The article presents a methodology for creating light concepts for buildings and structures, as well as architectural ensembles, developed by teachers of the subdepartment of Light and Engineering of the NRU MPEI. The proposed technique provides an answer to the urgent question of creating not just functional lighting, but a harmonious lighting environment that meets the aesthetic and cultural values of users. It consists of three blocks of practical tasks that allow you to train your eyesight and teach from simple to complex. Of course, lighting design is impossible without computer graphics tools. After all, a photorealistic image of a light concept is the starting point of lighting design. It is based on it that you can judge the future visual impression of the object. In this paper, a necessary and sufficient set of computer graphics programs has been identified to create harmonious light concepts, which is confirmed by successful defences of bachelor’s final qualifying works on the topic of architectural lighting.

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Laboratory studies of the leaves and needles reflection spectra from tree species characteristic of the European part of the Russian Federation (birch, oak, maple, linden, aspen, spruce, pine) were conducted in the autumn season within the spectral range of (0.4–1.0) μm with a spectral resolution of 2 nm. For each tree species, samples were taken from different trees and from various branches of a single tree. If yellow patches appeared on the leaves or if the foliage began to yellow, the reflection spectra changed significantly: the range of variability in the spectral characteristics for different samples of the same species expanded, and the step in the spectral dependence of radiance coefficient decreased in the spectral region of transition from visible to near-IR range. The reflection spectra measured between 6 September and 3 October were used to assess the probability of the tree species correct and incorrect classification. It was shown that, despite the increased variability in the spectral characteristics of leaf samples from certain species, the use of a neural network allows for good classification results (although slightly worse than in summer). The use of measurements in the spectral range of (0.4–1.0) μm with a resolution of 2 nm and a relative root mean square noise value of 1 % allows for potentially achieving a probability of correct tree species classification above 74 % with an incorrect classification probability below 5.4 % during the autumn period.

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In the context of the development of agricultural production, not only on an industrial scale, but also in small farms, it is necessary to pay attention to environmental issues related to water disinfection in extensive water supply and sewerage systems. An effective method of disinfection is to irradiate drinking water and wastewater with UV radiation in the range of (200–280) nm. A special place among the different types of UV radiation sources is occupied by amalgam germicidal lamps, containing bismuth and indium along with mercury, for binding mercury and making these lamps safer.
The purpose of the presented study was to determine the electrical and energetical characteristics of Russian-made amalgam germicidal lamps of DB 95 and DB 250 NO‑32 types, to analyse their quantitative and qualitative indicators for the effective use of lamps in germicidal UV irradiation facilities. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the range of values of lamp radiation flux in the 254 nm mercury line for the considered samples is significantly less than the technological tolerances, which indicates the stability of this parameter, and its average values meet the requirements for ensuring effective performance for irradiation facilities.

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The article is considering some challenges, which occur in lighting and technology researches for a number of specific cases. These cases belong to the regions with sunny climatic conditions and include implementation of solar screening, clear sky conditions of outdoor daylighting with unobscured sun and principally preferred natural, or passive method of microclimate control within the interiors. The main idea of the studies conducted is to consider solar-screening devices as an additional mean of light reflection solar protection in form of screens, canopies or blinds, which act to prevent direct solar ray penetration into interiors and reduce overheating, glare, and contrasts. On the other hand, external solar protection increases the indoor levels of natural illumination due to the reflection of sunlight from sun protection structures. The conclusion is made, that such a scientific and design approach opened a new item in lighting research and technology, which can be called “supplementary daylighting of interiors”.
Sun shading becomes really efficient only in conditions of hot and sunny climate. The emerging shortage in daylight in this case can be improved by additional daylight, reflected from the outer structures of sun-protecting devices. Such an approach to the design of the internal lighting environment makes it more comfortable, decreasing excessive brightness, contrast, and uneven daylight spreading character over the premise. There are several conclusions made on the materials of case and theoretical experiments. These conclusions proved the positive points of stationary sun protection not only as the screening structures, but as a mean of additional daylighting of interiors.

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Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) provide a powerful framework for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) across various scientific and engineering disciplines. Unlike traditional numerical methods, PINNs do not require extensive expertise in the underlying numerical techniques of the target domain, making them accessible for a broader range of users. While PINNs have shown promise for solving forward and inverse problems, their performance relative to classical methods remains a topic of active investigation, particularly in radiative transfer applications.
In this study, we assess the application of PINNs to a one-dimensional radiative transfer equation. Through simple test cases, we evaluate their strengths and limitations compared to the discrete ordinate method. Our findings indicate that PINNs can achieve an error as low as 0.3 % within several minutes of computation, whereas traditional solvers are significantly faster. However, the ease of implementation and the ability of PINNs to address inverse and high-dimensional problems highlight their potential as a complementary approach, particularly for complex scenarios.

