Classroom lighting significantly affects student performance and productivity, as well as visual comfort and daytime alertness. The spectral distribution of LED light sources is different from that of traditional light sources, it may affect the individual’s performance and feelings. The aim of this study was to investigate how correlated colour temperature (CCT) of LED lighting affects the alertness and visual perception of college students. Initially, the impact of different correlated colour temperatures (4000 K, 5000 K, 6500 K) on subjective alertness was studied, and questionnaires was used to assess visual comfort by visual-perceptual experiments. The results show that increasing correlated colour temperature helps to improve subjective alertness and visual comfort in a appropriately rang, but a too high correlated colour temperature levels may increase visual fatigue and affect comfort of individuals. The participants were more comfortable at 5000 K than at high and low correlated colour temperatures. This found understanding aiding the advancement of high-quality lighting environments prioritizing visual health and work efficiency.

1. Zhang, Y., Tu, Y., Wang, L., Shi, Y. Effects of blue-enriched white light with same correlated colour temperature on visual fatigue // Lighting Research & Technology, July 2023, 56(4). DOI:10.1177/14771535231181502.
2. Wonyoung Yang, Jin Yong Jeon. Effects of lighting and sound factors on environmental sensation, perception, and cognitive performance in a classroom // Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 76, 107063.
3. Yousef Al Horr, Mohammed Arif, Amit Kaushik, Ahmed Mazroei, Martha Katafygiotou, Esam Elsarrag. Occupant productivity and office indoor environment quality: A review of the literature // Building and Environment, 2016, 105, pp. 369–389.
4. Mar Llorens-Gámez, Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo, Carla Sentieri Omarrementeria, Carmen Llinares. The impact of the design of learning spaces on attention and memory from a neuro architectural approach: A systematic review // Frontiers of Architectural Research, 2022, 11(3), pp. 542–560.
5. Du, X., Zhao, S., Zhang, D., Yu, Y. Comparative analysis of light environment perception, eye movement and physiology in university professional classroom based on virtual reality experiment // Indoor and Built Environment, 2023, 32(6), pp. 1152–1169.
6. Behar-Cohen, F., Martinsons, C., Viénot, F. et al. Light-emitting diodes (LED) for domestic lighting: Any risks for the eye? // Progress in Retinal & Eye Research, 2011, 30(4), pp. 239–257.
7. He Wei, Yang Chunyu. Spectral Contrast and Comprehensive Effect Analysis of Fluorescent and LED in University Classrooms // Light & Lighting, 2018, 43(2), pp. 51–55.
8. Yang Chunyu, Wang Yanni, Wang Tongyue, et al. The Study on Intelligent Artificial Light Environment of Underground Rail Transit Space in Different Light Climate Zones // Journal of Human Settlements in West China, 2017, 32(06), pp. 12–16.
9. M.G. Figueiro, M.S, Rea et al. The effects of red and blue light on alertness and mood at night // Lighting Research and Technology, 2010, 42, pp. 449–458.
10. Bellia, L., Bisegna, F., Spada, G. Lightingin indoor environments: Visual and non-visual effects of light sources with different spectral power distributions // Building and Environment, 2011, 46(10), pp. 1984–1992.
11. M. Wei, K.W. Houser, B. Orland, D.H. Lang. et al. Field study of office worker responses to fluorescent lighting of different CCT and lumen output // Environ. Psychol., 2014, 39, pp. 62–76.
12. Kong, Z., Jakubiec, J.A. Instantaneous lighting quality within higher educational classrooms in Singapore // Frontiers of Architectural Research, 2021, 10(4), pp. 787–802.
13. Kong, Z., Zhang, R., Ni, J. et al. Towards an integration of visual comfort and lighting impression: A field study within higher educational buildings // Building and Environment, 2022, 216: 108989.
14. Barkmann, C., Wessolowski, N., Schulte-Markwort, M. Applicability and efficacy of variable light in schools // Physiol. Behav. 2012, 105 (3), pp. 621–627.
15. Sletten, T.L., Ftouni, S., Nicholas, C.L., Magee, M. Randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of ablue-enriched light intervention to improve alertness and performance in night shift workers // Occup. Environ. Med. 2017,74(11), pp. 792–801.
16. Mills, P.R., Tomkins, S.C., Schlangen, L.J. The effect of high correlated colour temperature office lighting on employee wellbeing and work performance // J. Circad. Rhythms, 2007, 5(1):2. DOI:10.1186/1740-3391-5-2.
17. Ferlazzo, F., Piccardi, L., Burattini, C., Barbalace, M., Giannini, A.M., Bisegna, F. Effects of new light sources on task switching and mental rotation performance // Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2014, 39, pp. 92–100.
18. Smolders, K.C.H.J., de Kort, Y.A.W. Investigating daytime effects of correlated colour temperature on experiences, performance, and arousal // J. Environ. Psychol. 2017, 50, pp. 80–93.
19. Taotao Ru, Yvonne de Kort, Karin C.H.J. Smolders et al. Non-image forming effects of illuminance and correlated color temperature of office light on alertness, mood, and performance across cognitive domains // Building and Environment, 2019, 149, pp. 253–263.
20. Yu Li, Luo Xiang, Wang Song, Zhang Chenyan, Xia Pengxi. Correction of Lighting Adaptation Curve in Highway Tunnel Based on Eye Comfort // J. Modern Tunnelling Technology, 2021, 58(S01), pp. 73–80.
21. Shamsul, B.M.T., Sajidah, S.N., Sivaji, A. Alertness, Visual Comfort, Subjective Preference and Task Performance Assessment under Three Different Light’s Colour Temperature among Office Workers // Advanced Engineering Forum, 2013, 10, p.77.
22. Shamsul, B.M.T., Sia, C.C., Ng, Y.G., Karmegan, K. Effects of light’s colour temperatures on visual comfort level, task performances, and alertness among students // American Journal of Public Health Research, 2013, 1, pp. 159–165.
23. Li, Z., Wang, T., Shao R., Wang Y., Hao L. Study on the Influence of Indoor Light Color Temperature on Monitoring Image Quality in Antarctic Unmanned Observatory // China Illuminating Engineering Journal, 2023, 34(4), pp. 103–113.
24. Rupak Raj Baniya, Tetri, E., Halonen, L. A study of preferred illuminance and correlated colour temperature for LED office lighting // Light and Engineering, 2015, Vol. 23, # 3, pp. 39–47.

With the continuous growth of China’s macroeconomy, support from national industry policies, and ongoing advancements in lighting industry technology, the domestic lighting industry has seen rapid development and has formed a complete industrial chain. With the increasing penetration of China’s lighting industry, the scale of the lighting market continues to grow steadily and significantly. The rise in export demand for downstream terminal lighting and the recovery of the domestic consumer market have further fueled this growth, presenting a challenge in improving risk management due to the numerous participants in the lighting industry supply chain. On this basis, this study employs a literature review to identify influencing factors, refining 5 secondary indicators and 30 tertiary indicators, and constructing a risk influence index system for the lighting industry supply chain. Given the importance and correlation of different influencing factors, an entropy method (EM), decision making trial and evaluation laboratorian (DEMATEL) composite model is developed to overcome the limitations of deriving weight results from a single model. Moreover, by using the interpretive structural modelling (ISM) method, which displays the structural relationship of influencing factors hierarchically, the combined EM – DEMATEL – ISM model provides a more accurate and clearer exploration of the root causes of supply chain risk. Results demonstrate that economic environmental risks, procurement product quality, supplier selection management, boundary security protection, procurement personnel quality, and production safety systems are six key factors affecting risk in the lighting industry. These insights offer new perspectives for practical decision making and application within the supply chain.

