Articles
Light & Engineering 29 (№1. 2021). Electronic version

Pages 1-130

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  • Vladimir P. Budak and Julian B. Aizenberg
    The Light Field and the Scope of Light Science

    Stanislav Darula and Richard Kittler
    The New Method to Calibrate ISO/CIE General Skies Modelled in Artificial Skies

    Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
    Review of the Features of Using Mini-spectrometers with CCD-Arrays in Applied Photometry

    Sangita Sahana and Biswanath Roy
    Effect of Сhromaticity of Surrounding Light Sources on Mesopic Adaptation Luminance

    Anatoly V. Abramov, Alexander A. Bogdanov, Andrei V. Danilko, Peter B. Dmitriev, Alexander V. Karev, and Andrei V. Stepanov
    Inrush Current Measurement Methodology of LED Lighting Fixtures

    Adham I. Giyasov
    Lightplanograph Simulating Insolation of Buildings and Developments of the Arctic Zone of Russia

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Light & Engineering 29 (№1. 2021). Paper version

Pages 1-130

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  • Vladimir P. Budak and Julian B. Aizenberg
    The Light Field and the Scope of Light Science

    Stanislav Darula and Richard Kittler
    The New Method to Calibrate ISO/CIE General Skies Modelled in Artificial Skies

    Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
    Review of the Features of Using Mini-spectrometers with CCD-Arrays in Applied Photometry

    Sangita Sahana and Biswanath Roy
    Effect of Сhromaticity of Surrounding Light Sources on Mesopic Adaptation Luminance

    Anatoly V. Abramov, Alexander A. Bogdanov, Andrei V. Danilko, Peter B. Dmitriev, Alexander V. Karev, and Andrei V. Stepanov
    Inrush Current Measurement Methodology of LED Lighting Fixtures

    Adham I. Giyasov
    Lightplanograph Simulating Insolation of Buildings and Developments of the Arctic Zone of Russia

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The Light Field And The Scope Of Light Science Light & Engineering Vol. 29, No. 1
Julian B. Aizenberg, Vladimir P. Budak

Pages 4–10

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  • For centuries, light has been produced to enable the human visual system to operate but, today, light is being used for an increasing number of non-visual, technical purposes. Examples include plant growth, remote sensing, electricity generation, and communication. This paper discusses the theoretical foundation of such technical applications of light and shows that it is completely identical to the fundamentals of lighting. The foundation is the theory of the light field, which is generated by the interaction of the radiation field with a quadratic (energy) receiver. Within its range of applicability, the theory of the light field is complete and closed. As a result, the light field provides a unified theoretical base for lighting systems and the technical application of light. This creates the basis for combining them into a single section of science and technology, which will ensure their effective development and application.

  • 1. Aizenberg J.B., Budak V.P. The science of light engineering, fields of application and theoretical foundations // Light and Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26. pp. 4–6.
    2. Aizenberg JB, Budak VP. Light science is not only science of lighting: theoretical bases and application area // Proceedings of the CIE, 2019, Vol. 1, pp. 1315–1318.
    3. Bouguer P. Optical Treatise on the Gradation of Light. Translated, with introduction and notes by W.E. Knowles Middleton. – Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961.
    4. Lambert J. Photometria sive de mensura et gradibus luminis, colorum et umbrae. Lamberts Photometrie // Ostwald’s Klassiker der Exakten Wissenschaften. No.31, 32, 33. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1892.
    5. Kepler J. Ad Vitellionem paralipomena. – Frankfurt: C. Marnium and Hӕredes Aubrii, 1604.
    6. Gershun A.A. The Light Field. Translated by P. Moon and G. Timoshenko // Journal of Mathematics and Physics, 1939, Vol. 8, pp. 51–151.
    7. Blondel A. Sur les unités photométriques// Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications, 1897, Vol. 6, pp. 187–193
    8. Rosa E.B. Photometric units and nomenclature// Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards, 1910, Vol. 6, pp. 543–572.
    9. Rozenberg G.V. The light ray (contribution to the theory of the light field) // Soviet Physics Uspekhi 1977. Vol. 20. P. 55–80
    10. Lifshitz E, Landau L. The Classical Theory of Fields (4th ed). – Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1980.
    11. Beer A. Grundriss des photometrischen Calcüles. – Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1854.
    12. Kirchhoff G. Vorlesungen über mathematische Physik. Zweiter Band. Mathematische Optik. – Leipzig: Druck und Verlag von B.G. Teubner, 1891.
    13. Sommerfeld A., Runge J. Anwendung der vektorrechnung auf die grundlagen der geometrischen optik // Annalen der Physik, 1911. B.35. S.289.
    14. Born M, Wolf E. Principles of optics: Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. – Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1968.
    15. Apresyan L.A., Kravtsov Yu.A. Radiation Transfer: Statistical and Wave Aspects. – London: Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1996.
    16. Budak V.P., Efremenko D.S., and Smirnov P.A. Fraunhofer diffraction description in the approximation of the light field theory // Light & Engineering, 2020. Vol. 28, No. 5, P. 25–30 17. Sillion F., Puech C. Radiosity and Global Illumination. – San-Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994.

