The article describes the estimation of measurement error of seawater beam attenuation coefficient using the Monte Carlo method. Measurements of the beam attenuation coefficient and its vertical distribution are the most common type of hydro-optical investigations since it is widely used for the research of light distribution in sea medium. Moreover, the beam attenuation coefficient is closely related to the concentration of the suspended substance and may be used for its estimation. Usually, the measurements of beam attenuation coefficient are conducted with small instrument base in rather transparent waters. In this case, the method errors of the beam attenuation coefficient measurement are low. However, in practice, cases of very turbid waters (near-bottom nepheloid layers), where measurement errors of beam attenuation coefficient significantly increase due to multiple scattering within the instrument base, are often encountered. The estimation of such errors is reviewed in this work. The effect of scattering phase function on the considered errors is described to the greatest extent. Moreover, the effect of the instrument base length and angle of view of the receiving system on measurement errors of beam attenuation coefficient is studied. Corresponding estimations are provided.

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Tadej Glazar, Marjeta Zupancic Meglic, Samo Kralj, and Robert Peternelj
Senior Living - Lighting, Circadian Rhythm and Dementia I

Gasper Coz
Senior Living - Lighting, Circadian Rhythm and Dementia II

Banu Manav
Luminous Environment and the Perceived Environment

Cenk Yavuz, Ceyda Aksoy Tirmikci, and Burcu Carkli Yavuz
Research into the Effect of Photometric Flicker Event on the Perception of Office Workers

Helena Yu. Lekus
Public Space Humanization in a Night City

Alexander V. Karev and Dmitry S. Lyoskin
Operating Control of Photobiological Safety of LED Luminaires

Leonid B. Prikupets, George V. Boos, Vladislav G. Terekhov, and Ivan G. Tarakanov
Optimisation of Lighting Parameters of Irradiation in Light Culture of Lettuce Plants Using LED Emitters

Tadej Glazar, Marjeta Zupancic Meglic, Samo Kralj, and Robert Peternelj
Senior Living - Lighting, Circadian Rhythm and Dementia I

Gasper Coz
Senior Living - Lighting, Circadian Rhythm and Dementia II

Banu Manav
Luminous Environment and the Perceived Environment

Cenk Yavuz, Ceyda Aksoy Tirmikci, and Burcu Carkli Yavuz
Research into the Effect of Photometric Flicker Event on the Perception of Office Workers

Helena Yu. Lekus
Public Space Humanization in a Night City

Alexander V. Karev and Dmitry S. Lyoskin
Operating Control of Photobiological Safety of LED Luminaires

Leonid B. Prikupets, George V. Boos, Vladislav G. Terekhov, and Ivan G. Tarakanov
Optimisation of Lighting Parameters of Irradiation in Light Culture of Lettuce Plants Using LED Emitters

Alexei V. Bogdanov and Vladimir A. Smirnov
Why it is Necessary to Revise the Standards of Exhibition Lighting

Boris G. Kuzyakin
Aspects of Exhibition Lighting in the State Hermitage

Anubrata Mondal and Kamalika Ghosh
Studies on Germicidal Benefit of Ultra Violet Ray upon Old Paper Documents

Lyubov E. Volgina
Light in the Museum: Experiences and Challenges

Leonid G. Novakovsky
Illumination of Paintings, Graphic Arts, Printed Products, Photographs: Problems and Possible Solutions

Nicolay I. Shchepetkov
Architectural Lighting in Museums

Anna G. Shakhparunyants, Eugene I. Rozovsky, Anatoly Sh. Chernyak, and Pavel A. Fedorishchev
LEDs in Museums: New Opportunities and Challenges

Karsten Winkels
Implementation of Exhibition Lighting Concept as Means of Artistic Expression through Example of “Russian Insomnia” Exhibition

Alexei V. Bogdanov and Vladimir A. Smirnov
Why it is Necessary to Revise the Standards of Exhibition Lighting

Boris G. Kuzyakin
Aspects of Exhibition Lighting in the State Hermitage

Anubrata Mondal and Kamalika Ghosh
Studies on Germicidal Benefit of Ultra Violet Ray upon Old Paper Documents

Lyubov E. Volgina
Light in the Museum: Experiences and Challenges

Leonid G. Novakovsky
Illumination of Paintings, Graphic Arts, Printed Products, Photographs: Problems and Possible Solutions

