Light and engineering education in Russia is now bringing forward new priorities, which are reflected in the updated major professional educational programs both bachelor’s and master’s degree. The modern labour market in the field of light and engineering today requires the training of highly qualified specialists who possess modern information technologies, are technically literate, who know regulatory regulations and environmental requirements.This trend is observed not only in Russia, but also noted by European researchers. In the labour market, the most in demand are engineering and technical workers with knowledge of intelligent lighting control systems, the Internet of Things technologies, with ability to implement energy saving measures, as well as specialists who are able to develop and implement lighting design projects, both indoor and outdoor.
The analysis of the major professional educational programs implemented in Ogarev Mordovia State University showed that the timely release of professional standards (PS) 29.013 and 29.014 allowed us to formulate professional competencies (PC) of graduates of the lighting profile, which are relevant today and will contribute to the successful career building of young professionals.
Much attention is paid to the formation and development of digital competencies of specialists in the lighting industry when updating major professional educational programs. Disciplines that allow engineering and technical specialists to develop artistic and aesthetic skills and imaginative thinking are introduced. Students learn through a project-based approach, consider multi-variant solutions, getting acquainted with the current nomenclature and databases of lighting devices (LD) from various manufacturers. By creating projects, they not only learn to develop lighting installations (LI) in accordance with the regulatory quantitative and qualitative parameters, but also gain practical design skills, taking into account the visual light and colour comfort, style design. They learn to implement intelligent lighting control systems, design LD based on LED light sources.
In order to further improve the educational process, it is necessary to involve more practitioners, to involve students in the implementation of real projects. Strengthening the interdisciplinary nature of graduate training, whose planned activities are related to the development of lighting design projects, requires the preparation of educational and methodological support.

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To date, finding the dominant and complementary wavelengths and excitation purity given in domestic standards and educational literature is rather descriptive and does not contain a clear calculation procedure. In general, for test engineers who in their professional activities rely on software measuring instruments, the current situation is not a problem. However, for developers of standards and measurement procedures it can be a serious obstacle. In this connection, the review of existing as well as development of new computer methods of calculation of the specified quantities is of interest.
In this paper, we propose a new numerical method for calculating the dominant and complementary wavelengths, based on the following property. The distance between a considered chromaticity and a ray with beginning at the point of achromatic stimulus, which crosses the spectrum locus, takes a positive value on one side of the line, connecting achromatic stimulus and considered chromaticity, and a negative value on the other side. The peculiarity of the method is that both dominant and complementary wavelengths can be simultaneously determined for the considered chromaticity. In addition, the article deals in detail with the calculation of excitation purity.

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In recent years, there has been a trend towards energy-efficient, long-lasting, environmentally friendly, and technology-compatible LED road luminaires. In this study, the optical design and analysis of the LED road luminaire model for the M1 and M2 illumination classes roads, which are the roads with the highest importance, have been carried out. In the research, the unique reflector design was made using SolidWorks 3D design software. XLamp CXA1520 LED light source by Cree company was preferred during the design. 21 LEDs were placed on the reflector at the ideal distance and LED luminaire model was created in LightTools illumination design software. A simulation study was performed for the LED luminaire model created on LightTools software and the distribution curve of luminous intensity was obtained. At the same time, the EULUMDAT (.ldt) file, which is required for road illumination analysis, was produced with LightTools software. The obtained .ldt file was transferred to DIALux illumination calculation program and simulated for M1 and M2 class roads. Illumination parameters obtained from DIALux analysis have been optimized by comparing them with the road illumination criteria accepted by International Commission on Illumination (CIE). It has been observed that the designed LED luminaire model significantly meets the M1 and M2 class road illumination criteria defined by CIE. In the study, it was also discussed what changes can be made in the optical material to meet all criteria.

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The work is devoted to the description of a testbed that allows studying the efficiency of photosynthetic irradiation of plants by measuring the level of carbon dioxide concentration in the air, which in turn determines the intensity of photosynthetic processes in plants. This method makes it possible to significantly increase the speed of comparative research of the effect of irradiation modes on crop yields. The developed testbed is based on the ESP8266 microcontroller with sensors for measuring carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, air humidity, and a microcontroller implementing the control of plant irradiation modes. Measurement of carbon dioxide concentration was carried out using the MH-Z16 sensor, the principle of which is based on the measurement of non-dispersive infrared radiation (NDIR). In the testbed LED irradiators with a continuous emission spectrum and LED irradiators with a combined emission spectrum (white light + “red” radiation) were used. The testbed allowed us to study the dependence of the efficiency of photosynthesis on the conditions of irradiation by varying the spectral composition of radiation, irradiance intensity. The measurement of carbon dioxide concentration in the phytotron showed its significant dependence on the irradiation conditions. Since the rate of change in the concentration of carbon dioxide occurs over a sufficiently long period of time, research into the irradiation efficiency was carried out on the basis of an assessment of the dynamics of carbon dioxide concentration. Another variant of the research was the consistent comparison of changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide under different irradiation conditions.

