The vertical enclosing structures of modern buildings are complex multilayer systems with inhomogeneous inclusions, which are “cold bridges” through which heat loss occurs from the building, significantly reducing its energy efficiency. In buildings with a steel frame, powerful “cold bridges” in the external fencing system are steel beams of balconies that extend beyond the warm contour of the building. This article presents the results of a study of the thermal efficiency of a multi-layer building enclosure based on a steel frame with a balcony. A fragment of the structure of a wall made of aerated concrete blocks and a hinged ventilated facade with cladding made of porcelain tiles at the location of the balcony console is examined. In the attachment point of the cantilever beam to the steel frame, a load-bearing heat-insulating connecting element developed by the authors is used. The assessment of the thermal properties of the wall structure under study was carried out based on a numerical calculation in a three-dimensional temperature field using the TEPL computational package. The analysis of 3D temperature fields allows to determine the temperature on the inner surface of the envelope and take account of its design features and heat-conducting inclusions, in the locations of which condensation may occur. Based on the results of numerical calculations in the TEPL computational package, the temperature distribution pattern in the structure was identified and the value of heat transfer resistance was obtained, considering heat loss on the selected heat exchange surfaces. It has been established that the use of a load-bearing thermal insulation structure in the “console-column” assembly makes it possible to eliminate the “cold bridge” in the wall and reduce the overall heat loss through the fence by (17–20) %.

1. Egorova, T.S., Tscherkas, V.E. Increase the buildings energy efficiency by removing thermal bridges and by insulation of projecting construction parts // Vestnik MGSU, 2011, # (3–1), pp. 421–428 [Povysheniye energoeffektivnosti zdaniy blagodarya ustraneniyu kriticheskikh mostikov kholoda i nepreryvnoy izolyatsii vystupayushchikh stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy // Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy zhurnal Vestnik MGSU. 2011, # (3–1), pp. 421–428].
2. Kozlov, P., Karakesekov, D., Danilov, V. An effective method for eliminating cold bridges using Schöck Isokorb elements // Science and technology of Kazakhstana, 2015, # 3, pp. 58–62 [Effektivnyy metod ustraneniya mostikov kholoda s pomoshch’yu elementov Schöck Isokorb // Nauka i tekhnika Kazakhstana, 2015, # 3, pp. 58–62].
3. Tusnina, V., Tusnin, A., Alekperov, R. Experimental and theoretical studies of the thermal efficiency of multilayer non-uniform building enclosures // Journal of Building Engineering, 2022, Vol. 45, 103439 p.
4. Аbass, F., Ismail, L.H., Wahab, I.A., Elgadi, A.A. Development of a Model for OTTV and RTTV based on BIMVPL to Optimize the Envelope Thermal Performance // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, Vol. 713, # 1, 012009 p.
5. Schukina, T., Kurasov, I., Drapaliuk, D., Popov, P. Improving the energy efficiency of buildings based on the use of integrated solar wall panels // E3S Web of Conferences, 2021, # 244, 05009 p.
6. M’ziane, M.C., Grine, A., Younsi, Z., Touhami, M.S.K. Modelling and Numerical Simulation of a Passive Wall Incorporating a Phase Change Material // Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 2021, Vol. 79, # 1, pp. 169–181.
7. Tusnina О.А., Emelyanov А.А., Tusnina V.M. Thermal properties of various structural systems of suspended ventilated facades // Civil Engineering Magazine, 2013, # 8, pp. 54–63 [Teplotekhnicheskiye svoystva razlichnykh konstruktivnykh sistem navesnykh ventiliruyemykh fasadov // Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyy zhurnal, 2013, # 8, pp. 54–63].
8. Zhang, F., Ju, Y., Santibanez Gonzalez, E.D.R., Wang, A., Dong, P., Giannakis, M. A new framework to select energy-efficient retrofit schemes of external walls: A case study 2021 // Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, # 289, 125718 p.