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The New Method To Calibrate Iso/cie General Skies modelled In Artificial Skies Light & Engineering Vol. 29, No. 1
Stanislav Darula, Richard Kittler

Pages 11–20

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  • Recently sky luminance distributions under fifteen ISO/CIE sky types were standardised in relative terms, i.e. all elementary sky luminance are normalised by the zenith luminance in nature. However, these standard sky luminance patterns can be characterised also in their physical units, see in CIE215:20014 which can be reduced by suitable intensity scales to simulate the very high natural sky luminance in laboratory under artificial sky domes. For the design of the electric illumination system of the artificial sky the appropriate zenith luminance for each sky type has to be derived respecting the indicatrix and gradation functions of each sky type. Thus, the sky patterns simulated in the artificial sky can be calibrated either by luminance measurements or by analysing fish-eye photos taken from the sky centre showing the smoothness and gradual changes of homogeneous sky type luminance patterns. The sky luminance images can be utilised to proceed with the adjustment or dimming of the LED electrical system to the final calibration check containing zenith luminance and exterior illuminance in the second calibration step.

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  • 1. Kittler, R. Slnko a svetlo v architektúre (Sun and light in architecture). Bratislava: SVTL, 1956.
    2. Darula, S., Kittler, R. A methodology for designing and calibrating an artificial sky to simulate ISO/CIE Sky Types with an artificial sun// Leukos, 2015, V11, pp. 93–105.
    3. Darula, S., Kittler, R. The new generation of an artificial sky: simulating various overcast sky conditions// Proc. of the European Lighting Conference Lux Europa 2017. Ljubljana: Lighting Engineering Society of Slovenia, 2017, pp. 401–405.
    4. Lambert, J.H. Photometria sive de mensura et gradibus luminis, colorum et umbrae (1760) (Photomery for measuring and grading light, colour and shades). Augsburg: Detlefsen. (German translation by E. Anding: Lamberts Fotometrie. Leipzig: Klett Publ., 1892. English translation by D.L. DiLaura: Photometry, or on the measure and gradation of light, colors and shade. New York: Publ.IES Amer., 2001).
    5. Commission Internationale de l´Éclairage,1955, CIE-E3.2 Official recommendation: Natural daylight. Proc. Paris: CIE, II, 3.1.
    6. Commission Internationale de l´Éclairage, Technical Report 22 Standardisation of luminance distribution on clear skies, Paris, 1973, CIE Central Bureau.
    7. Commission Internationale de l´Éclairage, CIE Standard Spatial distribution of daylight – CIE Standard of General Sky, 2003 CIE Standard S011/E: 2003. Vienna: CIE Central Bureau.
    8. International Standard Organisation: ISO Standard 15409:2004 Spatial distribution of daylight – CIE Standard of General Sky. Geneva: ISO, 2004.
    9. Kittler, R. and Darula, S. The simultaneous occurrence and relationship of sunlight and skylight under ISO/CIE standard sky types// Lighting Research  Technology, 2015, V47, pp. 565–580.
    10. Roy, G., Kittler, R., Darula, S. An implementation of the Method of Aperture Meridians for the ISO/CIE Standard General Sky// Lighting Research  Technology, 2007, V39, #3, pp. 253–264.
    11. Kittler, R., Kocifaj, M., Darula, S. Daylight Science and Daylighting Technology. New York: Springer, 2012.
    12. Komar, L. Calibration of the artificial sky using fisheye images. Proc. of the VI. IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries LUMEN V4, 2016, pp. 242–245.
    13. Baxant, P. Common digital photography and its calibration to luminance measurement. Proc. of the European Lighting Conference Lux Europa 2005, Berlin. Berlin: Deutsche Lichttechnische Gesellschaft e.V., 2005, pp. 318–321.
    14. Kobav, M., B. Uporaba digitalnega fotoaparata s širokokotnim objektivom v funciji merilnika porazdeletve scetlosti neba (Using a digital camera with a wide-angle lens in the function of the sky luminance distribution meter). Proc. Conference Razsvetljava 2006, Bled. Maribor: Lighting Engineering Society of Slovenia, pp. 167–178.
    15. Škoda, J. (2014). Kalibrační protokol k přístroji Nikon D80 s fisheye objektivem, č. 11/2004-SAV (Protocol of the calibration Nikon D80 with fisheye lens No. 11/2004-SAV), Laboratoř světelné techniky, Brno: VUT, 2004.
    16. Tregenza, P. Subdivision pf the sky hemisphere for luminance measurements. Lighting// Research  Technology, 1987, #1, pp. 13–14.
    17. Darula, S., Kittler, R. New trends in daylight theory based on the new ISO/CIE Sky Standard. 1. Zenith luminance on the overcast skies// Building Research Journal, 2004, V52, #3, pp. 181–197.

