018/JCIT.358245
9. Kim, S.-J. To breathe [Installation] // http://www.kimsooja.com/works/timeline:2024
10. Sila Sveta. Hyperfeeling [Installation] // https://www.silasveta.com/projects/the-hyperfeeling-installation-balloon-museum
11. teamLab. Massless suns and dark suns [Installation] // https://www.teamlab.art/w/masslesssuns/
12. teamLab. Traces of continuous life [Installation] // https://www.teamlab.art/w/traces-of-continuouslife/
13. Tundra. The day we left field [Installation] // https://www.behance.net/gallery/78998309/THE-DAY-WELEFT-FIELD

Due to the scarcity of fossil energy resources and increasing energy costs, the energy-efficient design of buildings has become a key issue for designers. Lighting is one of the most important architectural elements in creating visually comfortable spaces and plays a major role in a building's energy performance.
This study presents an approach that considers the EN 15193–1 + A1 standard to estimate lighting energy performance in offices. To estimate performance, three office volumes were first created and electrical lighting and daylighting alternatives that affect office lighting were produced. The study created scenarios consisting of variations in window shape, light transmittance of the glass, solar control elements, and orientation features for daylighting, as well as different lamp types and control systems for electrical lighting.
The aim of this research is to determine the annual lighting energy performance by evaluating lighting design alternatives. The analysis showed that using LED lamps has the most significant effect on energy consumption, providing up to (35–50) % energy savings compared to fluorescent lamps. The automatic control system saved almost 10 % of energy compared to the manual option. Of all the variables in the natural lighting system, orientation had the greatest impact on the total amount of lighting energy used throughout the year. Taking the window shape and glass light transmittance parameters into account, it was found that, although the annual lighting energy requirements differed between the alternatives, these differences were minimal.