1. Li, S.H., Huang, H. M., Wang, H. Development status analysis and policy measures of LED industry in China // Macroeconomics, 2011, Vol. 154, # 9, pp. 25–32.
2. Wang, F. M., Mao, J.Q. A Study on Technological Chain, Industry Technological Chain and Industry Upgrading: A Case Study on Semiconductor Illuminance Industry in China // R&D Management, 2010, Vol. 22, # 3, pp. 19–28.
3. Deng, Q.Z., Liu, B. Nanchang LED Industry Development Strategy Research Based on the Strategic Decision-making SWOT Model // East China Economic Management, 2010, Vol. 24, # 10, pp. 21–24.
4. Wang, H., Zhang, B. Establishment and Governance Path of LED Industry Patent Alliance: Industrial Cluster Perspective // Science and Technology Management Research, 2021, Vol. 41, # 22, pp. 168–174.
5. Ye, X. T., Li, M.H. Study on the Difference of China’s Industrial Policy Based on the Quantitative Analysis of Policy Documents – A Case Study on the Light Emitting Diode Industry // Journal of Public Management, 2015, Vol. 12, # 2, pp. 145–152, 159–160.
6. Ye, X. T., Zhang, J., Su, J., Huang, C. Comparative Advantage and Development Countermeasure of China’s Light Emitting Diode Industry in Background of Antidumping and Anti-subsidy // Journal of Technology Economics, Vol, 33, # 10, pp. 59–62.
7. Fashoto, S., Akinnuwesi, B., Owolabi, O., Adelekan, D., Decision support model for supplier selection in healthcare service delivery using analytical hierarchy process and artificial neural network // African Journal of Business Management, 2016, Vol. 10, # 9, pp. 209–232.
8. Park, K., Okudan, G. E. K., Ma, J. A regional information-based multi-attribute and multi-objective decision-making approach for sustainable supplier selection and order allocation // Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, Vol. 187, pp. 590–604.
9. Mahdi, P. M., Mohammad, S. M. A hybrid genetic algorithm for dynamic virtual cellular manufacturing with supplier selection // International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2017, Vol. 92, pp. 3001–3017.
10. Jamil, R. Hydroelectricity consumption forecast for Pakistan using ARIMA modeling and supply-demand analysis for the year 2030 // Renewable Energy, 2020, Vol. 154, pp. 1–10.
11. Fallahpour, A., Olugu, E. U., Musa, S. N. A hybrid model for supplier selection: integration of EM and multi expression programming (MEP) // Neural Computing & Applications, 2017, Vol. 28, # 3, pp. 499–504.
12. You, L., Yao, D. Q., Sikora, R. T., Nag, B. An adaptive supplier selection mechanism in E-procurement marketplace // Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 2017, Vol. 26, # 2, pp. 94–116.
13. Dogan I., Güner, A. R. A reinforcement learning approach to competitive ordering and pricing problem // Expert Systems, 2015, Vol. 32, # 1, pp. 39–48.
14. Li, S., Chen, H., Wang, M., Heidari, A. A., Mirjalili, S. Slime mould algorithm: a new method for stochastic optimization // Future Generation Computer Systems, 2020, Vol. 111, pp. 300–323.
15. Mirjalili, S. Z., Mirjalili, S., Saremi, S., Faris, H., Aljarah, I. Grasshopper optimization algorithm for multi-objective optimization problems // Applied Intelligence, 2018, Vol. 48, # 4, pp. 805–820.
16. Mashrur, A., Luo, W., Zaidi, N. A., Robles-Kelly, A. Machine learning for financial risk management: a survey // IEEE Access, 2020, Vol. 8, pp. 203203–203223.
17. Chen, H., Li, C., Mafarja, M., Heidari, A. A., Chen, Y., Cai, Z. Slime mould algorithm: a comprehensive review of recent variants and applications // International Journal of Systems Science, 2022, Vol. 54, pp. 204–235.
18. Gao, B. The use of machine learning combined with data mining technology in financial risk prevention // Computational Economics, 2022, Vol. 59, # 4, pp. 1385–1405.
19. Meraihi, Y., Gabis, A. B., Mirjalili, S., Ramdane-Cherif, A. Grasshopper optimization algorithm: theory, variants, and applications // IEEE Access, 2021, Vol. 9, pp. 50001–50024.
20. Wu, Z. Using machine learning approach to evaluate the excessive financialization risks of trading enterprises // Computational Economics, 2021, Vol. 59, # 4, pp. 1607–1625.
21. Sun, T., Vasarhelyi, M.A. Predicting credit card delinquencies: an application of deep neural networks // Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, 2018, Vol. 25, # 4, pp. 174–189.
22. Gans, J. S., Halaburda, H. Some economics of private digital currency // Economic analysis of the digital economy, 2015, pp. 257–276.
23. Saremi, S., Mirjalili, S., Lewis, A. Grasshopper optimisation algorithm: theory and application // Advances in Engineering Software, 2017, Vol. 105, pp. 30–47.
24. Ho, W., Zheng, T., Yildiz, H., Talluri, S. Supply chain risk management: a literature review // International Journal of Production Research, 2015, Vol. 53, # 16, pp. 5031–5069.

Within the context of global economic integration, as an important part of the lighting industry, small, medium, and micro-sized lighting enterprises are facing the pressure of fierce market competition and transformation and upgrading. Improving the innovation performance of these enterprises is crucial for advancing the overall development of the lighting industry. To explore the various factors influencing the innovation performance of small, medium, and micro-sized lighting enterprises in China, this study constructed a theoretical model. Using a classic questionnaire as a foundation, we created a measurement questionnaire, based on six dimensions: enterprise strategy, enterprise culture, enterprise resources, market environment, financial environment, and technical environment. We collected the data of 358 small, medium, and micro-sized lighting enterprises in four provinces, namely, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and analysed how these factors interacted and affected the innovation performance of the enterprises. Results showed that the overall Cronbach’s α coefficient of the questionnaire constructed in this study was 0.850, and the KMO value was 0.827, which was greater than 0.6. The Bartlett test showed that the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were good. The five aspects of enterprise strategy, enterprise resources, market environment, financial environment, and technical environment – all had a significant positive effect on the innovation performance of small, medium, and micro-sized lighting enterprises. The aggregate of various asset types and enterprise type samples also demonstrated significance for the innovation performance of these lighting enterprises. The research results have important reference value for China’s small, medium, and micro-sized lighting enterprises to further stimulate their innovation vitality, enhance their overall competitiveness, and contribute to the sustainable and healthy development of the lighting industry by optimizing the enterprise system, increasing R&D investment, keeping up with market demand, and actively striving for policy support.