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This article is devoted to the use of light in the architecture, and especially of cult architecture. For many centuries, people have considered the light of the sun and the flame of a candle to be the best ways to glorify God. The culture of light and its symbolic significance in cult architecture have passed through the centuries. The Bible has always identified God, Christ, truth, virtue, and salvation with light, and godlessness and the devil with darkness. The Caliph of the Omeyyid caliphate, Muawiya, wrote that “… Muslims are people of the Law, whereas Christians are people of the Book and Light …”. Light has always been associated with a miracle, magic, a mystical gift from the powers of heaven. The medieval metaphysics of light was reflected in the development of cult architecture. The cult space is based on sheaves of light that cut through the naves, passing through the open-work-stained glass windows. This is exactly what Abbot Sugerius, the founder of the Gothic style in architecture, writes about the Cathedral of Saint – Denis: “The hall shines, illuminated in the middle, because it shines merged with the illuminator, and that which pours out a new light (luxnova) sparkles like nobility itself” [1].

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The visual performance faces greater challenges in complex lighting environments. Based on the influence of visibility and visual comfort on visual performance, this research integrates individual emotional characteristics in complex lighting environments, dividing subjective emotions into two dimensions: emotion valence and emotion arousal. To explore the impact of overall visual perception and emotional perception on the overall visual cognitive ability and their logical connections, a structural equation model was introduced for validation. Statistical results show a significant positive correlation between visibility assessment indicators and visual performance, a significant negative correlation between visual discomfort and visual performance. Simultaneously, emotion valencedemonstrates a significant mediating effect in the process of visual tasks. The research outcomes provide a theoretical basis for setting optical indicators in complex lighting environments and highlight the importance of attention to individuals’ emotions in complex lighting environments and their potential impact on visual performance.

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The study evaluates the impact of direct sunlight (insolation) for humans: physiological, psychological, biological, ecological, aesthetic, economic, etc. The research is carried out. Regulatory legal acts regulating daylighting in premises and territories in the USSR and in the modern Russian Federation are analysed. The problem of systematic violation of legal norms guaranteeing insolation is raised, as well as the tendency that leads to the reduction of daylight access to premises. The material analyses the main international documents in the field of insolation. The scientific work was prepared considering the use of such methods as analysis, synthesis, analogy, survey, testing, and others. The results of the survey questionnaire for architects about the quality of insolation of buildings are presented. The results of the study showed the main problems associated with changes in insolation regulations: poor awareness of citizens about the importance of sunlight for the human body; insufficient number of hours for the study of insolation in architectural educational institutions; unawareness of experts about the ongoing changes in the field of legal regulation of insolation.

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1. Bainbridge, D.A., Haggard, K. Passive Solar Architecture. Heating, Cooling, Ventilation and Daylighting Using Natural Flows / Vermont, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2011, 304 p.
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This article presents the results of a study on irradiators with a wavelength of 365 nm and the development of an LED-based irradiator with the same wavelength. An analysis of possible irradiator designs, their characteristics, and technical parameters was conducted, based on which the necessary components were selected for designing a prototype ultraviolet LED irradiator. To choose the components for the designed irradiator, LEDs with a wavelength of 365 nm from various manufacturers were analyzed: AMS OSRAM (LZ1–00UV0R‑0000), Lite-on Electronics (LTPL – C034UVH365), Inolux (IN-C33CTNU2), Wurth (15335337AA350), Pro‑Light Opto Technology Corporation (PB2D‑5JLAUS),and Refond (RC35E0-UBE-AR). The electrical and radiative parameters of the designed irradiator were studied and compared with a traditional UV-A irradiator – a low-pressure discharge lamp of the LUFT type. The article includes calculations for the radiator area of the prototype irradiation unit and describes the assembly process. The research showed that the calculated radiation flux of the designed prototype is comparable to that of an LUFT 80‑type lamp. The prototype LED irradiation unit is environmentally safe, as it does not contain toxic mercury or other harmful substances. Recommendations for the application of the developed LED based irradiator are provided.