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Review Of The Features Of Using Mini-spectroradiometers with Ccd-arrays In Applied Photometry Light & Engineering Vol. 29, No. 1
Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya

Pages 21–29

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  • The article is devoted to the peculiarities of solving problems of applied photometry based on the spectroradiometric approach using modern matrix spectrometers. The spectral distribution of the characteristics of the radiation source is an objective physical basis for determining its light and colour parameters. In this case, the photometric characteristics of lighting devices and lighting systems are calculated on the basis of tabulated spectral light efficiencies and ordinates of CIE colour-matching functions. The main reason for the shift in emphasis towards spectral measurements is due to revolutionary introduction into the system of internal and external lighting and signalling LED sources of light with an emission spectrum that is different from the traditional natural and artificial continuous light sources spectra. Integral methods for measuring the light and colour characteristics of semiconductor light sources require the highest quality correction of photometric channels (heads) for spectral efficiencies and colour -matching curves or taking into account a correction factor, which in turn is impossible without measuring the relative spectral characteristics of emitters and receivers.
    The article is a brief overview of the requirements for the CCD-array spectrometers for use in spectroradiometry and photometry.

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  • 1. Tikhodeev P.M. Light measurements in lighting engineering // Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1969.
    2. Ivanov V.S., Kotyuk A.F., Zolotarevsky Yu.M., Lieberman A.A., Sapritsky V.I., Stolyarevskaya R.I., Ulanovsky M.V., Chuprakov V.F. Fundamentals of Optical Radiometry / Ed. Prof. A.F. Kotyuk, M .: FIZMATLIT, 2003, 544 p.
    3. CIE210: 2014 “Photometry Using V (λ) – corrected Detectors as Reference and Transfer Standards”.
    4. CIE018: 2019 “The Basis of Physical Photometry”, 3rd Edition. Vienna: CIE.
    5. CIE179: 2007 “Methods for Characterising Tristimulus Colorimeters for Measuring the Colour of Light”.
    6. ISO / CIE19476: 2014 “Characterization of the Performance of Illuminance Meters and Luminance Meters”.
    7. CIE TN004: 2016 “The Use of Terms and Units in Photometry – Implementation of the CIE System for Mesopic Photometry”.
    8. CIE TN “Interim Recommendation for Practical Application of the CIE System for Mesopic Photometry in Outdoor Lighting”. Inquiry Draft, 2017.
    9. CIE (2011b) CIE198: 2011 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties in Photometry. Vienna, Austria: CIE.
    10. CIE198: 2011 “Determination of Measurement Uncertainties in Photometry – Supplement1: Modules and Examples for the Determination of Measurement Uncertainties”.
    11. CIE198-Supplement 2: 2018 “Determination of Measurement Uncertainties in Photometry Supplements 2: Spectral Measurements and Derivative Quantities.”
    12. Ivanov V.S., Kotyuk A.F., Saprikiy V.I., Stolyarevskaya R.I., Khlevnoy B.B. Photometry and Radiometry of Optical Radiation, Book 4, Part 111: Standards of light and energy units in the field of photometry and radiometry of incoherent optical radiation, Chapter 17: Methods, means and results of international comparisons of radiometric and photometric standards and scales. M .: Polygraph Service, 2002, 215 p.
    13. T. Goodman, W. Servantes, E. Wooliams, P. Sperfeld, M. Simionesku, P. Blattner, S. Kallberg, B. Khlevnoy, P. Dekker “RMO Comparison of Spectral Irradiance 250 nm – 2500 nm EURAMET, PR-K1.a. “, 2009, Final Report (BIPM search: bipm.org).
    14. CIE18: 2018 Colorimetry, 4th Edition.
    15. IEC62471: 2006 / CIE S009: 2002 Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamps System.
    16. Bartsev AA, Belyaev RI, Stolyarevskaya RI Methodology of LED Luminaire BLH Radiance Measurements // Light & Engineering, 2013, No.1, pp. 53–59.
    17. CIE S026 / E: 2018 “CIE System for Metrology of Optical Radiation for ipRGC–Influenced Responses to Light”.
    18. Wout van Bommel Topics Important for the upto-date Interior Lighting Professional L&E # 1, Vol. 28, 2020, pp. 4–22.
    19. Boris Khlevnoy, Irina Grigoreva, Klaus Anhalt, Martin Waehmer, Evgeniy Ivashin, Denis Otryaskin, Maxim Solodilov, and Victor Sapritsky “Development of Large Area High Temperature Fixed-Point Blackbodies for Photometry and Radiometry” // Metrologia, 2018, Vol. 55, # 2, pp. 43–51.
    20. CIE (2014) CIE214: 2014 Effect of Intrumental Bandpass Function Measurement and Spectral Interval on Quantities. Vienna: CIE.
    21. GARDNER, JL Spectral deconvolution applications in colorimetry // Color Res. Appl. 2014, Vol. 39, # 5, pp. 430–435.
    22. Gerloff T., Lindemann M., Shirokov S., Taddeo M., Pendsa S., Sperling A. Development of a New High-Power LED Transfer Standard // Light & Engineering, 2013, No. 2, pp. 41–46.
    23. Ivashin EA, Khlevnoy BB, Shirokov SS, Tishenko EV Development of New Photometric Standards Based on High Power LEDs // Light & Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26, No.1, pp. 58–62.
    24. CIE233: 2019 “Calibration, Characterization and Use of Array Spectroradiometers .”
    25. CIE239: 2020 “ Goniospectroradiometry of Optical Radiation Sources.”
    26. Cordero, R.R, Seckmeyer, G., Eichstädt, S., Schmähling, F., Wübbeler, G., Anhalt, K., Bünger, l., Krüger, U. and Elster, C. (2013) Comparison of the Richardson-Lucy method and a classical approach for spectroradiometer bandpass correction. Metrologia. 50: 107. DOI: 10.1088 / 0026–1394 / 50/2/107.
    27. USB4000 Fiber Optic Spectrometer Installation and Operation Manual / www.oceaninsight.com/support/ documents-manuals/manuals-operating-instras/ (date of access 05/04/2020).
    28. Instrument Systems and Konika Minolta Group Products Catalog / www.instrumentsystems.com/array spectrometers / (date of access 05.04.2020)