1. Christensen, C.M. The innovator’s dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail // Harvard Business Review Press, 2015.
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4. Liu, Y., Wang, X., Yang, Y. The impact of strategic knowledge disclosure on enterprise innovation performance // Managerial and Decision Economics, 2023, Vol. 44, # 5, pp. 2582–2592.
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Intelligent control systems show promise in reducing building energy consumption, but long-term empirical research on their effectiveness is still limited. This study conducted a 129‑day investigation of an Intelligent Integrated Occupant Centred Control (IOCC) system retrofitted in a real open office environment of approximately 200 m² in Shenzhen, China. The experiment involved 69 volunteers and utilized environmental sensors, occupancy detectors, and wireless smart controllers for data collection. Analysis revealed that the IOCC system reduced overall electricity consumption by 11.87 %. In the open office area, average lighting usage time decreased by 13.36 % (from 14.50 to 12.55 hours per day), while air conditioning usage time reduced by 25.96 % (from 12.39 to 9.2 hours per day). Individual offices exhibited more substantial reductions, with lighting and air conditioning usage times decreasing by 56.09 % and 86.45 %, respectively. Meeting rooms showed reductions of 25.89 % for lighting and 34.02 % for air conditioning. These findings demonstrate the potential of intelligent retrofitting in achieving significant energy efficiency in various office settings, contributing to the development of sustainable building management strategies.

1. Zhu H., Lian X., Liu Y., Zhang Y., Li, Z. Consideration of occupant preferences and habits during the establishment of occupant-centric buildings: A critical review // Energy and Buildings, 2023, Vol. 280, p. 112720.
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3. García-Monge, M. et al. Is IoT monitoring key to improve building energy efficiency? Case study of a smart campus in Spain // Energy and Buildings, 2023, Vol. 285, p. 112882.
4. Zhao, P. et al. mID: Tracking and Identifying People with Millimetre Wave Radar // 2019 15th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS), 2019, pp. 33–40.
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10. Wang, Z. How frequent should we measure the indoor thermal environment // Building and Environment, 2022, Vol. 222, p. 109464.

The circadian rhythm is related to cells called intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) which are strongly influenced by light. Pupillary responses during light stimulation are attributed to photoreceptors, while pupillary responses after light exposure are attributed to ipRGCs. This study explores the characteristics of pupillary response to flickering light stimuli, indicating diurnal changes in chromatic sensitivity of ipRGCs by measuring the pupillary light reflex after exposure to flickering light. The results showed that, overall, no relationship was found between the time of day and wavelength. There was no significant difference between the three time zones of 10:00, 13:00, and 16:00. However, there were significant differences in wavelength comparisons during and after light exposure. The results indicate that pupillary light response to the middle wavelength (517 nm) was larger than to short and long wavelength (454 nm and 627 nm), therefore indicating that green cone photoreceptors are involved in flickering light, while light response after short wavelength light exposure took longest time to recover.

1. Kozaki, T., & Okuzono, M. Attempting to evaluate non-visual effect of the light by steady-state electroretinogram // The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics, 2021, 57 (Supplement).
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In the experience of public and commercial buildings lighting, subjectively perceived colour rendering is often of a higher priority than the colorimetric accuracy of colour reproduction. An experimental layout has been developed at the Lighting Engineering Department of the National Research University MPEI – a polychromatic LED emitter that allows us obtaining spectra consisting of emissions from 10 groups of differently coloured and white LEDs. The layout allows simulating lighting conditions that can be created using standard, commercially available LED devices. A number of experiments were conducted using the developed polychromatic emitter to determine the best lighting conditions for several typical kinds of food products displayed in the entrance areas of supermarkets. As a result, combinations of basic LED colours and correlated colour temperatures were obtained that are most suitable for each type of these goods, and the effect of distancing the coordinates of the colour source from the line of a black body radiator on objective and subjective colour rendering evaluations was also determined.

1. Davis, W., Ohno, Y. Colour rendering of Light Sources // URL: https://www.nist.gov/pml/sensor-science/optical-radiation/colour-rendering-light-sources (date of addressing 09.11.2024).
2. Davis, W., Ohno, Y. Rationale of Colour Quality Scale // URL: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ publications/pdfs/ssl/cqs_rationale_06–10.pdf (date of addressing 09.11.2024).
3. ANSI/IES TM‑30–24. Technical Memorandum: IES Method For Evaluating Light Source Colour Rendition // URL: https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/iesna/ansiiestm3024?srsltid=AfmBOorDWcCSScz8pmtgqytO3lBCFzbRsmXJCpElyNBgevlzkfjLehIl
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7. Smet, K.A.G., Hanselaer, P. Memory and preferred colours and the colour rendition of white light sources // Lighting Research and Technology, 2016, Vol. 48, # 4, pp. 393–411. DOI:10.1177/1477153514568584.
8. Jost-Boissard, S., Avouac, P., Fontoynont, M. Assessing the colour quality of LED sources: Naturalness, attractiveness, colourfulness and colour difference // Lighting Res. Technol. 2014, Vol 47, # 7. DOI:10.1177/1477153514555882.
9. Smet, K.A.G., Ryckaert, W.R., Pointer, M.R., Deconinck, G., Hanselaer, P. Colour appearance rating of familiar real objects // Colour Research and Application, 2011, # 36, pp. 192–200.
10. Esikova, A., Fomin, A. The Study of Subjective Evaluations of Colour Rendering of White Light Sources with Variable Chromaticity // Light and Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 4, pp. 25–30.
11. Bespalova, E. Correctly selected commercial lighting as the key to successful sales [Pravil’no podobrannoe torgovoe osveshchenie – zalog uspeshnyh prodazh] // Sovremennaya svetotekhnika, 2022, Vol. 5–6, # (79–80), pp. 32–36, EDN EBHPYA.

A church is a sacred space where individuals experience a religious encounter. Church architecture has an ancient history and established canons, setting it apart from secular buildings. Lighting in a church is also governed by tradition, yet for maximum expressiveness, alternative forms can and should be used without altering the essence.
Church architecture interacts with natural light, and when designing artificial lighting, it is essential to consider the effects created by sunlight. The purpose of lighting in a church is to influence a person’s spiritual state through aesthetic sensations.
This article presents an analysis of natural lighting in the Church of Saint Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, which is currently unbuilt, calculated through computer modelling using the DIALux.evo software. Quantitative illumination measurements and the effects of light within the space at different times of the year and day during services were studied.
A project for an artificial lighting system is presented, which supports the spatial hierarchy within the church, provides sufficient illumination for safe visual tasks performed by church staff, and affects the psycho-emotional state of parishioners.

1. Petrov-Spiridonov, N. A. “The Semantics of ‘Created’ and ‘Uncreated’ Light in Russian Church Architecture.” [Petrov-Spiridonov N.A. Semantika “tvarnogo” i “netvarnogo” sveta v russkom tserkovnom zodchestve] // Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2021, no. 3(56), pp. 195–213.
2. Ivanovskaya, V. I. “Light and Space in the Interior of an Orthodox Church.” [Ivanovskaya V.I. Svet i prostranstvo v inter’ere pravoslavnogo khrama // Tezisy dokl. XXVII Mezhdunarodnykh Rozhdestvenskikh obrazovatel’nykh chteniy] // In Proceedings of the XXVII International Christmas Educational Readings (Moscow, January 22–25, 2019), Moscow, 2019, pp. 306–311.
3. SR 391.1325800.2017 Orthodox Churches: Design Rules. [SP 391.1325800.2017 Khramy pravoslavnye. Pravila proektirovaniya.] // Effective date: 2018–06–23.
4. SR 52.13330.2016 Natural and Artificial Lighting. [SP 52.13330.2016 Estestvennoe i iskusstvennoe osveshchenie. Aktualizirovannaya redaktsiya SNIP 23–05–95.] // Updated edition of SNIP 23–05–95. Effective date: 2017–05–08.
5. Ilvitskaya, S. V., Shepetkov, D. N., Chervyakov, M.M. The Role of Illumination in Integration and Differential Processes of Visual Perception of Temple Interior Architecture // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 6, pp. 59–68.