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LED luminaires are used all over the world and require high-quality and efficient control devices (“LED drivers”), the basis of which is a secondary power source (SPS) of one or another topology. In this paper discusses a new topology of the SPS based on the flyback principle of transmitting electrical energy from the primary to the secondary part. The design process for this topology is presented. The analysis of the electric circuit of the main current of the standard and new topologies is carried out. It is shown that the flyback inverting, and non-inverting converters are complementary to each other. The process and characteristics of the single-phase secondary power source complementary type (SPSCT) are also analysed. Configurations of SPSCT for three-phase networks and principles of power scaling are considered. A simulation model of SPSCT was developed, studied and tested in the MATLAB & Simulink environment. It was found that the proposed SPSCT has several advantages – higher efficiency, improved characteristics in terms of weight and dimensions and lower production costs – compared to SPSCTs of other topologies. During the study of the simulation model, it was found that in the proposed topology there are no short-circuit currents when switching electronic keys, and the operating algorithm of the entire converter corresponds to the energy transfer on the reverse stroke for the positive and negative half-waves of the input voltage. The above applies to SPSCTs powered by an AC network of 0.4 kV and an adjustable voltage or current output.

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Kirill A. Solovyov
Metaphysics of Natural Light in Cult Architecture

Olga V. Baeva and Armen Yu. Kazaryan
Artificial Lighting Systems in a Medieval City Using the Example of Ani

Polina N. Andreeva and Anastasiya G. Prikhodko
Insolation: Concept, Legislative Regulation, Role of Architecture

Sergey V. Stetsky and Kira O. Larionova
Review: Creation of Comfortable Indoor Lighting Environment in Premises with Solar Screening Devices Using for Supplementary Daylighting of Interiors

Alexander T. Dvoretskу, Igor L. Shubin, and Vladimir V. Zemtsov
Efficiency of Air Solar Heating of Buildings

Li Zhou, Wenqing Miao, Yandan Lin, and Shan Fu
Mediating Effect of Emotion on Visual Performance in Complex Lighting Environment

Michel Yu. Kataev and Akhmedzhan A. Allaberganov
Reflection Variability of Different Types of Paper under Different Lighting Geometry

The article deals with the problems of desired prolongation of insolation in premises of residential buildings. Following factors, affecting the procedure, are being analysed: the position of a building considered within the context of an urban development, the size and volume of buildings in question of surrounding objects and huge plastics of facades. Moreover, the planning solution of residential buildings floors and their part in the insolation process creation are being discussed too. The conclusions from the studies, which are the fundamentals for the article, considered let us to make some useful recommendations, aimed to improve, or at least, to optimum the insolation process in residential buildings in modern urban conditions. In particular, the duration of insolation can be increased by using bay windows more widely. However, this requires more complex architectural and structural solutions for external walls with large plastic elements. The shading effect of bay windows themselves can be eliminated by increasing the spacing of their placement on the facades, using large panoramic windows between them and, in some cases, by switching to a free, asymmetrical layout of building floors. The duration of insolation can also be increased by various urban planning measures, reducing the height of the surrounding buildings or, conversely, developing them in height, thereby reducing the area of development of individual buildings. In addition, it is advisable to divide the volumes of buildings into two main functional zones: the lower public and upper residential. A higher location of the residential functional zone allows one to observe a longer trajectory of the Sun in its premises and, consequently, a longer duration of insolation.

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This article examines the problems associated with key climatic factors of the urban environment, such as light, radiation and thermal conditions of buildings and territories. Particular attention is paid to the influence of insolation on the physical and hygienic comfort of the environment.
The article presents a current model of a tablet-type insolation device called Lightplanner‑2. The device was developed taking into account the patterns of the visible movement of the Sun across the sky and the position of insolated objects on the Earth’s surface. This device is used to accurately calculate the insolation time of buildings and development areas within the framework of architectural and construction, urban planning and energy projects.Lightplanner‑2 is designed to simulate insolation conditions throughout the year, providing the necessary information to optimize the design, construction and operation of facilities.
The use of the Lightplanner‑2 tablet type allows solving a wide range of urban-ecological, scientific, and practical problems for the territory of the geographic belt of the globe within the range from 35 degrees to 70 degrees of northern latitude. The device provides the ability to calculate and evaluate both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the insolation regime, ultraviolet radiation, and illumination directly on the planning basis of the development. Lightplanner‑2 has been tested, taking into account its operation in the conditions of designing buildings, urban areas, large residential and public complexes, with the aim of creating a method for calculating insolation, which is the basis for predicting the state of the environment surrounding a person in urban development.
The work describes in detail the development of theoretical and methodological provisions for a modern modification of the device. Lightplanner‑2 simulates insolation of buildings and urban areas.