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The main focus of this research is urban development and planning to use maximum solar irradiance for Kolkata region. To develop this building management system, the impact of different urban built form geometry types and its orientation on the daylighting potential has been experimentally observed. The approach and methodology of this study is to highlight that there is uneven distribution of illumination in the interiors of various built forms with different orientations, caused due to overcrowding and shadowing of neighbouring buildings, and to suggest the optimum or desirable layout of built form in an urban fabric. The study is also significant as the city Kolkata falls under tropical climatic condition where the solar irradiance is abundant. The average illuminance has been obtained in different built forms with different orientations on hourly basis from morning to evening for different typologies of urban built form geometries. The results have then been analysed and the findings from the study suggests the appropriate built form typologies and their orientations to get the optimum or desirable illuminance level inside the buildings and hence saving power consumption and thus offering better opportunities in reducing electrical load in those built forms and thus contributing to the future solution for energy crisis.

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The paper considers the problems of computer simulation of modern lighting devices (LD) based on light emitting diodes (LED) and their optical systems (OS). LED OS provides developers with sufficient opportunities to implement a variety of problems of modern lighting. In the market of competing products, it is often necessary to calculate and manufacture LED optics for specific lighting problems, the main of which is the formation of a given distribution of illuminance over the surface of an object.
It is shown that the most demanded services in LED lighting engineering are the development of LED optics according to the customer’s specifications, lighting engineering testing of a modelled product, development of 3D models for further production. The main stage in the context of such design is the calculation and simulation of the OS. The results of this process are basically determined by the complex of luminous, thermal, and functional characteristics of LD.
The development of modern LED LD is inseparably linked with the use of specialized software. Modern technologies and approaches, CASE-tools in the design of the LD, the main requirements for the LD models, integrated complex AllFusion Modelling Suite are considered. Functional diagrams of the process of designing the LD have been developed. 3D models of single and block lenses and reflectors of various designs have been developed in the computer-aided design system KOMPAS‑3D.
For given LED properties, selected materials, and ray tracing conditions the light distribution of LED modules was obtained and analysed in TracePro software. Acceptable results have been obtained, that is why this approach can be recommended for prototyping and studying the characteristics of experimental samples of LED modules and LD.

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The article presents the results of a full-fledged growing season of cucumber plants of the Svyatogor F1 variety under photo-culture conditions. The studies were carried out on an experimental research hydroponic installation (ERHI) under photosynthetic photon irradiation EPPFD = 250 ± 10 μmol / c·m2. In the experiment, we used phyto-irradiators (PI) with high-pressure sodium lamps (HPSL) of the DNaZ type (control version), as well as light emitting diode (LED) phyto-irradiators (PI) of the combined spectrum. Together with specialists from the agro-technical complex of the State Unitary Enterprise of the Republic of Mordovia “Teplichnoye” a methodological approach was developed for conducting photo-biological research in the artificial climate laboratory of the FSBEI HE National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, which allows to determine the radiation effect of LED PI of the combined spectrum on the productivity of cucumber plants under photo-culture conditions. Based on the conducted photo-biological research, it was found that the variant of the emission spectrum of PI2, in which the radiation with = 730 nm was 3.1 times greater and the radiation with  = 660 nm was 1.23 times less than in the emission spectrum of PI3, turned out to be more effective, providing not only the best quality of seedlings of cucumber plants, but also showing higher productivity. It was revealed that partial overlap of functions, synergy and multiple interactions between different systems of radiation perception can cause an ambiguous response of plants to changes in the conditions of technological irradiation. The practical significance of the obtained results was shown.

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Recent studies revealed that the visual perception of temporal light modulation (TLM), particularly the visibility threshold, were illuminance dependent and subjects exhibited significantly different response at 50 lx. Some novel studies suggested TLM at 50 lx could be particularly useful in terms of promoting alertness and increasing comfort. Therefore, in this study, working performance, subjective visual fatigue and pupillary light response (PLR) were measured under different frequency of TLM at 50 lx to evaluate such phenomenon and its possible application. Results showed that all three parameters measured at 50 lx followed a U-shaped curve with the increasing frequency, instead of the monotonically increasing trend reported in earlier research at relative higher illuminance levels (300–400) lx. Comparing to 100 Hz or 1000 Hz, 300 Hz was the best in terms of visual fatigue (P<0.01) and worst in terms of working performance (P<0.01) while PLR also showed smaller percent change under 316 Hz and 562 Hz (P<0.01). These results supported the hypotheses that at 50 lx illuminance level, the relationship between the effect of TLM and frequency was non-monotonic and was different than the monotonically increasing trend discovered under higher illuminance. Furthermore, such difference not only affects working performance and visual fatigue, but also pupillary light response, which then might affect more physiological outcome. These results could potentially be useful for reducing visual fatigue at scenarios such as operating displays in vehicles or aircrafts at night.