The paper describes the selected lighting installations and colour options for the premises of the sanatorium. The dining room, the ward and the treatment room were identified as the studied premises, as these are places of long and frequent stay of people. Irradiation installations for disinfection of air and surfaces, a measuring device, research and measurement methods, and experimental data on people’s colour preferences were also selected for research. The energy illuminances from real irradiation installations – GALAD BBO and GALAD Viva LED, manufactured by the International Lighting Corporation “BL GROUP”, were measured. For these installations, the time of exposure to ultraviolet radiation has been determined and application options have been justified. Thus, GALAD Viva LED is recommended to be used in the air disinfection mode at distances from people of 2 m or more in special-purpose rooms (patient examination rooms, procedural rooms, etc.) with a reasonable exposure time. The GALAD BBO irradiation unit is recommended to be used at a distance of 0.30 (and people can stay at this distance for no more than 0.3 hours) to 0.60 m (no more than 1.2 hours) in small rooms, for example, in corridors, bathrooms, etc., and for a distance of 0.85 m (no more than 2 hours) for large premises. The best colour options for the perception of the space for one of the studied rooms – the treatment room – were determined. According to the results of subjective measurements, they turned out to be light grey and white colours or grey, and light blue.

1. Aizenberg, J.B. Reference Book on Lighting Engineering [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike] // Moscow, Sign, 3rd edition, revised and expanded, 2006, 972 pages.
2. Kunduradji, A.D. Lighting Designed for the Elderly Living in Institutional Settings [Osveshcheniye. oriyentirovannoye na lyudey v vozraste, prozhivayushchikh v uchrezhdeniyakh internatnogo tipa] // Svetotekhnika, 2022, # 4, pp. 12–19.
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5. IEC 62471:2006 “Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems”.
6. Griber, Yu. A., Bobovnikov, P.A. Album of Typical Designs for Colour Decoration of Interiors [Albom tipovykh proyektov tsvetovogo oformleniya pomeshcheniy] // Smolensk, ANO ‘Colour Laboratory’, 2019, 24 pages.
7. RF Standard GOST 26320–84: Studio and out of studio television equipment. Methods of subjective assessment of colour television pictures quality.

The Internet, big data, artificial intelligence, and other advanced technologies have become an important driving force for the development of the new era. Technological innovation is a key means for all walks of life to break through the bottleneck. With the increasing complexity of technology, the industrial chain of lighting enterprises is constantly optimized and upgraded. However, achieving innovation is difficult when relying only on the independent operation of enterprises. Thus, enterprises must be placed in a collaborative innovation network, and collaborative enterprises, scientific research institutes, governments, financial institutions, and other multi-subjects work together for collaborative development to effectively improve the innovation performance of lighting enterprises. To further explore the influencing factors of lighting enterprises’ innovation performance from the perspective of collaborative innovation network, this study designs a theoretical model of the impact of these enterprises’ innovation performance. Moreover, this research uses SPSS22.0 to explore the scale of collaborative innovation network, openness of the collaborative innovation network, and relationship strength of collaborative innovation network. The current study also analyses the impact of lighting enterprises’ innovation performance and the mediating effect of knowledge management ability on the impact of collaborative innovation network on these enterprises’ innovation performance. Results show that the reliability coefficient of the entire questionnaire is 0.870, the KMO value is 0.870, the corresponding P-value is below 0.01, and the validity of the questionnaire is good. The scale of collaborative innovation network, openness of collaborative innovation network, and relationship strength of the collaborative innovation network have significant roles in promoting the innovation performance of lighting enterprises. Knowledge management ability plays a partial intermediary role in collaborative innovation promoting the innovation performance of lighting enterprises. Results of this study are of immense value for enriching the research on the impact of collaborative innovation network on the innovation performance of lighting enterprises, helping to improve the innovation performance of Chinese lighting enterprises, improving the theory of innovation performance evaluation, and guiding the practice of innovation performance evaluation.

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In the context of rapid economic globalization and technological advancement, market demand is increasingly being shaped by diversification and personalization, driven by innovation. For lighting companies, efficiently addressing the evolving needs of consumers hinges on their ability to innovate. Effective supply chain collaboration is essential for these enterprises, fostering close partnerships with upstream and downstream businesses and customers, ultimately enhancing innovation performance. This study constructs a theoretical model to explore the relationship between supply chain collaboration (SCC) and the innovation performance of lighting enterprises. It utilizes survey data from a total of 353 companies within the lighting industry chain, spread across five provinces in eastern China. The study assesses the effects of different types of SCC – internal, supplier, and customer – on innovation performance and highlights the mediating role of strategic flexibility in significantly enhancing innovation performance. Results indicate that the overall Cronbach’s alpha for the questionnaire is 0.896, with a KMO value of 0.847, indicating strong reliability and validity. These results affirm that SCC significantly enhances innovation performance, with strategic flexibility serving as a partial mediator in this improvement. In addition, the innovation performance of lighting companies, differentiated by their annual R&D investments, showed significant results at the 10 % level. This study not only contributes to the theoretical understanding of the relationship between SCC and innovation performance but also offers practical insights for improving supply chain management and enhancing innovation in Chinese lighting enterprises.

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The prolonged darkness and monotonous environmental colours exert detrimental effects on mood during the Antarctic night. The dynamic coloured lighting (DCL) experiment was conducted at the beginning, middle, and end nodes of the polar night in the Antarctic Health Cabin, where ECG signals, Semantic Differential Scale (SD), and Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) were collected. The results indicated that as polar night time increased, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in DCL1 conditions of illumination exhibited a decreasing trend while it initially increased and then decreased in DCL2 illumination conditions. Subjective evaluations of both lighting patterns were positive. In DCL1, pleasure at the end of polar night was significantly better than in the middle (P<0.05), and arousal levels at both middle and end nodes were significantly higher compared to it at the beginning of polar night (P<0.05). In DCL2, pleasure was significantly higher at the beginning than in the middle of polar night (P<0.05). This study revealed the potential impact of dynamic coloured lighting on enhancing the emotional well-being of the Antarctic Research Expedition during the polar night.

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The market for lighting equipment that improves the quality of medical work is large. But it covers the needs of specialists for the most part only in peacetime. There are no specialized lamps for situations related to disaster medicine. There are also no systems that take into account the specifics of the work of doctors on the front line, although in the zone of localization of military conflicts the number of people in need of medical care is significantly increasing. It is necessary to develop special lighting equipment. The main goal of the work is the design concept with mainly researched user experience when creating a visual image of the system. The purpose of article is to show an approach to designing concepts of future lighting systems in design, which can become the basis for engineering development.
The preceding stage of technical development of a new product that has no analogues is conceptual design. Its result is the concept of the future object.
Creating a design begins with observing the target audience. This allows you to create basic user scenarios. In the case of the lighting system for mobile hospitals, we studied the specifics of the activities of doctors. It turned out that extreme conditions near the contact line affect the work of doctors and nurses. This requires a fundamentally new approach to the layout of the system elements. It becomes clear that it is necessary to implement the principle of modularity. The design methodology in industrial design allows you to understand exactly how to do this.
An analysis of the scenarios of the work of military doctors has shown a number of problems they face in mobile hospitals in war zones. The main criteria of the future lighting system were derived. First, they were embodied in search sketches, and after checking them for ergonomics – in the final visualizations.
The methods of design of lighting equipment made it possible to solve a number of tasks:
– Ensuring the possibility of assembling the necessary set of fixtures due to a narrow typology of modules;
– Achieving the greatest compactness of components so that 1–2 people can transfer their minimum set for the organization of one workspace;
– Minimizing the risk of accidental errors in working with equipment.