9. Krause, P., Nowoświat, A., Pawłowski, K. The impact of internal insulation on heat transport through the wall: Case study // Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 2020, Vol. 10, # 21, 7484, pp. 1–18.
10. Salandin, A., Soler, D., Bevivino, M. An Integer Linear Programming approach to minimize the cost of the refurbishment of a façade to improve the energy efficiency of a façade to improve the energy efficiency of a building // Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 2020, Vol. 43, # 14, pp. 8067–8088.
11. Melnikov, V., Dorofeev, V., Gavrilov, M., Medvedev, M. Energy-saving solutions in the construction and housing and utilities sectors of Russia // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, Vol. 896, # 1,012121 p.
12. Švajlenka, J., Kozlovská, M., Vranay, F., Pošiváková, T., Jámborová, M. Comparison of laboratory and computational models of selected thermal-technical properties of constructions systems based on wood // Energies, 2020, Vol. 13, # 12, 3127 p.
13. Tusnina, V.M., Fayzov, D. Sh. To the Issue of Thermo-technical Calculation of Non-uniform Enclosing Structures of Buildings // Industrial and civil engineering, 2017, # 4, pp. 19–24 [K voprosu teplotekhnicheskogo rascheta neodnorodnykh ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsiy zdaniy // Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo, 2017, # 4, pp. 19–24].
14. Tusnina, V.M. Numerical Analysis of Thermal Efficiency of External Walls with Heat-Conducting Inclusions
// International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering, 2023, Vol. 19, # 1, pp. 155–167.
15. Tusnin, A.R., Tusnina, O.A. Software complex for heat engineering calculation of building structures // Industrial and civil engineering, 2014, # 4, pp. 76–79 [Programmnyy kompleks dlya teplotekhnicheskogo rascheta stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy // Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitel’stvo, 2014, # 4, pp. 76–79].

1. Sabadi, P.R. Sunny house [Solnechnyy dom] / Translation from English by N.B. Gladkova; M.: Stroyizdat, 1981, 113 p.
2. Kazantsev, P.A., Knyazhev, V.V., Loschenkov, V.V., Kirik, N.S. Study of the traditional architectural model of passive solar heating using the example of an experimental individual residential building Solar-Sb [Issledovaniye traditsionnoy arkhitekturnoy modeli passivnogo solnechnogo otopleniya na primere eksperimental’nogo individual’nogo zhilogo doma Solar-Sb] // Bulletin of the FEFU Engineering School, 2016, # 2 (27), pp. 116–127.
3. SP 50.13330.2012 (Updated version of SNiP 23–02–2003) Thermal protection of buildings. [SP 50.13330.2012 (Obnovlennaya redaktsiya SNiP 23–02–2003) Teplovaya zashchita zdaniy] / M.: Ministry of Regional Development of Russia, 2012.
4. Shcheglov, S. Fundamentals of designing an energy-efficient building [Osnovy proyektirovaniya energoeffektivnogo zdaniya] / M.: TechnoNIKOL Construction Systems LLC, 2021, 114 p.
5. Tsygankov, V.M. Energy efficiency and energy saving during major renovation of buildings [Energoeffektivnost’ i energosberezheniye pri kapital’nom remonte zdaniy] // Energy Council, 2016, Vol. 1(43), pp. 12–16.
6. SP 230.1325800.2015 Building enclosing structures. Characteristics of thermal inhomogeneities [SP 230.1325800.2015 Konstruktsii ograzhdayushchiye stroitel’nyye. Kharakteristiki teplovykh neodnorodnostey] / M.: Ministry of Construction of Russia, 2015.
7. Gorshkov, A.S., Rymkevich, P.P., Vatin, N.I. On the thermal homogeneity of a two-layer wall structure // Ventilation, heating, air conditioning, heat supply and building thermos-physics [O teplovoy odnorodnosti dvukhsloynoy konstruktsii steny. // [Ventilyatsiya, otopleniye, konditsionirovaniye, teplosnabzheniye i stroitel’naya teplofizika] 2014, No. 7, pp. 58–63.