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26. Golden, R. N., Gaynes, B. N., Ekstrom, R. D., Hamer, R. M., Jacobsen, F. M., Suppes, T., Wisner, K. L., Nemeroff, Ch.B. The Efficacy of Light Therapy in the Treatment of Mood Disorders: A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Evidence // American Journal of Psychiatry, 2005, #162, pp. 656–662.
27. Vartanian, G. V., Zhao, X., and Wong, K.Y. Using Flickering Light to Enhance Nonimage-Forming Visual Stimulation in Humans // Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2015, #56, pp. 4680–4688.
28. Zandi, B., Lode, M., Herzog, Al., Sakas, G., and Khanh, T.Q. PupilEXT: Flexible Open-Source Platform for High-Resolution Pupillometry in Vision Research // Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2021, #15.
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35. GB50034–2013 Standard for lighting design of buildings

The article describes the largest project of comprehensive outdoor lighting system modernisation in Russia implemented in an old city of Nizhny Novgorod standing on the river Volga. This project involved complete rearrangement of outdoor lighting installations and a modern control system with Smart City elements realization as well as development of the system of architectural lighting of major buildings of the city.
Lighting devices with Russian-made LEDbased light sources were designed and used for the first time while implementing this project.The equipment was designed by BL GROUP International Light Engineering Company, manufactured by the plants owned by this holding company, delivered to Nizhny Novgorod and installed within unprecedented short time.New methods and technologies were used when conducting the works, which provided about 76 % of energy saving for outdoor lighting and allowed to create the image of the city emphasising the magnificence of its historic centre.
The project was implemented under an energy service agreement without budget funds.
As a result, on the residents’ opinion, by the moment of the 800th anniversary Nizhny Novgorod has become brighter, more bustling, safer and more convenient during night time and more attractive for tourists.

1. Boos, G.V. The Role of BL GROUP Holding Company in Development of Light Engineering [Rol kholdinga BL GROUP v razvitii svetotekhnicheskoy otrasli] // Svetotekhnika, 2016, # 5, pp. 4–12.
2. Zakgeym, A.L. Light Emitting Diodes and Their Efficient Application [Svetodiody i ikh effektivnoye primeneniye] / Moscow: Svetotekhnika, 2020.
3. Klykov, M.E. Light Emitting Diode and Discharge Lamp Control Equipment [Upravlyayushchaya apparatura dlya svetodiodov i razryadnykh lamp] / Moscow: Svetotekhnika, 2020.
4. Korobko, A.A. Outdoor Lighting [Utilitarnoye naruzhnoye osveshcheniye] / Moscow: Svetotekhnika, 2020.
5. Shchepetkov, N.I. Urban and Interior Light Design [Svetovoy dizayn gorodov i interyerov] / Moscow: Svetotekhnika, 2021.
6. Boos, G.V., Matveeva, E. Yu. Application of Private Public Partnership Schemes for Infrastructural Projects in the Sphere of Lighting [Ispolzovaniye konstruktsiy publichno-chastnogo partnyorstva pri sozdanii infrastrukturnykh proektov v sfere osveshcheniya] / Light Engineering Handbook [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike], 4th issue, Moscow: Svetotekhnika, 2019, pp. 802–808.
7. Mitelyov, S.V. On the Experience of Light Emitting Diode Equipment Installation and Operation in St. Petersburg [Ob opyte montazha i ekspluatatsii svetodiodnogo oborudovaniya v Sankt-Peterburge] // Svetotekhnika, 2021, # 3, pp. 88–90.
8. Light Engineering Handbook [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike]. Edited by J.B. Aizenberg, G.V. Boos. 4th Issue, revised and supplemented, 2019, Moscow: 892 p.

This work continues the author’s study of the processes of interaction between a quantum electromagnetic field and a spatially non-uniform gaseous medium [1, 5]. Previously unknown optical effects caused by consideration of high-order quantum correlators were discovered. This is caused by the problem of calculation of high-order photonic correlators starting from the fourth order, which appears when the interaction between the quantum electromagnetic field is described using the Feynman diagrams, According to T.A. Matsubara’s technique applied nowadays, these correlators are just neglected. The author’s articles [1, 5] describe the calculation method allowing us to avoid thiscomplication. The method is based on the following. High-order quantum correlators appear when multi-particle problems are studied. If the number of particles is small (hydrogen atom), the problem disappears. Therefore, if we replace a multi-particle problem with a single-particle problem (even if this particle is rather complex), the problem will be solved. Such solution (by using the Γ-operators technique) is described in the said author’s articles. While the standard secondary quantisation technique uses operators of creation and destruction of separate particles, the Γ-operators technique deals with operators of creation and destruction of photon conglomerates (systems). It turns out that high-order correlators just do not appear when the Γ-operators technique is used. This article demonstrates a specific example of application of the Γ-technique.