In existing colour-musical installations, there is often a lack of a systematic relationship between notes or musical tonalities and colours. This paper presents an experiment aimed at determining the extent to which a system linking colours and musical tonalities affects human perception. Two systems of colour tonalities are considered: the first based on A.N. Scriabin’s system, and the second based on subjective associations of people. For the creation of the second system of colour tonalities, articles on the emotions evoked by colours and musical tonalities were used. The lighting design of the park area near the fountain was implemented from the selection of lighting fixtures to the results of calculations and design in the DIALux software. An audit was conducted in Tsaritsyno Park in Moscow, measuring the emission spectra of colours in the musical fountain using a Konica Minolta CL‑70F spectrocolorimeter. Experiments in this study were conducted on an ASUS TUF Gaming A15 laptop’s LCD display. The chromaticity coordinates of primary colours and the reference white colour of the display were measured with the aforementioned spectrocolorimeter. The colour design of the fountain model in DIALux, based on the synaesthesia of colour and music, was evaluated using the category method. The results of the study show a significant impact of systematic colour transitions on viewer perception and confirm the effectiveness of the synaesthesia-based approach. Overall, A.N. Scriabin’s concept received the highest score (3.63 points), while the association-based concept ranked second (3.05 points). Fragments without systematic connection received significantly lower scores (2.77 and 1.85 points, respectively).

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7. Standard GOST 26320–84: Television studio and off-studio equipment. Methods of subjective assessment of the quality of colour television images [GOST 26320–84 Oborudovanie televisionnoe studiynoe i vnestudiynoe. Metodi subiektivnoi ocenki kachestva cvetnih televisionnih izobrajeniy].
8. Tikhonova, A.E., Ivanova, O.G. Peculiarities of colour perception and the impact of colour on the mental state of a person. [Osobennosti cvetovogo vospriyatiya i vozdeystviya cveta na psihicheskoe sostoyanie cheloveka] // New Ideas of the New Century: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, Faculty of Architecture and Design of the Pacific State University, 2020, Vol. 3.

This article discusses the effect of the scanning resolution and the range of the vertical angle grid on the calculated value of the correlated colour temperature of LED luminaire with different types of distribution curve of luminous intensity. It also touches upon the effects of secondary LED optics on the correlated colour temperature and the spatial non-uniformity of chromaticity of luminaire. A RIGO 801 near-field goniophotometer was used to obtain a data array with the spatial distribution of the irradiance spectral distribution. As a result of the study, it was found that the value of the measurement step in the vertical plane has little effect on the spread of the calculation results, while the range of angles in the vertical plane has a much more significant effect on the calculation results. In addition, it was noted that the use of optics helps to reduce the value of the correlated colour temperature due to the absorption of the short-wave component of the LED radiation and can also lead to an increase in the spatial non-uniformity of chromaticity. The results of the study presented in this article will serve for practical application in the development and improvement of standards regulating the measurement and calculation of colorimetric characteristics of light sources and luminaires, the design of measuring complexes and the creation of lighting projects.

1. Standard RF: GOST 34819–2021. Luminiares. Lighting requirements and test methods [Pribory’ osvetitel’ny’e. Svetotexnicheskie trebovaniya i metody’ ispy’tanij] / Introduced 2022–01–20, Standartinform, 2022, 58 p.
2. Standard RF: GOST R 8.971–2019 LED lamps, luminaires and modules. Methods for measuring photometric and colorimetric characteristics [Lampy’, svetil’niki i moduli svetodiodny’e. Metody’ izmereniya fotometricheskix i kolorimetricheskix xarakteristik] Introduced 2020–04–01 / Standartinform, 2019, 18 p.
3. Standard RF: GOST R 55703–2013 Electric light sources. Methods of measuring spectral and colour characteristics. [Istochniki sveta e’lektricheskie. Metody’ izmerenij spektral’ny’x i czvetovy’x xarakteristik] / Introduced 2014–07–01, Standartinform, 2015, 53 p.
4. Danilko, A.V., Karev, A.V., Kornyakov, S.O. Issues of accounting for the inhomogeneity of radiation colour in the production and operation of luminaires with LEDs [Voprosy’ uchyota neodnorodnosti czvetnosti izlucheniya pri proizvodstve i e’kspluatacii osvetitel’ny’x priborov so svetodiodami] // Svetotekhnika, 2022, No. 3, pp 4–9.
5. Zheleznikova, O. E., Prytkov, S. V., Vilkov, E.A. On the issue of choosing the optimal method for calculating the correlated colour temperature [K voprosu vy’bora optimal’nogo metoda raschyota korrelirovannoj czvetovoj temperatury’] // Automation. Modern Technologies, 2018, No. 1 (72), pp. 32–36.
6. Zheleznikova, O. E., Prytkov, S. V., Kokinov, A.M. Evaluation of methods for calculating correlated colour temperature [Ocenka metodov raschyota korrelirovannoj czvetovoj temperatury’] // Natural and technical sciences, 2017, No. 8, pp 80–86.
7. CIE 63: The Spectroradiometric Measurement of Light Sources (E) The International Commission on Illumination (CIE), 1984, 63 p.
8. IESNA Computer Committee Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products / IESNA Computer Committee, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2008, 23 p.
9. Johansson, R. Numerical python: A practical techniques approach for industry / R. Johansson, New York: Apress, 2015, 503 p.
10. Prytkov, S. V., Kolyadin, M.V. Error estimation for the methods of correlated colour temperature calculation // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 3, pp. 70–77.
11. Robertson, A.R. Computation of correlated colour temperature and distribution temperature // Journal of the Optical Society of America. 1968, (58), pp. 1528–1535.
12. Zheleznikova, O. E., Prytkov, S. V., Kokinov, A.M. Evaluation of correlated colour temperature calculation methods // Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2017, No. 8 (12), pp. 2054–2057.

An algorithm implemented in the MATLAB system has been developed for calculating the Rsp factor as the S/P ratio of luminance at night and day conditions and selected on the basis of literature analysis the actual CIE mesopic vision model for calculation of mesopic values. We propose a complex approach to determine these mesopic values, based on the measured emission spectra of the luminaire in absolute units, using the program developed by us in MATLAB and using the program of calculation and design of street lighting Light-in-Night road (LIN). The last one, loading all the known characteristics of the lighting installation and asphalt surface, calculates illuminance and luminance in this or that place of the roadway in the direction of the vehicle driver. As a result, it was possible to determine the mesopic luminance for LED street lighting fixtures with different correlated colour temperature Tcp. For example, for a correlated colour temperature of 5000 K, a mesopic luminance 9 % higher than daytime luminance was obtained. For this option, due to a possible decrease in the normalized luminance by the same percentage, we have established a possible reduction in the number of lamps by 5 pieces per kilometre of the track and energy savings by 9 % while meeting the standards and maintaining the necessary uniformity of illumination of the road class B2.