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For lighting and irradiation devices for poultry farming designing, some specialists use the function of the relative spectral sensitivity of the bird’s visual organ, proposed by a number of researchers. The authors of this article suggested that in addition to taking into account this spectral characteristic, it is important to take into account the spectral absorption characteristic of the bird’s cover.
However, a literature analysis has shown that studies on the absorption of radiation by bird cover, even in the visible spectral range, have not been conducted, which determined their relevance.
The absorptivity of the chicken model’s cover (stuffed animals) own measurements had been carried out by its reflectivity measuring. The latest was measured using a PG200N spectroradiometer on a photometric bench at a measuring distance of 50 cm. An irradiator with blue, green, and red LEDs was used as a radiation source. The made studies confirmed the high sensitivity (absorption capacity) of the bio-object’s cover to visible radiation, showing that in the red, green, and blue spectral ranges it absorbs 83 %, 89 %, and 92 % of the incident radiation energy, respectively.

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The dependence of the thermal radiation power of fresh water and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride on temperature was experimentally studied. The measurements were carried out in the open air in the range of liquid temperatures of (7–70) °C and an ambient air temperature of about 0°C. To measure the thermal radiation power of the liquid surface, a setup with a set of highly sensitive chromel-copel thermocouples as an electromagnetic radiation receiver was used. An immersion thermometer was used to measure the liquid temperature. The dependences of the thermal radiation power of fresh water and a saline solution on the temperature of the liquids were measured. It was found that the thermal radiation power of an aqueous solution in the studied temperature range can have local minima. The spectral regions, in which the thermal radiation power of an aqueous solution can decrease with an increase in thermodynamic temperature, were determined. The temperature regions of possible minima of the thermal radiation power of water and a saline solution were found. Measurements have shown that the extreme points of thermal radiation power for fresh water and saline solution can be located at 29 °C for fresh water and at 41°C for salt water. It is suggested that the occurrence of local minima may be associated with the structural rearrangement of water clusters of the surface temperature film. A discrepancy between the experimental results and the theory is noted. The reason for this discrepancy is explained. Estimates are made of the ratios of the thicknesses of the surface temperature film and the skin layer for the maximum spectral density of the radiant exitance of liquids. It is shown that the magnitude of the thermal radiation power should be largely determined by the temperature of the surface film, which can differ significantly from the temperature in the volume. A comparison is made with the known results of studies of fresh water radiation emission in the microwave range.

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The article presents the results of 12 full vegetation of cucumber plants of the variety “Svyatogor F1” by light culture technology. The studies were conducted on an experimental hydroponic plant at photosynthetic photon irradiance of (200 ± 10) μmol/(s‧m2). The methodological approach to the photobiological studies was developed together with the specialists of the agrotechnical complex “Teplichnoye”. In the experiment, LEDs phyto-irradiators with adjustable radiation spectrum were used, which allowed us to study the effect of the ratio of red (600–700) nm and far-red (700–780) nm radiation levels on the growth, development, and productivity of cucumber plants of the variety “Svyatogor F1”. The results of the experiment showed the greatest efficiency of biometric and productive indicators of these plants on variants of irradiation by LEDs with the addition of far-red radiation to the red at a ratio of levels of the first and second from (30/70) % to (60/40) %; while increasing the proportion of far-red radiation up to 70 % and more inexpedient.