8. Matveev, L.T. General meteorology course. Atmospheric physics: a textbook for university students [Kurs obshchey meteorologii. Fizika atmosfery: Uchebnik dlya studentov vuzov.] / 2nd ed., rev. and added, L., 1994, 751 p.
9. Kosarev, V.P., Andryushchenko, T.T. Forest meteorology with the basics of climatology: a textbook [Lesnaya meteorologiya s osnovami klimatologii]: Uchebnik] / 2nd ed., revised, M.: Publishing House “Lan”, 2007, 288 p.
10. Guralnik, I.I., Dubinsky, G.P., Larin, V.V., Mamikonova, S.V. Meteorology. [Meteorologiya] / 2nd ed., revised, L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1982, 440 p.
11. Khromov, S.P., Petrosyants, M.A. Meteorology and climatology: textbook. [Meteorologiya i klimatologiya: Uchebnik] / 8th ed., M.: Moscow University Publishing House, 2013, 584 p.
12. Kotlov, K.V. Passive solar heat supply systems for buildings in the climatic conditions of the Mari El Republic using the example of the “Tromba collector wall” [Passivnyye sistemy solnechnogo teplosnabzheniya zdaniy v klimaticheskikh usloviyakh Respubliki Mariy El na primere “Kollektornoy steny Tromby”] // Izvestia KazGASU, 2009, # 2, (12), pp. 201–205.
13. Gabriel, I., Ladener, H. Reconstruction of buildings according to energy-efficient house standards [Rekonstruktsiya zdaniy po standartam energoeffektivnogo doma] / St. Petersburg: BHV-Petersburg, 2011, 480 p.
14. Pokotilov, V.V., Rutkovsky, M.A. Using solar energy to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings [Ispol’zovaniye solnechnoy energii dlya povysheniya energoeffektivnosti zhilykh zdaniy] / Minsk: 2015, 64 p.
15. Shchukina, T.V. Absorbing capacity of external fences of buildings for passive use of solar radiation [Pogloshchayushchaya sposobnost’ naruzhnykh ograzhdeniy zdaniy pri passivnom ispol’zovanii solnechnoy radiatsii] // Industrial and civil engineering, 2012, # 9, pp. 66–68.
16. Bryzgalin, V.V., Soloviev, A.K. The use of passive solar heating systems as an element of a passive house [Ispol’zovaniye passivnykh solnechnykh sistem otopleniya kak element passivnogo doma] // Bulletin of MGSU, 2018, Vol. 13, # 4 (115), pp. 472–481.
17. Tsatsura, E.I., Golovanova, L.A. Atrium spaces as a direction for energy saving in buildings [Atriumnyye prostranstva kak napravleniye energosberezheniya v zdaniyakh] // Mat. 15th International Scientific Conference “New ideas of the new century – 2015” Vol. 3, Khabarovsk: Pacific Publishing House, State Univ., 2015, pp. 323–330.
18. Solovyov, A.K. Solar Energy Use for Premises Heating in Spring and Autumn Periods in Southern Regions of Russia [Ispol’zovaniye solnechnoy energii dlya otopleniya pomeshcheniy v vesenniy i osenniy periody v yuzhnykh regionakh Rossii] // Light &Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 6–11.
19. Solovyov, A.K. Solar Architecture [Solnechnaya arkhitektura] // Beautiful Houses, 2000, # 1, pp. 29–31.

1. https://www.glassian.org/sitemap.html (access date: 15.10.23)