1. Ilyina, E.I. Outdoor LED lighting of highways and city streets [Naruzhnoye svetodiodnoye osveshcheniye dlya avtomagistraley i gorodskikh ulits] // Semiconductor lighting engineering, 2010, # 4, pp. 50–55.
2. Akashi, Y., Ohashi, R. and Uchida, T. The Effect of Luminance Reduction on Foveal Task Performance while Implementing Mesopic Photometry in Street Lighting Standards // Journal of Science and Technology in Lighting, October 2023, # 47. DOI:10.2150/jstl.IEIJ220000656.
3. CIE 191: 2010 Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry Based on Visual Performance.
4. CIE TN 004:2016 The Use of Terms and Units in Photometry – Implementation of the CIE System for Mesopic Photometry.
5. CIE TN 005:2016 Determining product performance for mesopic applications
6. CIE TN 007:2017 Interim Recommendation for Practical Application of the CIE System for Mesopic Photometry in Outdoor Lighting.
7. Goodman, T. Mesopic photometry: the problem is almost solved // Modern Lighting Engineering, 2010, # 4, pp. 61–65.
8. BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES, 2019. BIMP – Principles Governing Photometry, 2nd Edition.
9. Swarnendu Das, Sangita Sahana, Biswanath Roy. Experimental Assessment of WLED Lamp Performance for Area Lighting. Application under Mesopic Photometry System // International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 2019, Vol. 7(18), pp. 213–218, E-ISSN: 2347–2693.
10. Van Derlodske, J., Bullough, J.D., Watkinson, J. Spectral effects of LED Forward Lighting // TLA. Lighting Research Centre, 2005, # 2.
11. Li, H.C., Sun, P.L., Huang, Y.N. Optimization of trichromatic white led spectra for dim lighting condition// Research Centre for Information Technology Innоvation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, CHINESE TAIPEI, 2020.
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It has a high impact on children’s learning performance in reading and writing tasks, daytime attention, visual fatigue, and mood in healthy indoor lighting environments. However, there is still a lack of consistent and comprehensive results on optimal lighting environments for children’s learning. In this study, a high-fidelity children’s room lighting laboratory was set up to study the levels of differences in reaction speed, accuracy, alertness, visual fatigue symptoms, and subjective perceptions of children’s reading and writing tasks at different illuminance levels (300 lx and 1200 lx) and correlated colour temperatures (CCT) 2800 K and 5000 K. 22 healthy schoolchildren (8.47 ± 2.20 years old) took part as participants in the laboratory study. Before starting, the participants underwent eye examinations, sleep assessments, and anxiety and depression tests, respectively. Results showed that colour temperature and illuminance had differential effects on spatial temperature perception and spatial colour perception, respectively (p < 0.1). Lighting environments with high correlated colour temperature and illuminance enhance children’s alertness and learning performance during reading and writing tasks while accelerating the development of visual fatigue. Finally, the article discusses the effects of different lighting elements on children’s melatonin secretion, alertness, and psychological.

1. Westwood, E., Smith, S., Mann, D., Pattinson, C., Allan, A., Staton, S. The effects of light in children: A systematic review // Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2023. 89.
2. Brown, T.M., Brainard, G.C., Cajochen, C., Czeisler, C.A., Hanifin, J.P., Lockley, S.W., Lucas, R.J., Münch, M., O’Hagan, J.B., Peirson, S.N., Price, L.L.A., Roenneberg, T., Schlangen, L.J.M., Skene, D.J., Spitschan, M., Vetter, C., Zee, P.C., Wright, K.P. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults // PLoS Biology 20(3): e3001571. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001571.
3. Yu, H., Akita, T. Effects of illuminance and colour temperature of a general lighting system on psychophysiology while performing paper and computer tasks // Building and Environment, 2023. 228.
4. Lucas, R.J., Peirson, S.N., Berson, D.M., Brown, T.M., Cooper, H.M., Czeisler, C.A., Figueiro, M.G., Gamlin, P.D., Lockley, S.W., O’Hagan, J.B., Price, L.L.A., Provencio, I., Skene, D.J., Brainard, G.C. Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age // Trends in Neurosciences, 2014. 37(1): 1–9.
5. Grzybowski, A., Kanclerz, P., Tsubota, K., Lanca, C., Saw, S.-M. A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide // BMC Ophthalmology, 2020. 20(1).
6. Malak Bleibel, Ali El Cheikh, Najwane Said Sadier, Linda Abou-Abbas. The effect of music therapy on cognitive functions in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials // Alzheimers Res. Ther. 2023 Mar 27;15(1):65. DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01214-9.
7. Berman, S., Navvab, M., Martin, M., Sheedy, J.E., Tithof, W. A comparison of traditional and high colour temperature lighting on the near acuity of elementary school children // Lighting Research & Technology, 2006, 38, pp. 41–49.
8. Stoffregen, T.A., Hartstein, L.E., LeBourgeois, M.K., Berthier, N.E. Light correlated colour temperature and task switching performance in preschool-age children: Preliminary insights // Plos One, 2018, 13(8).
9. Liu, Y., Luo, M.R. Effects of Ambient Illuminance on Visual Comfort for Reading for different age groups // In 2021 18th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting & 2021 7th International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors (SSLChina: IFWS), 2021.
10. Bao, J., Song, X., Li, Y., Bai, Y., Zhou, Q. Effect of lighting illuminance and colour temperature on mental workload in an office setting // Scientific Reports, 2021. 11(1).
11. Lan, L., Hadji, S., Xia, L., Lian, Z. The effects of light illuminance and correlated colour temperature on mood and creativity // Building Simulation, 2020, 14(3), pp. 463–475.
12. Higuchi, S., Lee, S.I., Kozaki, T., Harada, T., Tanaka, I. Late circadian phase in adults and children is correlated with use of high colour temperature light at home at night // Taylor & Francis, Chronobiology International, March 2016, 33(4), pp. 448–452. DOI:10.3109/07420528.2016.1152978.
13. Ru, T., de Kort, Y.A.W., Smolders, K.C.H.J., Chen, Q., Zhou, G. Non-image forming effects of illuminance and correlated colour temperature of office light on alertness, mood, and performance across cognitive domains // Building and Environment, 2019, 149, pp. 253–263.
14. Akerstedt, T., Gillberg, M. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual // Int. J. Neurosci. 1990 May, 52 (1–2), pp. 29–37. DOI: 10.3109/0020745 9008994241.
15. Arsintescu, L., Mulligan J.B, Flynn-Evans, E. Evaluation of a Psychomotor Vigilance Task for Touch Screen Devices // The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 2017, 59(4):18720816688394. DOI:10.1177/0018720816688394.
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17. Bates, M.E., Lemay, E.P., The d2 Test of Attention: Construct validity and extensions in scoring techniques // Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2004, 10(3), pp. 392–400.
18. Gomez, P., Ratcliff R., Perea, M. A model of the go/no-go task // August 2007, Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 136(3), pp. 389–413. DOI:10.1037/0096-3445.136.3.389.
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Diana Wernisch
Welcoming Address

Juanjie Li, Luoxi Hao, Yifan Huang, Tongyue Wang, and Rongdi Shao
A Study of Healthy Lighting for Learning Performance and Visual Fatigue in School-Aged Children with Reading and Writing Tasks