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Effect Of Chromaticity Of Surrounding Light Sources on Mesopic Adaptation Luminance Light & Engineering Vol. 29, No. 1
Biswanath Roy, Sangita Sahana

Pages 30–38

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  • This paper presents variations in mesopic adaptation luminance in the presence of ambient light sources along with main light source for outdoor lighting applications. Mesopic photometry system is based on peripheral task, and adaptation luminance is required to compute the effective mesopic radiance for the measured area. Different lighting conditions were considered to determine the effect of chromaticity of bright surrounding sources other than the main light sources to the state of observer adaptation. The veiling luminance caused by the surrounding sources increases the state of observer adaptation, but not the luminance within the measurement field. It has also been observed that in case of cool white surrounding sources, adaptation luminance increases significantly than that of warm white sources.

  • 1. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry Based on Visual Performance. CIE Publication 191–2010, Vienna: CIE, 2010.
    2. T. Uchida, Y. Ohno, Defining the visual adaptation field for mesopic photometry: Effect of surrounding source position on peripheral adaptation, Lighting Research and Technology, 2017. V49, pp. 763–773
    3. M. Maksimainen, M. Puolakka, E. Tetri, and L. Halonen, Veiling luminance and visual adaptation field in mesopic photometry, Lighting Research and Technology, 2017, V49, pp. 743–762.
    4. Freiding A., Eloholma M., Ketoma¨ ki J., Halonen L., Walkey H., Goodman T., Alferdinck J., Va´ rady G., Bodrogi P. Mesopic visual efficiency I: Detection threshold measurements. Lighting Research and Technology, 2007. V39, pp. 319–334.
    5. Walkey H., Orrevetela¨ inen P., Barbur J., Halonen L., Goodman T., Alferdinck J., FreidingA, Szalma´ s A. Mesopic visual efficiency II: Reaction time experiments, Lighting Research and Technology, 2007. V39, pp. 335–354.
    6. Va´ rady G, Freiding A., Eloholma M., Halonen L., Walkey H., Goodman T., Alferdinck J. Mesopic visual efficiency III: Discrimination threshold measurements. Lighting Research and Technology, 2007. V39, pp. 355–364.
    7. Heynderickx I., Ciocoiu J., Zhu XY.. Estimatingeye adaptation for typical luminance values in the field of view while driving in urban streets: Proceedings of CIE Centenary Conference, Paris, April 15–16, 2013. pp. 41–47.
    8. T. Uchida, M. Ayama, Y. Akashi, N. Hara, T. Kitano, Y. Kodaira, K. Sakai, Adaptation luminance simulation for CIE mesopic photometry system implementation, Lighting Research and Technology, 2016. V48, pp. 14–25.
    9. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Spectral Effects of Lighting on Visual Performance at Mesopic Lighting Levels, IES TM‑12–12 (IESNA, New York, 2012) 10. T. Uchida, YOhno, Simplified field measurement methods for CIE mesopicPhotometry System, Lighting Research and Technology, 2017. V49; pp. 774–787.
    11. C. Cengiz, M. Maksimainen, M. Puolakka, and L. Halonen, Contrast threshold measurements of peripheral targets in night-time driving images, Lighting Research and Technology, 2016. V48, pp. 491–501.
    12. Cengiz C., Kotkanen H., Puolakka M., Lappi O.,Lehtonen E., Halonen L., Summala L. Combined eyetracking and luminance measurements while driving on a rural road: Towards determining mesopic adaptation luminance, Lighting Research and Technology, 2014. V46, pp. 676–694.
    13. RB. Gibbons, T. Terry, R. Bhagavathula, J. Meyer, and A. Lewis, Applicability of mesopic factors to the driving task, Lighting Research and Technology, 2016. V48, pp. 70–82.
    14. Ikegami Y., Inoue Y., Hara N. Study on Evaluation Method of Visibility by Effective Luminance for Which Various Visual Factors is Considered, Proceedings of the 2013 CJK Lighting Conference. Gwangju, Korea, 23 August, 2013. Pp. 181–184.
    15. Luo Wei, PuolakkaMarjukka, Zhang Qingwen, Yang, Chunyu, HalonenLiisa, Pedestrian way lighting: user preferences and eye-fixation measurements, Journal of Lighting Engineering, 2013. V15, #1, pp. 19–34.
    16. MS. Rea, JD. Bullough, and JA. Brons, Spectralconsiderations for outdoor lighting: Designing for perceived scene brightness, Lighting Research and Technology, 2015. V47, pp. 909–919.
    17. AM. Kostic, MM. Kremic, LS. Djokic, and MB. Kostic, Light-emitting diodes in street and roadway lighting– a case study involving mesopic effects, Lighting Research and Technology, 2013. V45, pp. 217–229.
    18. S. Sahana, Performance Analysis of Light Emitting Diodes in Road lighting involving Mesopic effects, Proceedings of the International Conference Lux Pacifica, Kolkata, India, 2015.
    19. MS. Rea, JD. Bullough, and JA. Brons, Parking lot lighting based upon predictions of scene brightness and personal safety, Lighting Research and Technology, 2015. V0, pp. 1–12.