2. S. Reich @ Co. GLASBAUSTEINE Patent Falconnier, WIEN, 1, 1900.
3. Adlerhütten Catalog · Glasbausteine Falconnier. Penzig, Schlesien. 1905.
4. https://translated.turbopages.org/proxy_u/en-ru.ru.edd822bc‑652bb338‑e3c8ee4e‑74722d776562/patrimoine-histoire.fr/Patrimoine/Paris/Paris-Saint-Antoine-des-Quinze-Vingts. htm (access date: 15.10.23)
5. https://www.chateaudenyon.ch/media/musee_historique/document/0/dp-falconnier-web.pdf (access date: 15.10.23)
6. Ledeneva, G.L. Civil architecture of the Russian province of the late XIX – early XX centuries (using the example of the development of the city of Tambov): textbook. Allowance, Tambov [Ledeneva, G.L. Grazhdanskaya arkhitektura rossiyskoy provintsii kontsa XIX – nachala XX vekov (na primere zastroyki goroda Tambova): ucheb. razresheniye. Tambov, 2003 g.].
7. Giyasova, I.V. Translucent skylights from Falconnier’s glass blocks // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 43–48.

The light distribution nature determines the quality of luminous environment created by the daylight in the room. How the daylight flux received through the window will be distributed throughout the room depends on the reflectivity of the enclosing surfaces. However, the efficiency of using the reflectivity of the material is determined not only by the value of the reflection coefficient, but is a complex function depending on the geometric parameters of the room, the configuration and characteristics of the light openings, the ratio of the reflection coefficients of various surfaces of the room. According to the accepted rationing system, the effect of reflections inside the room is taken into account with help of the coefficient r0. This coefficient is determined by the tables given in the standards of the Russian Federation. In this article, the Author examine the properties of the illuminance, created by the reflection part and how it influences the light quality in the room with daylighting. The conclusions were made according to the results of the reflection influence research of daylight factor and cylindrical illuminance. The importance of the reflected component share, which is creating by the multiple reflections, is illustrated. Also conclusions about the importance of taking into account the configuration of rooms, as well as the ratio of reflection coefficients of all surfaces of the room for maximum use of the reflection effect are given.

1. Solovyov, A.K. Theory of the light field and improvement of visual working conditions with three-dimensional objects of discrimination [Teoriya svetovogo polya i uluchsheniye usloviy zritel’noy raboty s trekhmernymi ob”yektami razlichiya] //Moscow, Academia, Architecture and construction, 2009, # 5, pp. 470–475.
2. Korkina, E.V. Improvement of methods for determining the light transmission of window blocks to ensure natural lighting of buildings [Sovershenstvovaniye metodov opredeleniya svetopropuskaniya okonnykh blokov dlya obespecheniya yestestvennogo osveshcheniya zdaniy] / Diss. Candidate of Technical Sciences: 05.23.03, Moscow, 2015, 169pp.
3. Kireev, H.H. Development of theoretical methods for determining the reflected component of natural lighting of premises [Razrabotka teoreticheskikh metodov opredeleniya otrazhennoy sostavlyayushchey yestestvennogo osveshcheniya pomeshcheniy] // Svetotekhnika, 1982, # 2, pp. 4–6.
4. Obedkov, V.A., Solovyov, A.K., Kondratenkov, A.N. et al. Laboratory workshop on construction physics [Laboratornyy praktikum po stroitel’noy fizike] / Textbook for builders. Speciality, universities / Moscow, Higher School, 1979, 221 p.
5. Reference book on light and engineering [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike] / edited by J.B. Aizenberg, 3rd ed., reprint and added, Moscow, Publishing house “Sign”, 2006, 972p.
6. Ivanchenko, V.T. Assessment of daylighting of buildings by qualitative characteristics of the light field [Otsenka yestestvennogo osveshcheniya zdaniy na osnove kachestvennykh kharakteristik svetovogo polya] / Diss. Candidate of Technical Sciences: 05.23.10, Moscow, 1978, 269 p.
7. Molchina, N.A., Magera, T.N. Daylight Quality Assessment of Rooms with Lateral Daylighting by the Room Light Saturation Criterion // Light and Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 6, pp. 23–34.
8. Lazarev, D.N. The relationship between the spatial characteristics of lighting and horizontal illuminance [Svyaz’ mezhdu prostranstvennymi kharakteristikami osveshcheniya i gorizontal’noy osveshchennost’yu] // Svetotekhnika, 1977, # 11, pp. 13–15.