Nicolay I. Shchepetkov
Architectural Lighting in Museums

Anna G. Shakhparunyants, Eugene I. Rozovsky, Anatoly Sh. Chernyak, and Pavel A. Fedorishchev
LEDs in Museums: New Opportunities and Challenges

Karsten Winkels
Implementation of Exhibition Lighting Concept as Means of Artistic Expression through Example of “Russian Insomnia” Exhibition

In the ever-changing world, cultural heritage, especially through documents, plays an important role in a civilized developing country. The documents specially made of paper are organic products and more prone to bacterial formation. From most of the heritage archives, it has been informed/ observed that bacteria destroys the important documents. The conservations of these articles are essential. From the point of view for good lighting system design, one can utilize a photobiological effect of light, i.e., UV range of the light source is killing bacteria too. Experimentation has been carried out on different paper documents with different intensities of UV contents from light sources. The bacteria content in a sample at the initial stage as well as after UV treatments with different intensities have been noted, analyzed, and furnished in this paper. The process shows a successful result as per expectation. If this methodology can be implemented for the conservation of paper archives, it will give a fruitful result for the conservation of our cultural heritage, which is very much valuable for the development of a society.

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LED lighting creates capability of the best representation of museum exhibits and creation of additional light perception effects. It also allows us to use the results of light and colour measurements for adjustment of quantity and quality of lighting. Photometric devices may become permanent assistants in decoration of exhibitions and museum premises. Even more important are photometers for monitoring of acceptable level of illuminance and UV irradiance. With correct evaluation of adverse impact of LED lighting, there is an opportunity to significantly increase the permitted level of exhibits lighting, which is a permanent requirement by designers. The recommendations for standardisation of lighting are based on results of special studies performed with consideration of material light-resistance groups and properties of light sources. Such studies were performed by STE TKA, LLC, and GOSNIIRESTAVRATSII by request of the Ministry of Culture. The article describes major results of this study, which mainly aimed at specification of safe acceptable level of UV irradiation of materials with application of energy-saving fluorescent lamps as well as major characteristics of produced photometers. Similar studies and elaboration of recommendation are required also for LED light sources.

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Article overviews prospects of application of adjustable polychrome LED luminaires based on RGB mixture principle for museum lighting. Such light sources allow creating of high-quality lighting systems with capability to adjust luminous flux and chromaticity characteristics with a wide range of correlated colour temperatures between 2800 K and 6500 K and high values of all colour rendering indexes: R1-R14. Application of adjustable LED light sources makes it possible to do artificial museum lighting similar to natural environment at the moment of creating of a piece of art by an artist, hence, to make its perception more precise. Possibility to adjust the correlated colour temperature allows creating individual lighting of paintings in compliance with the genre and subject of a work (a portrait, a landscape, time period, etc.). The article also briefly describes major theoretical, circuit design and software aspects of creation of a dynamically adjustable LED system of museum lighting and gives first examples of its application.

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This article outlines the experience associated with the reconstruction of lighting of Museum Hall No. 277 located in the historical interiors of the Winter Palace of the State Hermitage. This work is aimed to create a harmonious light environment in the Museum Hall, favourable for the general perception of the architecture and interior of the hall, and to provide conditions for the full perception of the exhibited items. Identified difficulties are:
- Non-classical dimensions of the Hall, which is part of the French enfilade;
- Polychrome painting and stucco on walls and ceiling;
- Venerable age (darkening of the paint layer) and uniqueness of the paintings, as well as large dimensions of the frames.
The general parameters of the lighting system consisting of two parts Ц the general lighting of the Hall and the lighting of exhibited items Ц are determined. The system shall provide a joint combined operation of two independently flux-controlled diffused (reflected from the ceiling) and directional (direct) light components. The system should be adjustable (to an extent) to possible exhibition changes. The system should not have a negative impact on the exhibited items and the interior. The system influencing technical parameters, such as types of light sources, their correlated colour temperatures, levels of general and special colour rendering indexes, the types of lighting devices and their location, approximate illumination levels in paintings and walls, the approximate ratio between illumination, and direct and scattered light in paintings, are selected.
The performed construction and installation works, as well as the adjustment, have shown that the updated lighting installation meets the set tasks and complies with the requirements of quality perception and safety of exhibited items and interior of the hall.

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