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3. Rockcastle, S., Mahic, A. Simulating the annual energy demand to meet non-visual health recommendations from a luminaire level lighting control system // Energy and Buildings, 2024, Vol. 303, pp. 113772.
4. Uygun, E.İ., Kazanasmaz, T., Kale, S. An Empirical Validation of Estimation Model (OptimLum) for Energy Efficient Luminaire Layout Design in Offices // Light & Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 1, pp. 70–78.
5. Chew, I., Karunatilaka, D., Tan, C.P. & Kalavally, V. Smart Lighting: The Way Forward? Reviewing the Past to Shape the Future // Energy and Buildings, 2017, Vol. 149, pp. 180–191.
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7. Vischer, C.J. Workspace Strategies: Environment as a Tool of Work / New York: Chapman & Hall, 1996.
8. IESNA. The Lighting Handbook Reference and Application, 10th Edition. Editors: DiLaura, D.L., Houser, K.W., Mistrick, R.G., Steffy, G.R. / New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2011.
9. CIE Standard: Lighting of Indoor Work Places, CIE S 008/E‑2001.
10. Energy performance of buildings, EU Directive (EPBD2)2010/21/EU.
11. Standard EN 15193–1:2017+A1:2021: Energy performance of Buildings – Energy requirements for lighting- Part 1: Specifications, Module M9. European Committee for Standardization, 2021.
12. TS EN 15193–1:2017+A1:2021: Energy performance of Buildings – Energy requirements for lighting- Part 1: Specifications, Module M9 / Ankara: Institute of Turkish Standards, 2021.
13. Zinzia, M., Mangione, A. The daylighting contribution in the electric lighting energy uses: EN standard and alternative method comparison // Energy Procedia, 2015, Vol. 78, pp. 2663–2668.
14. Aghemo, C., Blaso, L., Fumagalli, S., Lo Verso, V.R.M., Pellegrino, A. The new prEN 15193–1 to calculate the energy requirements for lighting in buildings: comparison to the previous standard and sensitivity analysis on the new influencing factors // Energy Procedia, 2016, Vol. 101, pp. 232–239.
15. Erkin, E., Onaygil, S. An approach for calculating lighting energy saving potentials in the office buildings on the basis of LENI data // Light & Engineering, 2014, Vol. 22, pp. 37–46.
16. Yılmaz, F.S., Yener, A. Lighting energy performance determination for Turkey // Lighting Researh and Technology, 2015, Vol. 47, pp. 740–759.
17. Akimov, L., De Michele, G., Filippi Oberegger, U., Badenko, V. & Mainini, A.G. Evaluation of EN15193–1 on energy requirements for artificial lighting against Radiance-Based DAYSIM // Journal of Building Engineering, 2021, Vol. 40, pp. 102968.
18. Lo Verso, V.R.M., Pellegrino, A. Energy saving generated through automatic lighting control systems according to the estimation method of the standard EN 15193–1 // J. Daylighting, 2019, Vol. 6, pp. 131–147.
19. Aghemo, C., Blaso, L., Pellegrino, A. Building automation and control systems: A case study to evaluate the energy and environmental performances of a lighting control system in offices // Automation Constr. 2014, Vol. 43, pp. 10–22.
20. Erkin, E., Yurtseven, M.B., Güler, Ö. & Onaygil, S. Examining LED panel luminaires for the use of retrofit lighting in offices // In Proceedings of the VII National Lighting Symposium, 2015, İzmir, Turkiye, pp. 15–21.
21. Küçükkaya, B.İ., Alakavuk, E. The Evaluation of an Office Building According to LEED Certificate Lighting Criteria // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 6, pp. 41–48.
22. Manav, B., Erkin, E., Güler, Ö., Onaygil, S. An Experimental Study on Tubular Fluorescent and LED Lamps with Respect to Energy Performance and Visual Comfort // Light & Engineering, 2013, Vol. 21, # 4, pp. 50–57.
23. Doulos, L.T., Kontadakis, A., Madias, E.N., Sinou, M., Tsangrassoulis, A. Minimizing energy consumption for artificial lighting in a typical classroom of a Hellenic public school aiming for near Zero Energy Building using LED DC luminaires and daylight harvesting system // Energy Build., 2019, Vol. 194, pp. 201–217.
24. Fantozzi, F., Le Bail, L., Leccese, F., Rocca, M., Salvadori, G. General Lighting in Offices Building: Techno-Economic Considerations on the Fluorescent Tubes Replacement with LED Tubes // Int. J. Eng. Technol. Innov., 2017, Vol. 7, # 3, pp. 143–156.
25. Pompei, L., Blaso, L., Fumagalli, S., Bisegna, F. The impact of key parameters on the energy requirements for artificial lighting in Italian buildings based on standard EN 1593–1:2017 // Energy & Buildings, 2022, Vol. 263, pp. 112025.
26. Yener, A. K. A Method for Determining Lighting Energy Performance in Buildings: Bep-tr, X // National Plumbing Engineering Congress, 2011, 13–16 April, Izmir, pp. 829–836. URL: https://www.mmo.org.tr/sites/default/files/550 %20teskon2011-Cilt1.pdf (date of request: 09.07.2025).
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This article presents a prototype design and experimental validation of intelligent control of a street light luminaire containing CW (cool white) and WW (warm white) LED based on human or object detection, motion, and weather conditions. The system is mainly controlled by a Raspberry Pi 5(RPi 5) integrated with a wireless CCTV camera for obtaining real-time object presence and speed estimation, along with a DHT11 sensor and LDR for temperature, humidity, and light level detection, and sensing of fog and rain from a weather application programming interface (API).
The designed system uses vision-based object detection, determines the type and speed of object movement, and then dynamically adjusts the LED light output, consists of alternate array of CW and WW LED arrays, based on the required illuminance on road surface corresponding to the object's speed. On the other hand, it senses weather behaviour from weather API data to generate control signal and transfer via IoT network to ESP8266 to switch between CW and WW LEDs in a single LED module.
In this system, sensor fusion techniques are used to correlate environmental parameters to actuate the situation demanded light level. A hardware prototype is designed and experimentally tested in a controlled environmental scenario to evaluate system response time, light output adjustment variation with speed, and lighting performance under dynamic weather conditions. This control setup helps to develop a smart street lighting solution as well as to provide suitable visual conditions and safety to support the development of a smart city.