9. Larionova, K.O., Stetsky, S.V. The influence of multi-storey surrounding development on a daylighting of interiors in top-lit premises an experimental study // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 30–38.
10. Epaneshnikov, M.M., Sidorova, T.N. Estimation of the light saturation of the premises of the public buildings [Otsenka osveshchennosti pomeshcheniy obshchestvennykh zdaniy] // Svetotekhnika, 1971, # 8, pp. 11–15.
11. Bakharev, D. V. et al. On visualization of calculation of light fields [O vizualizatsii raschetov svetovykh poley] // Lighting equipment, 1999, # 5, pp. 25–32.

1. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 367.1325800.2017 Residential and Public Buildings. Rules of Natural and Integral lighting’ design [Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 367.1325800.2017 Zdaniya zhilyye i obshchestvennyye. Pravila proyektirovaniya yestestvennogo i sovmeshchennogo osveshcheniya] // Moscow, 2017.
2. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 23.102.2003 Daylighting of residential and public buildings .[Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 23.102.2003 Estestvennoe osveshchenie zhilyh i obshchestvennyh zdanij] // Moscow, 2003.
3. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 52.13330.2011 Daylighting ana artifical lighting .[Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 52.13330.2011 Estestvennoe i iskusstvennoe osveshchenie] // Moscow, 2011.
4. Gusev, N.M. Fundamentals of Building Physics [Osnovy stroitel’noy fiziki] // Moscow, Storoyizdat, 1975, 440 p.
5. Solovyov, A.K. Physics of the environment [Fizika sredy] // Moscow: ASV, 2014, 341 p.
6. Solovyov, A.K. Accounting the influence of reflected light in design of natural lighting in industrial buildings with systems of roof lights under non-uniform light distribution [Uchet vliyaniya otrazhennogo sveta pri proyektirovanii yestestvennogo osveshcheniya promyshlennykh zdaniy s sistemami kryshnykh svetil’nikov] // A digest of scientific works of Architectural Chair of Moscow Civil Engineering institute, 1974, pp. 73–82.
7. Solovyov, A.K. Evaluation of the light environment of industrial premises in the conditions of a clear sky [Otsenka svetovoy sredy proizvodstvennykh pomeshcheniy v usloviyakh yasnogo neba] // Svetotekhnika, 1987, # 7, p.14–16.
8. Solovyov, A.K. Hollow tubular light conductors and their use for natural lighting of buildings [Polye trubchatye svetovody i ih primenenie dlya estestvennogo osveshcheniya zdanij] // Industrial and civil construction, 2007, # 2, pp. 53–55.
9. Zemtsov, V.A. Issues of design and calculation of natural lighting of premises through mine-type rocket lights [Voprosy proektirovaniyA i rascHeta estestvennogo osveshcheniya pomeshchenij cherez zenitnye fonari shahtnogo tipa] // Svetotekhnika, 1990, # 10, pp. 25–28.
10. Zemtsov, V.A. Methods of calculation of natural lighting areas with light air-conditioning on the basis of spatial characteristics of lights [Metody rascheta estestvennogo osveshcheniya pomeshchenij so svetovymi kondicionerami na osnove primeneniya prostranstvennyh harakteristik fonarej] // Construction and reconstruction, 2015, # 4 (60), pp. 92–99.
11. Stetsky, S.V. Guanglong, Ch. Optimal design, planning and geometric solutions for light wells of multi-storey industrial buildings [Optimal’nye konstruktivnye, planirovochnye i geometricheskie resheniya svetovyh kolodcev dlya mnogoetazhnyh proizvodstvennyh zdanij] // Industrial and Civil Construction, 2013, # 12, pp. 84–86.