1. Prikupets, L.B. Technological Lighting for Agro-Industrial Installations in Russia // Light & Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26, # 1, pp. 7–17.
2. Prikupets, L. B., Boos, G.V., Terekhov, V. G., Tarakanov, I.G. Optimisation of Lighting Parameters of Irradiation in Light Culture of Lettuce Plants using LED Emitters // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 5, pp. 43–54.
3. Kozai, T. Smart Plant Factory / Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018, 456 p. ISBN 978-981-13-1064-5; ISBN 978-981-13-1065-2 (eBook); https://doi.org/10.1007/978–981–13–1065–2
4. Dong, C., Fu, Y., Liu, G., Liu, H. Growth photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant capacity and biomass yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to LED light sources with different spectra combinations // J. Agronomy and Crop Sci. 2014, Vol. 200, pp. 219–230.
5. Tikhomirov, A.A., Velichko, V.V., Ushakova, S.A. Photobiological efficiency of irradiation of irradiators with LEDs for plant cenoses of different ages in relation to the conditions of closed ecosystems // Light & Engineering, 2022, # 6, pp. 90–96.
6. Waldherr, E., Blakey, R. The phytochrome system: what is the far red for? [Sistema fitokhromov: dlya chego nuzhen dal’niy krasnyy tsvet] // Semiconductor lighting engineering [Polyprovodnikovaya svetotekhnika], 2019, # 5, pp. 46–49.
7. Kalaitzoglou, P., van Ierepen, W., Harbinson, J., van der Meer, M., Martinakos, S., Weerheim, K., Celine, C.S.N., Marcelis, L.F.V. Effects of Continuous or End-of-Day Far-Red Light on Tomato Plant Growth, Morphology, Light Absorption, and Fruit Production // Frontiers in Plant Science, 2019, Vol. 10. Front. Sec. Crop and Product Physiology, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00322.
8. Graig, D.S., Runkle, E.S. An intermediate phytochrome photo-equilibria from night interruption lighting optimal promotes flowering of several long-dayplants // Environ. Exp. Bot. 2015, Vol. 121, pp. 132–138.
9. Rajapaske, N.C., Pollock, R. K., McMahon, M.J., Kelly, J.W, Yong, R.W. Interpretation of light quality measurements and plant response in spectral filter research // HortScience, 1992, Vol. 27, pp. 1208–1211.
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13. Yang, Z.-C., Kubota, C., Chia, P.-L., Kacira, M. Effect of end-of-day far-red light from a movable LED fixture on squash rootstock hypocotyls elongation // Scientia Horticulturae, 2012, Vol. 136, pp. 81–86.
14. Hao, X., Little, C., Zheng, J.M., Cao, R. Far-red LEDs improve fruit production in greenhouse tomato grown under high-pressure sodium lighting // VIII International Symposium on Light in Horticulture, 2016, Acta Hortic. 1134, pp. 95–102.
15. Ayupov, M.R., Rakutko, S.A. On the possibility of adjusting the sodium lamp with LED source to the requirements of light culture [O vozmozhnosti adaptatsii natriyevoy lampy so svetodiodnym istochnikom k trebovaniyam svetokul’tury] // Technologies and technical means of mechanized production of crop production, 2018, Vol. 94, pp. 5–13.
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17. Avercheva, O.V., Berkovich, Y.A., Erokhin, A.N., Zhigalova, T.V., Pogosyan, S.I., Smolianina, S.O. Features of growth and photosynthesis of Chinese cabbage plants when grown under LED lights [Osobennosti rosta i fotosinteza rasteniy kitayskoy kapusty pri vyrashchivanii pod svetodiodnym osveshcheniyem] // Plant Physiology, 2009, Vol. 56, # 1, pp. 17–26.
18. Chub, V.V., Mironova, O. Yu. Light Absorption by Plants and Bioactive Molecules // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # Speshial Issue, pp. 15–23.
19. Tikhomirov, A.A., Molokeev, M. S., Velichko, V.V. Photobiological efficiency of radiation in the FAR region for radish cenosis using irradiator with LEDs with adjustable spectrum // Light & Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 2, pp. 70–77.
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The article discusses the reasons for the differences between the colour-matching functions (CMF) of the physiological trichromat system (LMS)phys1 and the cone fundamentals of the CIEPO06 colorimetric system and the CMF of Nyberg-Yustova colorimetric system (LMS)NY1. It has been shown that the hypothesis, which has prevailed for many years, that dichromatism is caused by the absence of one of the trichromat’s receptors, cannot explain the difference in spectral sensitivity of L-, M- and S-type cones of trichromats and dichromats. It is shown that the CIEPO06 and (LMS)NY functions can be obtained from the (LMS)phys CMF of trichromats if the algorithm for determining reference colour stimuli in dichromats is based on a dominant receptor detecting signals from a neighbouring receptor with reduced sensitivity.
The results obtained indicate that protanopes have almost no L-cones, and therefore the sensitivity of their long-wavelength M-receptors matches that of trichromats’ M-cones. This demonstrates that the algorithm for forming the long-wavelength reference colour stimulus M in protanopes aligns with the hypothesis that they lack trichromats’ L-cones. A different result was observed for deuteranopes. The contribution of M-cone signals to the sensitivity of deuteranope L-cones exceeds 40 %. This is why the measured spectral sensitivity of their L-receptors differs significantly from that of normal trichromat’s L-receptors. This result suggests that using the CIEPO06 functions as spectral sensitivities for trichromats is not justified. Since the algorithms for forming reference colour stimuli in the human visual system vary among trichromats, protanopes, and deuteranopes, the authors suggest introducing three different physiological colorimetric systems: one for trichromats based on (LMS)phys, and separate systems for protanopes and deuteranopes based on CIEPO06.

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As the analysis of lighting devices used to illuminate large-size paintings shows, in museum practice, with the exception of isolated cases, there is no equipment that would exclude the appearance of extraneous images on the painting field under various operating conditions (specialized galleries, palace-museums, churches-museums). This effect is especially evident when protecting the painting layer with glass, which only increases the number of situations of unacceptable distortion of the pictorial image. In addition, traditional methods of lighting large-size canvases use a large set of lighting devices, which, as a consequence, leads to significant power consumption.
The aim of the proposed work is an attempt to develop a method using equipment that allows to get rid of the shortcomings inherent in the traditional approach to lighting large-sized paintings and, in particular, in the case of their installation behind protective glass. The paper provides an analysis of the main problems of lighting large-sized paintings that arise when they are installed behind protective glass. Possible technical solutions to overcome them are described in detail. The results of research and development that underlie these solutions are presented.