    20. Sangita Sahana, Ananya Paul, Biswanath Roy, Adaptation luminance variation under lamps of different spectral compositions with variable surrounding luminance effects, Journal of Optics, 2019. V48, pp. 527–538.
    21. Roman Dubnièka, DionýzGašparovský, Classification system for lighting design under condition of mesopic photometry. 2016 IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries.
    22. Fotios SA., Cheal C. Predicting lamp spectrum effects at mesopic levels. Part 1: Spatial /brightness’, Lighting Research and Technology, 2011. V43, pp. 143–157.
    23. B. Kostic, L.S. Djokic, A modified CIE Mesopic table and the effectiveness of white light sources, Lighting Research and Technology, 2012. V44, pp. 416–426.
    24. Puolakka M., Halonen L. Implementation of CIE191 Mesopic Photometry – Ongoing and Future Actions, Proceedings of the CIE, Hangzhou, Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’E´ clairage, 2012.
    25. M. Shpak, P. Karha, and E. Ikonen Mathematical limitations of the CIE mesopic photometry system, Lighting Research and Technology, 2015. V0, pp. 1–11.
    26. Fry GA. A re-evaluation of the scatter theory of glare. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 1954. V49, pp. 98–102.
    27. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. CIE Publication146:2002. CIE Equations for Disability Glare. Vienna: CIE, 2002.
    28. Uchida T., Ohno Y. Angular characteristics of the surrounding luminance effect on peripheral adaptation state in the mesopic range: Proceedings of CIE2014 Lighting Quality and Energy Efficiency, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April 23–26, 2014. Pp. 273–280.
    29. L. Kuhn, M. Johanssona, T. Laikea, and T. Goven, Residents’ perceptions following retrofitting of residential area outdoor lighting with LEDs, Lighting Research and Technology, 2013. V45, pp. 568–584.
    30. T. Uchida, Y. Ohno Defining the visual adaptation field for mesopic photometry: How does a high-luminance source affect peripheral adaptation? Lighting Research and Technology, 2015. V47, pp. 845–858.
    31. T. Uchid, Y. Ohno, Defining the visual adaptation field for mesopic photometry: Does surrounding luminance affect peripheral adaptation? Lighting Research and Technology, 2014. V46, pp. 520–533.
    32. S. Das, S. Sahana, B. Roy Experimental Assessment of WLED Lamp Performance for Area Lighting Application under Mesopic Photometry System, ICEECC2019, India
    33. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic, CIE Publication 115:2010. Vienna: CIE, 2010.
    34. European Metrology Research Programme. Report on Quality Metrics Related to Mesopic Measurements of SSL, EMRP-ENG‑05–4.3.4. Teddington, UK: EMRP, 2013.

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Inrush Current Measurement Methodology of Led Lighting Fixtures Light & Engineering Vol. 29, No. 1
Alexander V. Karev, Alexander A. Bogdanov, Anatoly V. Abramov, Andrei V. Danilko, Andrei V. Stepanov, Peter B. Dmitriev

Pages 39–47

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  • At the time of the article preparation, there were no certified methods of objective measurement of the inrush current of LED luminaries, as well as a standardized definition of the concept of inrush current of LED luminaries in our country. The authors have developed and practically tested on the method of measuring transient processes at the switching on moment of the lighting devices (LD), allowing objectively characterizing its inrush current. The method for measuring the transient characteristics at the switching on moment, allowing us to define objectively its inrush current, was suggested. The corresponding terms and definitions were presented. Transient processes observed in the LD at the moment of its switching on are systematized and described. The requirements for test equipment for inrush current measurements were presented. The order of tests and the sequence of evaluating their results were written. Analysis features of inrush current pulses and the determined accuracy of the proposed test methodology were shown.
    Particular attention is paid to the key element of the test setup, which ensures the activation of the start synchronizer unit at the moment of maximum values of the supply voltage. Such strict fixing of currently turning up moment allows us to minimize measurement errors and to ensure permissible reproducibility of results. It is concluded that after method certification and its inclusion in the list of recommendations for use as a standard document, it will become possible to identify the necessary parameters of LD inrush current pulses what is sufficient for the rational design of power supply systems for illumination installations (II). Thus, the today uncertain situation in the issue of measuring inrush currents will disappear. In addition, while maintaining uniformity in the approach, the technique will allow us to form statistics by real values of inrush currents in electrical systems of II supply on real objects and already on its basis to establish quality criteria for inrush currents values of certain types of II.