12. Stetsky, S.V., Guanglong, Ch. Structural and planning decisions of multi-story industrial buildings with natural light supply through the light wells [Konstruktivnyye i planirovochnyye resheniya mnogoetazhnykh proizvodstvennykh zdaniy pri obespechenii v nikh yestestvennogo osveshcheniya cherez svetovyye kolodtsy] // Industrial and Civil Engineering, 2014, #3, pp. 70–72.
13. Stetsky, S.V. Light tubes as a factor of light environment quality increase in high-rise buildings [Svetovye kolodcy kak faktor povysheniya kachestva svetovoj sredy v mnogoetazhnyh zdaniyah] // Scientific Review, 2016, # 15, pp. 59–64.
14. Stetsky, S.V. Sun protection of premises in industrial buildings with natural lighting through the system of lighting wells [Solncezaschita pomeschenii proizvodstvennih zdanii s estestvennim osvescheniem cherez sistemu svetovih kolodcev] // Industrial and Civil Engineering, 2016, #. 4, pp. 72–76.
15. Brotash, L. Wilson, M. The Average Total Daylight Factor // Light & Engineering, 2008, Vol. 16, # 2. pp. 52–57.
16. Mokhelnikova, J. Daylighting and Skylights // Light & Engineering, 2008, Vol. 16, # 2, pp. 58–68.

1. Bertolotti, M. History of the laser: Scientific publication / M. Bertolotti – Dolgoprudny: Publishing House “Intelligence”, 2011, 336 p. [Istoriya lazera: Nauchnoe izdanie / Intellekt, 2011, 336 p.]
2. Dubpernell, G. Evidence of the use of primitive batteries in antiquity // Selected Topics in the History of Electrochemistry, The Electrochemical Society, Princeton, 1978, I‑22.
3. Haughton, B. The Baghdad battery // Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries. Career Press, 2007, pp. 129–132.
4. Verzhbitsky, Zh.M. Architectural culture: the art of architecture as a means of humanizing “second nature” / Verzhbitsky Zh. M. St. Petersburg: “ARDIS”, 2010, 136p. [Arxitekturnaya kul’tura: iskusstvo arxitektury’ kak sredstvo gumanizacii “vtoroj prirody’” / Verzhbitsky Zh. M. St. Petersburg: “ARDIS”, 2010, 136 p.]
5. Parker, R.A. Egyptian Astronomy, Astrology, and Calendrical Reckoning // Dictionary of Scientific Biography: journal, Vol. 15, pp. 706–727.
6. Shestakov, A.A., Nasybullina, R.A. Metaphysics of light and its reception in architecture // Journal BULLETIN OF TVER STATE UNIVERSITY. SERIES: PHILOSOPHY, Tver, 2015, # 2, pp. 73–84 [Metafizika sveta i eyo recepciya v arxitekture // Journal BULLETIN OF TVER STATE UNIVERSITY. SERIES: PHILOSOPHY, Tver, 2015, # 2, pp. 73–84].
7. Grosseteste, R. About light, or about the beginning of forms // Questions of philosophy, 1995, # 6, 125 p. [O svete, ili o nachale form // Questions of philosophy, 1995, # 6, 125 p.]
8. Eco, U. Art and beauty in medieval aesthetics / St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2003, 256 p. [Iskusstvo i krasota v srednevekovoj e’stetike / St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2003, 256 p.]
9. Shishkov, A.M. Metaphysics of Light. Essay on history / M: Aletheia, 2012, 366 p. [Metafizika Sveta. Ocherk istorii / M: Aletheia, 2012, 366 p.]
10. Voronin, N.N. Vladimir-Suzdal architecture // Architecture of Eastern Europe. Middle Ages Edited by Yu. S. Yaralov (executive editor), N.N. Voronin, P.N. Maksimov, Yu. A. Nelgovsky, 1966, Vol. 3, pp. 598–639 [Vladimiro-suzdal’skaya arxitektura // Arxitektura Vostochnoj Evropy’. Srednie veka Edited by Yu.S. Yaralov (executive editor), N.N. Voronin, P.N. Maksimov, Yu.A. Nelgovsky, Tom 3, pp. 598–639].