Tongyue Wang, Wei He, Yanni Wang, Juanjie Li, and Yuwen Liu
Visual Perception and Alertness in Dependence on CCT for LED Lighting in Classroom

Nurefşan Sonmez and Arzu Cılasun Kunduracı
Modelling of Interior Shading Systems for Daylight Availability, Glare and Thermal Control

Nikita V. Sych and Vladimir Yu. Snetkov
Application of the Current CIE Mesopic Vision System for Street Lighting

Mikhail V. Abramov, Sergey V. Prytkov, Julia S. Poldina, and Alexei A. Pankratov
Colorimetric Characteristics of LED Luminaire Evaluation in Dependence on Scanning Parameters of Spectrogonioradiometer

The sun has both positive and negative effects on humans. Excessive amounts of ultraviolet rays lead to skin aging, skin cancer, burns, heat and sunstroke, and other diseases that can lead to death. On the other hand, it is the sun that is necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D. Therefore, it is necessary to properly dose the insolation, while using energy-efficient and environmentally friendly methods.
The article provides an analysis of maps with isolines of the same temperatures inside Moscow. Based on these studies, a conclusion is made about the type of buildings that have the greatest impact on the city’s thermal island. There is evidence of a global increase in temperature on the Planet by (2–3) 0C, which, according to IPCC experts, can lead to collapse. In the last century, the percentage of the urban population, the built-up area of urban agglomerates, the height of buildings, and the density of buildings have increased dramatically. The percentage of rural settlements has become less than 34 % in Russia, which leads to an increase in the speed of construction. The use of building materials such as asphalt, concrete, glass, etc. has led to the formation of urban heat islands, especially in the construction sites of large community centres. Forecasters, urban planners, and civil engineers are thinking about possible solutions to this problem.
The article describes the quantitative assessment of the thermal island effect using the index, possible environmentally friendly and energy-efficient methods of reducing the thermal island effect through the use of additional compensatory landscaping at various levels of the building.
Each of the methods of reducing the temperature of the city is illustrated with examples of photos from Russia and around the world.

1. Korotaev, A.V. Macrodynamics of urbanization of the World-System [Makrodinamika urbanizacii Mir-Sistemy] // History and Mathematics: Macrohistoric dynamics of society and the state / Ed. S. Yu. Malkov, L.E. Grinin, A.V. Korotaev, M.: KomKniga/URSS, 2007, pp. 21–39.
2. Umnyakova, N.P, Klyueva, M.V., Smirnov, V.A., Kim, D.A. Climatic parameters for new territories of Russia in the code of rules on building climatology [Klimaticheskie parametry dlya novyh territorij Rossii v svode pravil postroitel’noj klimatologii] // Industrial and civil engineering, 2023, # 7, рр. 56–63; DOI: 10.33622/0869-7019.2023.07.56-63. EDN TJHQVJ.
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4. Vainovsky, P.A., Malinin, V.N. On changes in the air temperature of the northern hemisphere over the past 2000 years [Ob izmeneniyah temperatury vozduha severnogo polushariya za poslednie 2000 let] // Society. Environment. Development, 2015, # 4, pp. 161–170.
5. Pogorelov, A.V., Lipilin, D.A. Thermal “portrait” of the city of Krasnodar according to satellite images [Teplovoj “portret” goroda Krasnodara po dannym sputnikovyh snimkov] // Bulletin of PNRPU. Applied ecology. Urbanistics. Environmental safety of construction and urban management, 2016, # 41.
6. Isakov, S.V., Shklyaev, V.A. Determination of the total effect of anthropogenic surfaces on the occurrence of the “urban heat island” effect using geoinformation systems [Opredelenie summarnogo vliyaniya antropogennoizmennyh poverhnostej na vozniknovenie effekta “gorodskogo ostrova tepla” s ispol’zovaniem geoinformacionnyh sistem] // Bulletin of the Orenburg State University, 2014, # 1(162), pp. 178–182. EDN RWUDXJ.
7. Jedid Murad. Bioclimatic architecture: an overview of the experience of creating the external comfort of an urban environment in a dry and hot climate [Bioklimaticheskaya arhitektura: obzor opyta sozdaniya vneshnego komforta gorodskoj sredy v usloviyah suhogo i zharkogo klimata] // News of KazGASU, 2015, # 3(33). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/bioklimaticheskaya-arhitektura-obzor-opyta-sozdaniya-vneshnego-komforta-gorodskoy-sredy-v-usloviyah-suhogo-i-zharkogo-klimata (date of application: 15.10.2024).
8. Jura, M.D., Bobryshev, D.V. Modern trends in the development of the city landscaping system [Sovremennye tendencii razvitiya sistemy ozeleneniya goroda] // Urban planning. Theory, practice, education: Materials of the IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical conference: collection of scientific papers, Irkutsk, April 08, 2022, Irkutsk: Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 2022, pp. 59–63. EDN ZQUZEU.
9. Borisevich, Yu.A., Hinayatova, A.K. Recreational zones and landscaping in conditions of dense urban development [Rekreacionnye zony i ozelenenie v usloviyah uplotnennoj zastrojki gorodskih territorij] // Tyumen: Tyumen Industrial University, Architecture and architectural environment: issues of historical and modern development, materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Tyumen, April 22–23, 2022, Vol. I., pp. 98–103. EDN ZEYZWQ.
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14. Myrup, Leonard O. A Numerical Model of the Urban Heat Island // Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 8, # 6, pp. 908–918.
15. Pershinova, L.N. Greening in an urban environment [Ozelenenie v gorodskoj srede] // Synthesis of arts in environmental design: Materials of the IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with international participation, Omsk, April 28–29, 2022. Omsk: Omsk State Technical University, 2022, pp. 72–77. EDN CVPLXL.
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19. Razakov, M.A., Kudryavtseva, Yu.V. Features of determining the magnitude of heat losses through roofing structures with landscaping [Osobennosti opredeleniya velichiny teplovyh poter’ cherez krovel’nye konstrukcii s ozeleneniem] // News of higher educational institutions. Construction, 2021, # 9 (753), pp. 45–57. DOI: 10.32683/0536-1052-2021-753-9-45-57. EDN DYCEES.
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With the development of technology and the emergence of the necessity to adapt to variable environmental conditions, kinetic systems have gained importance in architecture. Especially in the last decades, the need for a transformable, adaptable, dynamic architecture has increased. According to research, kinetic facades positively affect the environmental performance of buildings. Daylight is a natural force that can change depending on the movement of the sun. A fixed shading element is effective only at certain times of the day, but a kinetic element can respond to varying environmental conditions. Using such systems is important to achieve better daylighting performance. In this article, the proposed kinetic facade is tested to determine the type required for a secondary facade element that is planned to be applied to a facade of a university building in Izmir. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of using kinetic facades daylighting performance with simulation method using Rhino/Grasshopper and its add-ons. This research will be examined in three parts: analysis of existing situation, simulation of the proposed kinetic facade, and evaluation and discussion of simulation results. As a result of the analysis, it is expected to find the result that kinetic systems improve the environmental performance of the building. In addition, it will be determined to what extent the level of openness of the kinetic facades affects the building performance. In this study also proposes a systematic approach for kinetic facades to test indoor daylighting performance, establish daylight assessment and improvement.