1. Boos, G.V., Novakovsky, L.G. Museum Lighting in Reference book on lighting technology / Under the general editorship of J.B. Aizenberg and G.V. Boos; 4th ed., revised and enlarged, Moscow: Editorial office of the journal Svetotekhnika/Light & Engineering, 2019, pp. 468–494.
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The use of adaptive lighting systems, which target an individual’s psychophysiological state, presents an opportunity to enhance employee’s health while simultaneously decreasing energy consumption. Although current studies show a significant increase in knowledge about the non-visual effects of lighting on individuals, no models or control algorithms have been developed for practical applications that utilize information about the influence of lighting on human states. To address this problem, a preliminary model was developed using both objective and subjective measures to determine individual psychophysiological states. A methodology was established to implement this model in office settings with computers operating for a standard 8‑hour workday. The model was tested in an office setting containing eight workspaces. In the first stage, both control and experimental groups were utilized. In the second stage of the testing, one group of participants took part. The correlated colour temperature ranged from 2700 K to 6100 K, while horizontal illuminance varied from 275 lx to 1060 lx. Electrical lighting control algorithms have been developed using psychophysiological state data. After two stages of full-scale modelling, the model was modified for simplicity and practicality. The results of this research indicate that adaptive lighting technology effectively enhances an individual’s psychophysiological state.

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This article presents a study of the daylighting of rooms with windows facing the atrium and the numerical modelling of temperature stratification in the atrium using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The aim of the study is to verify the feasibility of daylighting for such rooms on different floors of the atrium through a glazed roof and temperature stratification under natural ventilation in an atrium with a tetrahedral glass roof. The methodology includes numerical modelling by the finite element method of daylighting of the atrium, followed by comparing the results with the authors’ data modelling the average brightness of the urban environment, and comparing the data of numerical modelling based on the application of the CFD method with the experimental data obtained by the authors in a field experiment at the real object of the Educational and Laboratory Building of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering. The aim of this work is also to determine the applicability of the CFD method for numerical simulation of the behaviour and temperature distribution in the atrium of a building in the design and prediction of natural ventilation. The results of numerical modelling are in good agreement with the experimental results. The proposed numerical methods can be used for a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of temperature in the atrium and daylighting of rooms facing the atrium when designing its translucent cover.

1. Hong-Tham T. Pham, Solovyev, A. K., Korneev, S. S. A field study on effects of openings on thermal performance of natural cooling efficiency for atrium buildings [Polevoye issledovaniye vliyaniya proyemov na teplovyye kharakteristiki yestestvennoy effektivnosti okhlazhdeniya dlya zdaniy s atriumami] // Vestnik MGSU, 2022, Vol. 17, # 2, pp. 149–158. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2022.2.149-158.
2. Hong-Tham T. Pham, De Tai Duong, Solovyev, A.K. Method of calculation of geometrical parameters of building atrium structures considering the comfort of temperature and air regime [Metodika rascheta geometricheskikh parametrov konstruktsiy atriumov zdaniy s uchetom komfortnosti temperaturno-vozdushnogo rezhima] // Vestnik MGSU, 2024, Vol. 19, # 3, pp. 349–357. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2024.3.349-357.
3. Aldawoud, A. The Influence of the Atrium Geometry on the Building Energy Performance // Energy Build. 2012, # 57, pp. 1–5.
4. Liu, P. C., Lin H.T., Chou J.H. Evaluation of buoyancy-driven ventilation in atrium buildings using computational fluid dynamics and reduced-scale air model // Building and environment, 2009, Vol. 44, # 9, pp. 1970–1979.
5. Abdullah, A.H. Field study on indoor thermal environment in an atrium in tropical climates // Building and environment, 2009, Vol. 44, # 2, pp. 431–436. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.02.011.
6. Zhang Minhui, Li Nianping, Zhang Enxiang, et al. Effect of atrium size on thermal buoyancy-driven ventilation of high-rise residential buildings: a CFD study // Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on heating, ventilating and air conditioning, Nanjing, China, 2009, pp. 1240–1247.
7. Li Nianping, Zhang Minhui, Hou Sujuan, He Dongy. The temperature stratification means characteristic on buoyancy-driven ventilation of high-rise residential buildings // J. Guangzhou Univ. (Nat Sci Ed), 2010, # 3, p. 15.
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9. Li, C., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Ji, Q. Measurement and simulation in atrium of Wuhan Station // Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE international conference on multimedia technology (ICMT), Hangzhou, China, 2011, pp. 4240–4243.
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Currently, the rationing of daylighting of buildings is based on numerous and detailed studies of electrical lighting, which were conducted in the second half of the twentieth century by lighting specialists. These studies mainly concerned flat objects of distinction. Three-dimensional objects with their own and falling shadows require further research. Daylighting requires taking into account even more factors that affect it. The analysis of factors that need to be taken into account in the norms and relevant research are discussed. It is indicated that without taking into account these factors, standards cannot accurately contribute to the creation of a comfortable internal environment in buildings and increase their energy efficiency. Among these unaccounted-for factors, such as the distribution of brightness across the sky, corresponding to the conditions of statistical clouds for a given construction area, taking into account the volume of objects of distinction and the influence of their own and falling shadows on the conditions of visual work in the light field, as well as the influence of saturation with daylight in the room, are the most important. The results of research in this area conducted at the National Research University MGSU and other research institutes and universities are presented. Given the huge size of our country and the variety of climatic conditions, in which it is located, the task of linking calculations and designing daylighting of buildings is very difficult. Therefore, researchers in this field need to develop a system of rationing and accounting for the light climate, in which taking into account the brightness of the sky on the one hand would reflect local conditions, and on the other hand would be quite simple.