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The problem associated with the process of solar insolation is considered, that is, with the influx of sunlight onto the Earth's surface, in particular onto buildings, urban development areas, and other objects. It is used in architecture, urban planning, bioclimatology, ecology to assess the level of solar radiation and illumination that a certain area receives over a certain period of time.
The Lightplanograf‑2 measuring device is a tablet type device that relates to the field of construction, urban development, energy, solar engineering and is aimed at creating a device for conducting an energy audit of solar radiation entering buildings and their surfaces and open areas, as well as for assessing the level of illumination.
The modified light-insolation device Lightplanograf‑2 of the tablet type, made on a transparent film, is a measuring device that allows to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative indicators of insolation and lighting of rooms, facades of buildings in conditions of multi-story development. The device can be used to optimize the volumetric-spatial, architectural-planning solution of buildings and developments, rational arrangement of windows, balconies, sun protection devices, and other elements of facade systems in order to use solar lighting and heat as much as possible.
The paper presents a methodology for developing and using a universal digital light-insolation device Lightplanograf‑2, which provides a systematic approach to measuring and analysing insolation and lighting, which contributes to more efficient use of solar resources both in scientific research and in practice. The introduction of this methodology can significantly improve the quality of design and planning in construction and urban development, as well as improve the environmental sustainability of urban areas.
The device, operating principle, and development of theoretical and methodological provisions concerning the modern modification of the device are covered in detail. Its significance and application cover several key aspects both in scientific research and in practical activities.

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Simulating the solar radiation spectrum reflected by the Earth atmosphere for trace gas retrievals, such as CO2 and CH4, typically involves solving the radiative transfer equation (RTE), a computationally intensive process due to the multiple scattering term.
To accelerate computations, we utilize a fast Python-based radiative transfer model FALCAS that approximates multiple scattering by introducing a virtual layer with isotropic scattering. This allows to mimic the results of the models with full multiple scattering treatment, yet to significantly reduce computation time.
We develop an algorithm for retrieving CO2 and CH4 concentrations using FALCAS and evaluate its accuracy against a discrete ordinate model PYDOME. The CO2 and CH4 retrievals are performed using FALCAS from synthetic spectra generated by PYDOME in the (1500–1750) nm spectral range, considering various aerosol and geometric conditions.
The error in retrieved concentrations is about 2.0 % for the aerosol optical thickness of about 0.9. This result remains robust under noise and convolution effects as well as across varying geometries, with errors under 5 % at a signal-to-noise ratio of 50.

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The digital transformation of regulatory and supervisory activities (RSA) in Russia, aimed at implementing a risk-based and predictive approach, faces systemic legal gaps. Smart lighting systems (SLSs), which are evolving into distributed IoT sensor networks, serve as a "testing ground" for analysing these issues.
Research confirms the technological readiness of such systems for automated data collection for regulatory purposes; however, it reveals a critical dependence on data quality standards and metrological verification.
This article aims to legally analyse the possibilities and limits of using smart lighting data in RSA for lighting in frame of the "Society 5.0" concept 1 and the sustainable development goals (SDGs), which require ensuring trust in technologies through algorithmic accountability (Explainable AI).
The methodology includes a systemic analysis of Russian legislation, a comparative legal study of EU approaches, and a technical and legal analysis of smart lighting architecture.
The results identify key issues: the legal uncertainty surrounding the status of machine-generated data, the lack of legislatively established quality standards for integration into geoinformation system (GIS), and a legal vacuum in the area of algorithmic accountability and interoperability. An analysis of new national standards confirms the fragmentation of technical regulation and the persistent gap with the needs of smart city data centres.
The conclusion provides recommendations for adapting legislation, including the development of industry-specific IoT data quality standards and AI system quality profiles for smart city data centres, pilot projects to algorithmize standard verification using XAI approaches, and the introduction of requirements for technological interoperability of smart city infrastructure.