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  • 1. Sibrikov Alexander V. and Kirichyok Andrei I. Application of Light Emitting Diodes for Illumination of Moscow and Operational Challenges// Light & Engineering, 2017, Vol. 25, #2, pp. 25–29.
    2. Abramov A.V., Bogdanov A.A, Danilko A.V., Dmitriev P.B., Karev A.V., Stepanov A.V. Electrical characteristics of LD with LED light sources in turning on and requirements for protective devices mains [Elektricheskiye kharakteristiki OP so svetodiodnymi istochnikami sveta pri vklyuchenii i trebovaniya k ustroystvam zashchity seti elektropitaniya] // Semiconductor lighting fixtures [Poluprovodnikovaya Svetotekhnika], 2020, # 2, pp. 28–31.
    3. Impact of LED Lighting on Electrical Networks / EN // White Paper // 998–2095–10–07–17AR0_EN. URL: https:// download. schneider – electric. com / files? p _ Doc _ Ref = 998–2095–10–15–14 the AR0_ to EN (reference date: 12.05. 2020).
    4. ANSI C82.16–2015 American National Standard for Light Emitting Diode Drivers – Methods of Measurement.
    5. Standard IEC61009–1–2014 “ Automatic switch, triggered by about a residual current, with built-in protection of over-current, household and similar purpose. Part1. General rules”.
    6. Standard to IEC60269–1–2016 “ Safety locks fusible low-voltage. Part1. General Rules”.
    7. IEC60898–1: 2015 / AMD1: 2019 Amendment 1 – Electrical accessories – Circuit-breakers for over-current protection for household and similar installations – Part 1: Circuit-breakers for AC operation.
    8. An overview of circuit breakers, LED Driver input and inrush current, and how to load a circuit breaker with Inventronics LED Drivers. / Inventronics Circuit Breakers. URL: https: // www. inventronics – co. com / wp – content / uploads / 2018/04 / Circuit – Breaker – App – Note. pdf (reference date: 12.05. 2020).

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Light & Engineering 28 (№6. 2020). Electronic version

Pages 1-148

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  • Yuri B. Popovskiy and Nikolay I. Shchepetkov
    Insolation and COVID‑19: Protection from the Aggressor

    Fedor I. Manyakhin and Lyudmila O. Mokretsova
    Physical-Mathematical Model of the Internal Quantum Efficiency Dependence on the Current of LEDs with Quantum Wells

    Jin-Tai Kim and Chung-hyeok Kim
    A Study on the Safety and Parameters of Power Direct LED Lamp

    Mehmet Sait Cengiz and Seda Yetkin
    Thermal Analysis in Fixed, Flowed, and Airless Environment for Cooling in LED Luminaires

    Pavel V. Tikhonov
    Energy-Saving LED Lighting System with Parallel Power Supply by Photovoltaic Modules and by Network

    Arda Agirbas and Ebru Alakavuk
    Facade Optimization for an Education Building Using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms

    Bilal Alatas and Harun Bingol
    Comparative Assessment of Light-based Intelligent Search and Optimization Algorithms

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Lightplanograph Simulating Insolation Of Buildings and Developments Of The Arctic Zone Of Russia Light & Engineering Vol. 29, No. 1
Adham I. Giyasov

Pages 48–55

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  • The article is devoted to the actual problem of assessing the insolation of modern architectural construction and urban development objects, especially, the development of the “tablet type lightplanograph” insolation device. The device is intended for wide application in the Arctic zone during solving of problems relied on assessing the insolation and light conditions of buildings and urban areas and allows for light-climate certification for other geographical latitudes.
    It is difficult to assess and analyse the insolation of a number of urban development sites using existing design methods and tools. To solve these problems, it is preferable to use an insolation device “tablet type lightplanograph”, which is based on the method of modelling graphically the conditions of insolation in a clear sky on a horizontal plane. This method makes it possible to comprehensively assess the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of insolation, illumination, and UV radiation.
    The aim of the research was to develop theoretical and methodological provisions for the development of a lightplanograph and to issue recommendations for its use in architectural – construction and urban planning design.

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  • 1. SP 131.13330 Construction climatology. M.: Standartinform, 2018, 109 p.
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Light & Engineering 28 (№6. 2020). Paper version

Pages 1-148

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  • Yuri B. Popovskiy and Nikolay I. Shchepetkov
    Insolation and COVID‑19: Protection from the Aggressor

    Fedor I. Manyakhin and Lyudmila O. Mokretsova
    Physical-Mathematical Model of the Internal Quantum Efficiency Dependence on the Current of LEDs with Quantum Wells

    Jin-Tai Kim and Chung-hyeok Kim
    A Study on the Safety and Parameters of Power Direct LED Lamp

    Mehmet Sait Cengiz and Seda Yetkin
    Thermal Analysis in Fixed, Flowed, and Airless Environment for Cooling in LED Luminaires