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2. Solovyov, A.K. Application of the theory of light field for the design of natural lighting in buildings [Ispol’zovaniye teorii svetovogo polya dlya proyektirovaniya yestestvennogo osveshcheniya zdaniy] // Industrial and Civil Engineering [Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitel’stvo], 2010, # 3, pp. 40–41.
3. Egorchenkov, V.A., Solovyov, A.K. // Designing natural lighting systems for buildings using spatial characteristics of the light environment [Proyektirovaniye sistem yestestvennogo osveshcheniya zdaniy s ispol’zovaniyem prostranstvennykh kharakteristik svetovoy sredy] // Industrial and Civil Engineering, 1983, # 7.
4. Darula, S., Kittler, R. The New Method to Calibrate ISO/CIE General Skies. Modelled in Artificial Skies // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 1, pp. 15–23.
5. Solovyov, A.K., Nikonova, E.V. Combined lighting: Requirements for automatic control and efficiency of its operation [Kombinirovannoye osveshcheniye: trebovaniya k avtomaticheskomu upravleniyu i effektivnosti yego raboty] // Svetotekhnika, 2022, # 6, pp. 80–84.
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7. Solovyov, A.K., Stetsky, S.V., Muravyeva, N.A. Comfortable lighting environment with natural and artificial lighting. Determining its characteristics using subjective expert assessments // Light & Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26, # 3, pp. 124–131.
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The review focuses on the evolution of views on the mechanisms of human colour perception in context of a gradual study of the spectral characteristics of light, the physiology and psychology of the visual mechanism, and the decoding of the functional features of retinal sensors and other neural groups throughout the visual pathway. The first part of the review presents historical information on the various stages of the development of views on the nature of colour vision not only from the perspective of natural science hypotheses provided by scientists, but also regarding the subjective opinions of representatives from the arts-artists and poets. The review briefly outlines concepts of ancient chromatism and medieval metaphysics of colour and continues with the first rational theories of colour perception, providing more detailed discussions on the views of Isaac Newton and Mikhail Lomonosov, Johann Goethe and John Turner, Gaspard Monge and Hermann von Helmholtz, Arthur Schopenhauer and Erwin Schrödinger, James Maxwell, and Ewald Hering.
The second and third parts of the review will sequentially examine the progress in understanding the operation of colour-coding neurons, their receptive fields, colour discrimination thresholds, and other aspects in relation to such effects as colour constancy, the relationship between the form of objects and their perceived colour, and various colour illusions. Recent intriguing results, obtained using molecular genetic methods, shed new light on the evolutionary transformations of colour vision in animals and humans. The review will show an impact of the major studies of deviations in colour perception on practically significant lighting solutions, discussion of the individualities of colour perception in virtual and augmented reality systems, as well as in context of various holographic technologies. Furthermore, the matter of museum lighting optimization and the production of specialized LED devices will be considered. Finally, the review presents the link between the latest achievements in the field of psychophysiology of colour perception and the spectral characteristics of light sources familiar to specialists in colourimetry and lighting technology.