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11. Yoshikawa, T., Harayama, Y. Society 5.0 and Smart Cities: Building Human-centric Communities with Explainable AI and Blockchain // Journal of Urban Technology, 2023, Vol. 30, # 2, pp. 45–67. DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2187335
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16. Suleman, D., Shibl, R., Ansari, K., Yakoi, P.S. A taxonomy proposal of information assurance and data quality solutions in smart cities // Franklin Open, 2025, Vol. 13, article 100436. DOI: 10.1016/j.fraope.2025.100436
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Improving the energy efficiency of indoor lighting systems is a key strategy for reducing electricity consumption without compromising visual comfort.
This study presents a performance assessment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based daylight prediction models for open-loop indoor lighting control and compares their energy-saving impact with a reference closed-loop system.
Real-world daylight data collected over a two-year period from a public building forms the basis of the analysis. The closed-loop system employs sensors at each measurement point, while the open-loop alternative leverages machine learning-based daylight prediction models using parameters such as room dimensions, wall reflectance, window size, measurement point distance from windows, and spatial orientation.
Eight regression-based prediction models were developed and evaluated, among which the Support Vector Regression (SVR) model demonstrated the highest accuracy, while Theil-Sen Regressor yielded the lowest.
The energy analysis was conducted specifically for electrical lighting electricity consumption, and results reveal that closed-loop control systems can reduce annual electricity consumption for lighting by up to 52 %, whereas open-loop systems achieve savings between 33 % and 40 %.
Despite its superior performance, the closed-loop approach incurs higher installation and operational costs, resulting in a payback period of approximately from 8 to 10 years. These findings highlight the potential of AI-assisted open-loop lighting control systems as a cost-effective solution for retrofitting existing buildings.

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2. Wong, L. A review of daylighting design and implementation in buildings // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, # 74, pp. 959–968.
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5. Ngarambe, J., Adilkhanova, I., Uwiragiye, B., & Yun, G. Y. A review on the current usage of machine learning tools for daylighting design and control // Building and Environment, 2022, # 223, p. 109507.
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Lighting is not a static element, but a dynamic component of urban life. Therefore, a contemporary street lighting fixture, open to innovation and adhering to international standards, should be designed without neglecting basic needs. This design should prioritize environmental safety, creating well-lit urban areas, and also consider energy efficiency and public well-being.
Designing an effective street lighting fixture requires a careful balance. It requires technical expertise, community participation, and a forward-thinking approach. Finding all these parameters may not always be possible everywhere. Therefore, for sustainability, it has become necessary to design outdoor lighting fixtures for streets and avenues independently, using the TRIZ methodology in particular and similar methods in general.
This ideal fixture embodies the fundamental philosophy of TRIZ: beneficial functions are maximised, harmful functions and costs are eliminated. The system manages itself, eliminating the need for external intervention.
Optimization using TRIZ transforms passive equipment (lighting fixtures) into active, data-generating urban nodes. This approach provides a holistic engineering solution that maximizes efficiency by simultaneously utilizing energy, labour, and infrastructure resources.