    Pavel V. Tikhonov
    Energy-Saving LED Lighting System with Parallel Power Supply by Photovoltaic Modules and by Network

    Arda Agirbas and Ebru Alakavuk
    Facade Optimization for an Education Building Using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms

    Bilal Alatas and Harun Bingol
    Comparative Assessment of Light-based Intelligent Search and Optimization Algorithms

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Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer Model With the Neural Network Based Eigenvalue Solver: proof Of Concept Light & Engineering Vol. 29, No. 1
Dmitry S. Efremenko

Pages 56–62

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  • Artificial neural networks are attracting increasing attention in various applications. They can be used as ‘universal approximations’, which substitute computationally expensive algorithms by relatively simple sequences of functions, which simulate a reaction of a set of neurons to the incoming signal. In particular, neural networks have proved to be efficient for parameterization of the computationally expensive radiative transfer models (RTMs) in atmospheric remote sensing. Although a direct substitution of RTMs by neural networks can lead to the multiple performance enhancements, such an approach has certain drawbacks, such as loss of generality, robustness issues, etc. In this regard, the neural network is usually trained for a specific application, predefined atmospheric scenarios and a given spectrometer. In this paper a new concept of neural-network based RTMs is examined, in which the neural network substitutes not the whole RTM but rather a part of it (the eigenvalue solver), thereby reducing the computational time while maintaining its generality. The explicit dependencies on geometry of observation and optical thickness of the medium are excluded from training. It is shown that although the speedup factor due to this approach is modest (around 3 times against 103 speed up factor of other approaches reported in recent papers), the resulting neural network is flexible and easy to train. It can be used for arbitrary number of atmospheric layers. Moreover, this approach can be used in conjunction with any RTMs based on the discrete ordinate method. The neural network is applied for simulations of the radiances at the top of the atmosphere in the Huggins band.

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Insolation And Covid‑19: Protection From The Aggressor Light & Engineering Vol. 28, No. 6
Nikolay I. Shchepetkov, Yuri B. Popovskiy

Pages 4–8

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  • The article reviews the importance of insolation as a factor of prevention and containment of infectious diseases and epidemics. The authors consider insolation not as a mean of curing the Сoronavirus Disease (WHO fairly calls such possibility “a myth”) but as a means to lower the risks of dissemination of the infection, to reduce viability of the virus in the environment, to support human protective immune mechanisms affecting susceptibility of the population as a whole, severity and recovery time, i.e. both sanitary and hygienic and prevention factors of the COVID‑19 epidemic containment. Apart from the germicidal and virucidal sanitising effects of solar rays, the article reviews anti-epidemic capabilities of insolation as a microclimate factor and a psychological and physiological regulator of human protective capabilities as well as the insolation standards as a mechanism of development density regulation. It is impossible to efficiently combat massive dissemination of highly contagious infections without concerted utilisation of all available means and measures: both medical and preventive and organisational. The unprecedented mobilisation of healthcare systems and large-scale restrictive quarantine measures are under special attention of the society. This article reviews the importance of insolation as a universal natural anti-epidemic factor which is undeservedly placed in the end of the list of effective infection combating measures.

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  • 1. Obolensky, N.V. Architecture and the Sun [Arkhitektura i solntse]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1988.
    2. Moscow Ecological and Climatic Characteristics Handbook (Based on Observations of the Meteorological Laboratory of Moscow State University) [Spravochnik ekologo-klimaticheskikh kharakteristik g. Moskvy (po nablyudeniyam meteorologicheskoy laboratorii MGU)]. Vol. 1. Moscow: Moscow State University Press. 2003, pp. 35–37.
    3. URL: https://iz.ru/986191/anna-urmantcevamariia-nediuk/minusy-pliusa-koronavirus-luchshe-vsego-rasprostraniaetsia-pri‑8–9degc/ (date of reference: 22.04.2020).
    4. Boyce P. Light and Health [Svet i zdorovye]. Svetotekhnika, 2006, # 2, pp. 43–48.
    5. Anisimov Vladimir N. Light Desynchronosis and Health// Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 3, pp. 14–25.
    6. Gašper Čož Senior Living – Lighting, Circadian Rhythm and Dementia II// Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, #5, pp. 9–14.
    7. Light Engineering Handbook [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike] / Edited by Ju.B. Aizenberg. 4th Issue, Section Fifteen. Light and Health. Non-Visual Functions of Light [Svet i zdorovye. Nezritelnyie funktsii sveta]. Moscow: 2019, pp. 809–813.
    8. Saatov Kh.I. On Wound Healing in Conditions of Body Exposure to Ionising Radiation and Insolation [K osobennostyam zazhivleniya ran v usloviyakh vozdeystviya na organizm ioniziruyushchey radiatsii i insolyatsii]: Thes. of Cand. of Med.: Vol. 1–2 / I.P. Pavlov Samara Medical Institute,1967.
    9. Popovskiy Yu.B. The History of Sanitary and Epidemiological Standardisation of Insolation of Residential Premises in USSR and Russian Federation [Istoriya sanitarno-epidemiologicheskogo normirovaniya insolyatsii zhilykh pomeshcheniy v SSSR i Rossiyskoy Federatsii]. National Association of Scientists. 2015, Vol. 6–3 (11), pp. 27–30.
    10. Shmarov I.A., Zemtsov V.A., Korkina E.V. Insolation: Standardisation and Calculation Practice [Insolyatsiya: praktika normirovaniya i raschyota] // Zhilishchnoye stroitelstvo, 2016, # 7, pp. 48–53.
    11. Shchepetkov, N.I. Open Letter to Chief Sanitary Inspector of the Russian Federation A. Yu. Popova [Otrkytoye pismo Glavnomu sanitarnomu vrachu RF A. Yu. Popovoy]// Svetotekhnika, 2017, Vol. 6, pp. 100.