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The increase of lighting elements in a power system leads to a corresponding increase in power quality disturbances caused by these devices. When the number reaches hundreds, the distortions begin to affect medium voltage levels rather than low voltage. Outside of specified systems, such as street and outdoor illumination, the use of lighting elements varies widely depending on working conditions and individual or institutional behaviour. Therefore, for an accurate and functional power system planning, it is not enough to only measure the harmonics arising from lighting elements with variable characteristics, but also harmonic estimation is needed, which is also the main motivation of this study. According to this aim, in this study a real-world dataset obtained from a MV distribution system supplying mixed illumination installations used for forecasting of harmonics based on such devices. The analysis of the data set revealed that there is a correlation between current harmonics and voltage variations, so the algorithm was designed based on this relationship, since voltage is an easily measurable power system parameter. Combined AI models were used for forecasting to reach the best results. Forecasting performance is discussed by using numerical values and graphical expressions, where the MSE, RMSE and MAE, and SMAPE values are 1.2834, 1.11328, 0.8095, and 10.7692 respectively.

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18. Qu, J. Q., Xu, Q. L., Sun, K.X. Optimization of Indoor Luminaire Layout for General Lighting Scheme Using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization // Energies, 2022, Vol. 15, # 1482, pp. 1–18.
19. Cengiz, C. The Relationship Between Electricity Consumption from Outdoor Lighting and Economic Growth // Light and Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 4, pp. 14–21.
20. Cengiz, M. S., Cengiz, Ç. Numerical analysis of tunnel LED Lighting maintenance factor // IIUM Engineering Journal, 2018, Vol. 19, # 2, pp. 154–163.
21. Özer, İ., Efe, S. B., Özbay, H. CNN / Bi-LSTMbased deep learning algorithm for classification of power quality disturbances by using spectrogram images // International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2021, Vol. 31, # 12, pp. 1–16.
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Sergey K. Stafeev and Daniil D. Sharov
Human Colour Perception Mechanisms: A Review of Natural Science Concepts and Artistic Models from Ancient Chromatism to Neuroiconics and Holography. Part 1: Historical Retrospective of Hypotheses and Experiments

George V. Boos, Andrei A. Grigoryev, and Victoria A. Rybina
On the Causes of Differences between the Colour-Matching Functions of Physiological Systems of Trichromats and Dichromats

Svetlana V. Roslyakova, Daria A. Klimova, Olga O. Gofman, Oleg O. Basov, and Natalya V. Bystryantseva
Model of Influence of Electrical Lighting on Psychophysiological State for Use in Adaptive Lighting Control Systems

Leonid G. Novakovsky, Mikhail S. Voronov, and Lyubov E. Volgina
Modern Approach to Lighting Large-Size Paintings Installed behind Glass

Classroom lighting significantly affects student performance and productivity, as well as visual comfort and daytime alertness. The spectral distribution of LED light sources is different from that of traditional light sources, it may affect the individual’s performance and feelings. The aim of this study was to investigate how correlated colour temperature (CCT) of LED lighting affects the alertness and visual perception of college students. Initially, the impact of different correlated colour temperatures (4000 K, 5000 K, 6500 K) on subjective alertness was studied, and questionnaires was used to assess visual comfort by visual-perceptual experiments. The results show that increasing correlated colour temperature helps to improve subjective alertness and visual comfort in a appropriately rang, but a too high correlated colour temperature levels may increase visual fatigue and affect comfort of individuals. The participants were more comfortable at 5000 K than at high and low correlated colour temperatures. This found understanding aiding the advancement of high-quality lighting environments prioritizing visual health and work efficiency.

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With the continuous growth of China’s macroeconomy, support from national industry policies, and ongoing advancements in lighting industry technology, the domestic lighting industry has seen rapid development and has formed a complete industrial chain. With the increasing penetration of China’s lighting industry, the scale of the lighting market continues to grow steadily and significantly. The rise in export demand for downstream terminal lighting and the recovery of the domestic consumer market have further fueled this growth, presenting a challenge in improving risk management due to the numerous participants in the lighting industry supply chain. On this basis, this study employs a literature review to identify influencing factors, refining 5 secondary indicators and 30 tertiary indicators, and constructing a risk influence index system for the lighting industry supply chain. Given the importance and correlation of different influencing factors, an entropy method (EM), decision making trial and evaluation laboratorian (DEMATEL) composite model is developed to overcome the limitations of deriving weight results from a single model. Moreover, by using the interpretive structural modelling (ISM) method, which displays the structural relationship of influencing factors hierarchically, the combined EM – DEMATEL – ISM model provides a more accurate and clearer exploration of the root causes of supply chain risk. Results demonstrate that economic environmental risks, procurement product quality, supplier selection management, boundary security protection, procurement personnel quality, and production safety systems are six key factors affecting risk in the lighting industry. These insights offer new perspectives for practical decision making and application within the supply chain.

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