1. Veklenko, Boris A. Coherent Stimulated Radiation, Coherent Spontaneous Radiation and Coupled Photon Pairs in Non-Uniform Thermally Excited Gaseous Media: The Theory // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 1, pp. 4–11.
2. Veklenko, B.A. Quantum Macroscopic Effect in Resonance Optics [Kvantoviy makros kopicheskiy effekt v rezonansnoy optike] // ZhETF, 1989, Vol. 96, # 2, pp. 457–471.
3. Veklenko, B.A., Gusarov, R.B., Sherkunov, Yu.B. Distinctions of Selective Reflection of Resonance Radiation from Excited Media [Osobennosti selektivnogo otrazheniya rezonansnogo izlucheniya ot vozbuzhdyonnykh sred] // ZhETF, 1998, Vol. 113, # 2, pp. 521–538.
4. Veklenko, B.A. Coherent Stimulated Radiation, Coherent Spontaneous Radiation and Coupled Photon Pairs in Non-Uniform Thermally Excited Gaseous Media: The Theory [Kogerentnoye vynuzhdennoye izlucheniye, kogerent noye spontannoye izlucheniye i svyazannyie fotonnyie pary v neodnorodnykh termicheski vozbuzhdyonnykh gazovykh sredakh: teoriya] // Svetotekhnika, 2021, # 5, pp. 62–67.
5. Veklenko, B.A. Coupled States of Photon Pairs [Svyazannyie sostoyaniya fotonnykh par] // Inzhenernaya fizika, 2018, Vol. 1, pp. 31–40.
6. Andreev, A.F. Heat Conductivity of the Transient State of Superconductors [Teploprovod nost promezhutochnogo sostoyaniya sverkhprovodnikov] // ZhETF, 1964, Vol. 46, # 5, pp. 1823–1828.
7. Veselago, V.G. Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneous Negative Values of ε and μ [Elektrodinamika veshchestv s odnovremenno otritsatelnymi znacheniyami ε i μ] // UFN, 1967, Vol. 92, # 3. pp. 517–526.
8. Sivukhin, D.V. On the Energy of Electromagnetic Field in Dispersive Media [Ob energii elektromagnitnogo polya v dispergiruyushchikh sredakh] // Optika i spektroskopiya, 1957, Vol. 3, # 4, pp. 308–312.

George V. Boos and Gleb S. Nikitin
Comprehensive Modernisation of the Outdoor Lighting System of Nizhny Novgorod: Building the Control System with Smart City Elements

Tianchi Zhang, Jin Yang, Zhengxin Ji, Nuoyi Li, Wei Xu, and Yandan Lin
Effects of Temporal Light Modulation on Working Performance, Subjective Visual Fatigue and Pupillary Light Response at 50 lx

Shambhabi Chatterjee and Kamalika Ghosh
Numerical Modelling of Urban Built Form Geometry for Maximum Daylight Potential

Mehmet Sait Cengiz
Role of Functional Illumination Urban Beautification: Qatar-Doha Road Illumination Case

Duygu Yigit Unlu
The Optical Design of a LED-Reflector Module in Road Illumination

Andrey V. Danilko, Alexander V. Karev, and Sergey O. Kornyakov
Radiation Colour Non-Uniformity Accounting in the LED Luminaires Production and Operation

George V. Boos and Gleb S. Nikitin
Comprehensive Modernisation of the Outdoor Lighting System of Nizhny Novgorod: Building the Control System with Smart City Elements

Tianchi Zhang, Jin Yang, Zhengxin Ji, Nuoyi Li, Wei Xu, and Yandan Lin
Effects of Temporal Light Modulation on Working Performance, Subjective Visual Fatigue and Pupillary Light Response at 50 lx

Shambhabi Chatterjee and Kamalika Ghosh
Numerical Modelling of Urban Built Form Geometry for Maximum Daylight Potential

Mehmet Sait Cengiz
Role of Functional Illumination Urban Beautification: Qatar-Doha Road Illumination Case

Duygu Yigit Unlu
The Optical Design of a LED-Reflector Module in Road Illumination

Andrey V. Danilko, Alexander V. Karev, and Sergey O. Kornyakov
Radiation Colour Non-Uniformity Accounting in the LED Luminaires Production and Operation