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Laser is a powerful device that has a wide range of applications in fields ranging from materials science and manufacturing to medicine and fibre optic communications. One remarkable application is laser heating, which is based on the precise energy delivery of laser radiation to raise the temperature of specific materials or spots in a structure composed of different materials. In this paper, we simulate and experimentally verify the heat effects on different materials excited by a recycled and portable continuous wave 635 nm semiconductor laser diode module. The laser heating simulation was conducted utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics and the outcomes were presented in a visual format representing the thermal distribution after applying the laser to six different materials. In the experimental study, the laser diode was controlled by a graphical user interface (GUI) designed in LabVIEW interfaced with an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The recycled laser diode module was extracted from old DVD writers and electrically excited by a direct current to 600 mW electrical power which corresponds to 50 mW optical power. We simulated the laser’s control and driver circuit with Tinkercad software, while thermal measurements were taken using a heat sensor module (MLX90614) interfaced with an Arduino Uno. The recycling of DVD laser modules offers cost-effective implementation. Moreover, the proposed laser system’s compact size results in a portable heater device, which is particularly beneficial in space-constrained or mobile applications.

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1. Feltrin, F., Leccese, F., Hanselaer, P., Smet, R.A.G. Impact of Illumination Correlated Colour Temperature, Background Lightness, and Painting Colour Content on Colour Appearance and Appreciation of Paintings // LEUKOS, 2020, Vol. 16, # 1, pp. 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2018.1522261 (access date 11.09.2024).
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Preservation of paintings in museum or art galleries, especially of organic materials like paper and textiles, is a great concern. It is crucial to have proper illumination to see an object. Due to urbanization, in most of the place’s daylight is not sufficient. Due to this, usage of electric lighting, with advanced technology, is highly important. The majority of electric lighting release corrosive ultra violet rays (UV). It can be observed that UV ray is also present as a neighbour of visible light. The discoloration effects of UV content, are due to its high energy concentration, leads to day-by-day discolouration of painting. Before using the electric light sources, it is important to check their UV content. For this, a comprehensive analysis and experiment have been carried out. This paper aims to investigate the UV content of various electric light sources and how it affects paintings like water colour and oil paintings. The primary hues red, green, blue, as well as gold and silver, have all been the subject of experiments. To illustrate the nature of the discolouration power of various types of lamps, results have been furnished in the form of tables as well as graphs. In this regard, appropriate light sources can be employed to prevent paintings from discoloration.

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The article presents the results of a study of the designs of existing light emitting diode (LED) lamps of the T8 LED 10W 6500 K, T8 LED 12W 6500 K, ECOLA LED Premium 14W 6500 K, and ECOLA 14W 4000 K types, intended for direct replacement of linear fluorescent lamps (FL) with a power of 18 W with a T8 bulb. In the course of the study, complex measurements of lighting parameters (luminous flux, power, correlated colour temperature, spatial distribution of luminous intensity) were also carried out and the luminous efficiency of these LED lamps was calculated. The measurements were carried out at the nominal voltage of the supply network. An analysis of the conformity of the initial measured characteristics of the LED lamps with those declared by the manufacturer was performed. It was shown that the spatial light distribution of the LED lamps depends on its design and manufacturing technology. It is also shown that when directly replacing a FL in a luminaire with an LED lamps, one should carefully approach the choice of design, or more precisely, the light distribution of the LED lamps, since the light distribution of the luminaire depends on it and in some cases can differ significantly from the light distribution of a luminaire with a FL, which can affect the distribution of illumination on the illuminated work surface.

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OLED lighting offers many opportunities by considering indoor environmental quality parameters. Considering these opportunities and the needs of the individual, the widespread use of OLED lighting positively impacts social, psychological, physical, and behavioural patterns. Developing a research field on the impact of OLED lighting on an individual’s health and well-being leads to a discussion of the indoor environment from different perspectives. To achieve this, salutogenic design is one of the techniques to assess indoor OLED lighting from various perspectives. In recent years, salutogenic design has become increasingly prominent in architectural and interior design. This approach emphasizes promoting health and well-being rather than only concentrating on preventing and treating sickness. This study assesses the application of OLED lighting in the context of salutogenic lighting design. The evaluation focuses on the impact of OLED lighting in an indoor environment and its potential contributions to individuals’ overall health and well-being regarding its compatibility with salutogenic design principles. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and research, this study explores various aspects of OLED lighting, including its effects on health and well-being, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability, within the context of salutogenic lighting design.

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Street lighting systems are considered one of the most important pillars necessary for the infrastructure that must be provided in urban cities due to their positive impact on the lives of citizens. Street lighting provides comfort to citizens and makes them feel safe at night. Despite all these advantages, it brings a heavy burden on the energy consumption bill and has negative consequences for the environment. Modern technologies, such as wireless communications and the internet of things (IoT), have enabled the creation of smart street lighting systems that contribute to improving energy saving and preserving the environment compared to traditional systems. In this research, the performance and feasibility of a prototype smart street lighting system based on IoT and wireless communications were studied. This system was implemented and tested at a pilot site with the aim of enhancing energy performance and creating a smart infrastructure on the university campus. Street user data, captured by the passive infrared (PIR) sensor, is exchanged between lighting poles using the ESP-NOW protocol to create adaptive lighting. This ensures that the level of illumination by the LED luminaires around the user is greater than that behind them. The cloud server ThingSpeak was also utilized to collect and store the electrical variable data measured by this system. Additionally, images are captured and stored for street users. From the data obtained from the cloud server and energy measurements, the system has demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing energy consumption.

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Lighting is one of the key factors affecting human productivity and health. Correctly calculated illumination of workplaces ensures comfort and safety, reduces eye fatigue and increases work efficiency. The values of the illumination of the classroom were calculated using the standard methodology and the DIALux software. The types, powers, and luminous fluxes of the used lamps were determined. Measurements of the actual illuminance levels were carried out in order to determine its compliance with established illumination standards. The actual illumination of the classroom is within the normative values. The most illuminated workplaces are located in a row near the windows due to the direct location of the lamps above the tables (from 501 lx to 590 lx). The workplaces in the row against the wall (from 500 lx to 514 lx) turned out to be less illuminated. The illumination of the middle row was in the range from 511lx to 533 lx. The obtained results of the actual illumination generally correlate with the results of the DIALux simulation, but the measured illumination in all areas turned out to be 10 % lower on average than the program calculated. This is due to the fact that the luminous flux of fluorescent lamps decreases during operation due to the aging of lamps, degradation of phosphor, and other factors. The established frequency of lamp replacements in classrooms, according to the results of the study, is optimal and allows us to ensure the normative illuminance of workplaces. It is worth noting that the lamps at the time of replacement work out only 50 % of their life and are suitable for use in other rooms that do not require high visual load.

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We considered the experiments, in which longitudinal electromagnetic oscillations are excited by electron (Reflected Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry or REELS) and X-ray (X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy or XPS) scanning of solids. Peaks in the spectra of electron energy losses associated with the excitation of plasma oscillations of free (valence) electrons of a solid body were found. We considered (e, 2e) the experimental analysis of secondary electron energy spectra showing peaks corresponding to the energy of plasma oscillations (Langmuir waves). We also studied the electron bombardment-induced photon emission experiments in the energy range coinciding with the energy of plasmon excitations; we observed the energy of plasmon excitations. We noted that the introduction of the “plasmon vacuum” concept provided a consistent quantum-mechanical definition of plasmon relaxation by the emission of longitudinal photons. We identified the wavelength range in which the most intense emission of longitudinal quanta is observed.

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