This article discusses the problems associated with physical and hygienic studies aimed at determining the influence of insolation – an important climatic factor – on the light, radiation and thermal regime of buildings, and territories in urban development. The article proposes the design of an insolation device of a flatbed type, known as a Svetoplanograph‑2, which can be widely used in solving architectural, construction, urban planning, and energy problems in summer in regions with a warm climate. A method of step-by-step assessment of the insolation-light-thermal regime of buildings and territories with a complex morphological structure of buildings, which is a model of the energy characteristics of insolation, has also been developed. The use of a tablet-type device makes it possible to solve practical urban planning tasks, providing an opportunity to calculate and evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the insolation regime in order to improve the environmental and climatic situation in urban buildings and development in the summer. The developed method of forecasting the insolation regime using a tablet-type device is the basis for modelling the energy state of insolation in a human environment in buildings and territories of cities with a hot climate.

1. Dunaev, B.A. Insolation of the home [Insolyatsyya v dome] / M.: Stroiizdat, 1980, 65 p.
2. Tvorovsky, M. The sun in architecture (translation from Polish) [Solntse v architecture] / M.: Stroyizdat, 1977, 288 p.
3. Maslennikov, D.S. Graphic study of insolation standards adopted in the USSR and other European countries [Graficheskoye issledovaniye norm insolyatsii, prinyatykh v SSSR i drugikh stranakh Yevropy] // Study on the microclimate and noise regime of populated areas, Collection 3, M.: Stroyizdat, 1965, pp. 5–19.
4. Sukhanov, I.S. Radiant energy of the sun and architecture [Luchistaya energiya solntsa i arkhitektury] / Tashkent, Fan, 1973, 224 p.
5. Obolensky, N.V. Architecture and sun [Architectura i Solntse] / M.: Stroyizdat, 1988, 207 p.
6. Olgyay, V, Olgyay, A. Solar control and shading devices / Princeton University Press, Prinseten, New Jersey, 1957, 201 р.
7. Gusev, N.M. Natural lighting of buildings [Estestvennoe osveschenie zdany] / M.: Gosstroyizdat, 1961, 234 p.
8. Giyasov, A.I. The role insolation tablet to assess insolation modes of urban areas and buildings // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 2, pp. 111–116.
9. Bakharev, D.V., Orlova, L.N. On rationing and calculation of insolation [O normirovanii i rascheotah insolyatsii] // Svetotekhnika, 2006, # 1. pp. 18–27.
10.Lyubimov A. BIM – new features of the Revit platform (Lyubimov A. BIM – novyye vozmozhnosti platformy Revit) // CAD and graphics, 2007, # 10, 7 p.
11.CITYS: Solaris 5.20. Calculation of insolation, KEO and noise vibrations. The user’s guide. URL: http://www.sitis.ru/ documentation/sitis-solaris.pdf (date accessed: 10.08.2019).
12. Soloviev A.K., Nguyen F.T. Kh. Method for calculating light climate parameters based on the luminous efficiency of solar radiation [Metod dlya rascheotov parametrov svetovogo climate na osnove svetovoy effektivnosti solnechnogo izlucheniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 5, рр. 21–24.
13. Spiridonov, A.V., Shubin, I.L. Development of translucent structures in Russia [Razvitie poluprozrachnyx struktur v Rossii] // Svetotekhnika, 2014, # 3, pр. 46–51.
14. Giyasov, A.I. The Role of the Solar Irradiation Plate for Estimation of the Insolation Regime // Light & Engineering, Volume 27, Number 2, 2019, рр.111–117.
15. Kupriyanov, V.N., Sedova, F.R. Energy method of standardization and calculation of insolation of residential premises [Energeticheskiy metod normirovaniya i rascheta insolyatsii zhilykh pomeshcheniy] / Kazan, 2016, 38 p.