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The Intellectual Lighting And Data Transmission System based On RGBW Light Emitting Diodes Light & Engineering Vol. 29, No. 1
Vladislav E. Bougrov, Daniil S. Shiryaev, Ivan S. Polukhin, Olga A. Kozyreva, Sergey A. Shcheglov, Svetlana A. Degtiareva, Maxim A. Odnoblyudov

Pages 63–68

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  • The system of intellectual lighting data transmission via visible light is developed and manufactured. Spectral characteristics of a downlink which uses the red crystal of a RGBW light emitting diode for data transfer were studied. The DALI protocol-based radiation chromaticity control system which allows us to set different lighting scenarios with constant data transmission rate was developed. The radiation chromaticity range covers almost the entire colour gamut in the colour space. The system of high-frequency matching of system component impedances was developed and frequency characteristics of the suggested scheme were studied for development of the system. Optimal parameters of the signal for visual light communication such as carrier frequency, modulation type and band were determined. Observation of the constellation diagram which represents different values of the complex amplitude of the keyed signal in the form of a complex number on a quadrature plane (cosine and sine components of the carrying signal) and of fixation of the amplitude of the error vector magnitude (EVM) was selected as a method of study of the transmission channel quality. The value of EVM in the visible light transmission channel was significantly lower for signals with amplitude modulation than for phase-manipulated signals. When implementing different lighting change scenarios, radiation of other crystals of the light emitting diode crystals not used for transmission did not lead to increase of EVM by more than one percent.

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  • 1. Haas H., Yin L., Wang Y., Chen C. What is Li-Fi? // Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2016, Vol. 34, pp. 1533–1544.
    2. Rajbhandari S., McKendry J.J.D., Herrnsdorf J. et al. A review of gallium nitride LEDs for multi-gigabitper-second visible light data communications // Semiconductor Science and Technology, 2017, Vol. 32, # 2, pp. 1–40.
    3. Wang Y., Wang Y., Chi N., Yu J., Shang H. Demonstration of 575-Mb/s downlink and 225-Mb/s uplink bidirectional SCM-WDM visible light communication using RGB LED and phosphor-based LED // Opt. Express//, 2013, Vol. 21, pp. 1203–1208.
    4. Cossu G., A.M. Khalid A.M., Choudhury P., Corsini R., Ciaramella E. 3.4-Gbit/s visible optical wireless transmission based on RGB LED // Opt. Express, 2012, Vol. 20, pp. B501–B506.
    5. Wu F.M., Lin C.T., Wei C.C., Chen C.W., Chen Z.Y., Huang H.T. 3.22-Gb/s WDM visible light communication of a single RGB LED employing carrier-less amplitude and phase modulation / OFC Conference, 2013, pp. 1–3.
    6. Wu F.M., Lin C.T., Wei C.C., Chen C.W., Chen Z.Y., Huang H.T., Chi S. Performance Comparison of OFDM Signal and CAP Signal Over High Capacity RGB-LEDBased WDM Visible Light Communication // IEEE Photonics Journal, 2013, Vol. 5, # 4.
    7. Chow C.W., Shiu R.J., Liu Y.C., Liu Y., Yeh C.H. Non-flickering 100 m RGB visible light communication transmission based on a CMOS image sensor // Opt. Express, 2018, Vol. 26, pp. 7079–7084.
    8. Atta M.A., Bermak A. 160 m visible light communication link using hybrid undersampled phase-frequency shift on-off keying and CMOS image sensor // Opt. Express. – 2019. – Vol. 27. – P. 2478–2487.
    9. Kozyreva O.A., Polukhin I.S., Shiryaev D.S., Shcheglov S.A., Borodkin A.I., Gareev E.Z., Kondakov D.V., Matveev Y.A., Odnoblyudov M.A., Bougrov V.E. Wireless local data transmission network through LED lighting compatible with IEEE802.11 protocol communication systems // Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019, Vol. 1236, # 1, pp. 012085.
    10. Walerczyk S. Human Centric Lighting // Architectural SSL, 2012, # 6, pp. 20–26.
    11. Lvov A.A., Kiselyov V.V. Computational Modelling and Analysis of the Effect of Distortions on OFDM/QAM Signal [Chislennoye modelirovaniye i analiz vozdeistviya iskazheniy na OFDM/QAM-signal] // Bulletin of Saratov University. New Ser. Mathematics. Mechanics. Informatics, 2013, Vol. 13, # 3, pp. 104–110.

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