1. Bih-Yaw Shıh, Chen-Yuan Chen, Chia En Li. The Exploration of the Mobile Mandarin Learning System by the Application of TRIZ Theory // Computer Applications Engineering Education, 2013, # 21, pp. 343–348.
2. Ekmekçi, İ. Nebati, E.E. TRIZ methodology and applications // Procedia Computer Science, 2019, 158, pp. 303–315.
3. Efe, S.B., Varhan, D. Interior Lighting of a Historical Building by Using LED Luminaires A Case Study of Fatih Pasha Mosque // Light and Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 4, pp. 77–83.
4. Cengiz, M.S. Role of Functional Lighting Urban Beautification: Qatar-Doha Road Lighting Case // Light & Engineering, 2022, 30, # 3, pp. 34–42.
5. Askola, J., Kärhä, P., Baumgartner, H., Porrasmaa, S., Ikonen, E. Effect of adaptive control on the LED street luminaire lifetime and on the lifecycle costs of a lighting installation // Lighting Research and Technology, 2022, 54, # 1, pp. 75–89.
6. Tong, J.C.K. Wun, A.H.L. Chan, T.T.H. Lau, E.S.L. Lau, E.C.F. Chu, H.H.K. Lau, A.P.S. Simulation of vertical dispersion and pollution impact of artificial light at night in urban environment // Sci. Total Environ, 2023, # 902, p. 166101.
7. Cengiz, M.S. Using artificial lighting to support natural lighting in architectural building designs // Light & Engineering, 2022, 30, # 1, pp. 113–123.
8. Akdeniz, M., Efe, S.B. Forecasting of harmonic distortions ın mv distribution network caused by illuminatıon devices // Light & Engineering, 2025, Vol. 33, # 2, pp. 104–110.
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This article provides a legal analysis of the use of financial leasing of lighting equipment in Russian public procurement and explores ways to integrate energy-performance incentives.
The study aims to identify key shortcomings of the current lighting equipment leasing model for state and municipal needs and to substantiate the contractual structure of "energy-saving leasing" that links payments to actual energy savings.
The methodological basis is an analysis of tender documentation for large-scale procurement under Federal Law No. 44, a comparison of the leasing and energy-performance models, and a doctrinal and regulatory interpretation of Article 327.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the mechanism for standard contract terms.
It is shown that Russian lighting equipment leasing practice reproduces the classic financial lease model with fixed payments, which ignores energy savings and shifts the risk of failure to achieve savings to the public client.
The paper substantiates the possibility of transforming such contracts into a hybrid "energy-saving leasing" model by introducing a two-component leasing fee structure and tying the variable portion to the achieved savings.
The practical significance lies in the proposal of a regulatory framework for codifying these terms in standard contracts, which simultaneously improves the energy efficiency of lighting modernization projects and reduces corruption risks in public procurement.

1. Makumbe, P., Weyl, D. K., Eil, A., Li, J. Proven Delivery Models for LED Public Lighting: Lease-to-Own Delivery Model in Guadalajara, Mexico // Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016. [Electronic resource] Access mode: https:// openknowledge. worldbank. org / server / api / core / bitstreams /143 a 0 fc 5–9827–5 a 49- ab 30–468 ac 20927 c 5/ content [openknowledge. worldbank] (https:// openknowledge. worldbank. org / server / api / core / bitstreams /143 a 0 fc 5–9827–5 a 49- ab 30–468 ac 20927 c 5/ content)
2. Matveeva, E. Yu. Special contractual structures: definitional definition [Osobyye dogovornyye struktury: opredeleniye] // Legal science, 2022, # 5, pp. 69–76.
3. Belov, V.A. Lease Agreement: A Scientific and Educational Essay [Belov V.A. Dogovor arendy: nauchno poznavatel'nyy ocherk] // Moscow: Statut, 2018, 160 p.
4. Karapetyan, A.G. Performance and termination of obligations: commentary to Articles 307–328 and 407–419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [Ispolneniye i prekrashcheniye obyazatel'stv: kommentariy k stat'yam 307–328 i 407–419 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii] / A.O. Batishchev, A.A. Gromov, A.G. Karapetyan, et al.; ed. A.G. Karapetyan. Moscow: M – Logos, 2022, 1496 p.
5. Proven delivery models for LED public lighting: synthesis of six case studies // Washington, DC: World Bank, ESMAP, 2017, 60 p. URL: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/869131477561325418/pdf/Proven-delivery-models-for-LED-public-lightingsynthesis-of-six-case-studies.pdf (date of access 12.02.2026)

The second part of the review opens with a brief section on some long-observed effects and paradoxes of colour perception that only became more or less understood in the latter half of the 20th century, after detailed studies of the specifics of the neural colour-coding system.
It then examines the mechanisms responsible for chromatic vision, starting from the sensory mosaic of the retina and layers of the lateral geniculate body and ending with the primary and deeper areas of the visual cortex.
Next, after a short departure from the rational knowledge of colour sensation towards its artistic-emotional perception, the review considers modern approaches to colour space models and chromaticity diagrams that are preferred in scientific works on the physiology of human chromatism. In this case, an opportunity arises to compare two main approaches to the study of colour sensation – the physical approach, based on the objective properties of spectral light sources, and the psychophysiological approach, which takes into account the evolution and current state of the colour-coding neural system.
Finally, at the end of this part of the review, models of chromatic adaptation and anomalies of colour vision developed in the late 20th century are analysed. The consequences that have resulted from the active use of LED-based lighting devices, ever more sophisticated LCD monitors and holographic technologies, as well as the latest achievements of molecular genetics in deciphering the mechanism of colour sensation, will be discussed in the third part of the review.

1. Stafeev, S., Sharov, D. Human Colour Perception Mechanisms: A Review of Natural Science Concepts and Artistic Models from Ancient Chromatism to Neuroiconics and Holography. Part 1: Historical Retrospective of Hypotheses and Experiments // Light & Engineering, 2025, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 4–17.
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As the population is increasing daily, the need for energy continues to increase gradually. Since tunnels require continuous lighting day and night, the energy consumed for the tunnel is quite high. Approximately 20 % of the energy consumed in Türkiye is used in lighting. Road lighting has a high share of outdoor lighting. New-generation technologies in lighting are rapidly being adopted, followed, and implemented. Lighting systems are preferred to become smarter, more economical, and more comfortable. Many automations and smart technology solutions are used for energy efficiency and energy saving. One of the most effective solutions for the development of smart lighting systems is the use of universal protocols.
In this study, information about the protocols for the control of LED luminaires, used in the lighting of tunnels, is given. In addition, the lighting of Hekimhan T1 Tunnel in Malatya Province is discussed, DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) and 0–10 V / 1–10 V Analogue Lighting Control Protocol are applied on this tunnel, and the results are analysed. The lighting design was made using the DALI protocol and then the amount of energy consumed for lighting, operating cost, maintenance and initial installation cost were calculated. The design also was made using the 0–10 / V1–10 V Analogue Lighting Control Protocol. Then, a comparison and recommendations were made.

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Today, the rapid growth of cities and the increasing energy demand make it necessary to re-evaluate road lighting systems in terms of both safety and energy efficiency. Road lighting is critical to the safety, aesthetics, and accessibility of cities. Many existing road lighting infrastructures suffer from problems such as high energy consumption, low efficiency, increased maintenance costs, and environmental impacts.
Moreover, despite technological advances, lighting systems in many cities have not been sufficiently optimized. This poses a significant problem for the sustainable use of energy resources and the reduction of carbon emissions. This study presents a comparative analysis of the technical, economic, and environmental impacts of street lighting lamps powered by the electricity distribution grid, solar street lamps, and off-grid solar power plants.
This analysis demonstrates that renewable energy-based systems offer advantages in both energy efficiency and sustainability. The study will be an important guide for municipalities, construction companies, and urban planners, who want to choose the most appr

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Historic buildings pose challenges for daylighting improvements due to preservation constraints, however, improving their performance is essential for climate goals. This study seeks to improve daylighting performance, thermal comfort, and energy efficiency in historic buildings while maintaining their historic value through various design strategies, including glass upgrades, shading elements, and light tube integration, using a multi-objective optimization model.
To analyse the performance of the model, two case studies from distinct climates, Mediterranean and Temperate Oceanic, were evaluated through Grasshopper plug-ins, Ladybug and Honeybee, and optimized via Octopus plug-in. A machine learning tool, Dodo plug-in was integrated to speed up the evaluation process and estimate simulation results while exploring a larger number of design alternatives.
The optimization results reveal that daylighting strategies improved UDI up to 83.6 % and reduced ASE to 0 %, and improved TCP up to 6.73%, while energy use decreased by up to 8.81 % with shading and light tubes proving most effective in warm climates and roof windows in colder ones. The study confirms that performance-based design can enhance environmental efficiency without compromising buildings' historic values.

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