16. Calculations of heat input into a building from penetrating solar radiation during the heating period [Raschety postupleniya tepla v zdaniye ot pronikayushchey solnechnoy radiatsii v otopitel’nyy period] / Methodological manual. Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation, M.: 2017, 112 p.
17.SP 50.13330. 2012 Thermal performance of the buildings [SP 50.13330. 2012 Teplovyye kharakteristiki zdaniy] // Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 2012.
18. Reference book on lighting engineering (3rd edition, revised and expanded) [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotehnike] Under the general editorship of Aizenberg J.B. / Moscow, Znak, 2006, 972 p.
19. Giyasov, A.I., Mirzoe S.M. Heat transfer model of curtain wall facade systems under insolation // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 22–29.
20. SanPiN 1.2.3685–21 Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors to humans [SanPiN 1.2.3685–21 Gigiyenicheskiye normativy i trebovaniya po obespecheniyu bezopasnosti i (ili) bezvrednosti faktorov okruzhayushchey sredy dlya cheloveka] //Аpproved resolution Chief State sanitary doctor, Russian Federation, Мocow, 2021.
21. SP 42.13330.2016 Urban development. Urban and rural planning and development [SP 42.13330.2016 Gorodskogo razvitiya. Gorodskoye i sel’skoye planirovaniye i razvitiye] // Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation, Мoscow, 2016.
22. SP 54.13330.2016 Multicompartment residential buildings [SP 54.13330.2016 Mnogokvartirnyye zhilyye doma] // Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation, Мoscow, 2016.
23. SP 118.13330.2012 Public buildings and works [SP 118.13330.2012 Obshchestvennyye zdaniya i sooruzheniya] // Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, Мoscow, 2012.
24. SP 370.1325800.2017 Solar Shading devices in buildings. Design rules [SP 370.1325800.2017 Ustroystva solnechnoy zashchity v zdaniyakh. Pravila dizayna] // Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services, Мoscow, 2017.
25. DIN 5034–1–2011 Daylight in interiors – Part 1: General requirements // Federal Information Standards Foundation, Мoscow, 2011.
26. BS 8206–2:2008. Lighting for buildings // London, W4 4AL, Great Britain.

The article considers the process of development of the main means of engineering support of buildings – lighting, heating, and ventilation. How over time and the development of science and technology improved ways to create a comfortable environment. The first artificial source of light and heat was the hearth. With the advent of torches and oil lamps, these functions separated and developed in parallel. At the same time, up to the 19th century, both heating (hypocausts, fireplaces, steam and water heating, etc.) and lighting (candles, gas lighting, etc.) were impossible without fire. Ventilation remained natural until the invention of the centrifugal fan in the nineteenth century. In parallel with the issue of heating, the issue of thermal insulation arose. When choosing building materials and structures, their availability in a given region, thermal characteristics and work in a given climate played an important role. The required level of thermal insulation was achieved by increasing the thickness of the wall, the size of the openings and their filling.
In the era of the “Enlightenment” (17th – 18th centuries), there is a turning point in the understanding of the world. The “classical” sciences are developing actively and universities and engineering schools are opening. If earlier science and practice existed in parallel, now the inventions of scientists began to be implemented much faster.
In the 19th century, electricity appears. This is another important point in the development of engineering. In the 21st century, it has almost completely replaced fire in human life (LEDs, LED, infrared and radiant heat, ventilation and air conditioning systems, etc.). A person no longer depends on nature. If in ancient times people sought to subdue it to himself then in the 21st century, the goal is to live in harmony with nature, which preservation and replenishment of the used resources is the search for environmentally friendly solutions without harm to humans and the environment.

1. Zabalueva, T.R. General history of architecture and construction equipment: textbook: in 2 parts [Vseobshchaya istoriya arhitektury i stroitel’noj tekhniki: uchebnik: v 2 chastyah] / Moscow: MISI–MGSU, [b. G.], Part 2: Architecture and construction of the Middle Ages, 2017, 363 p.
2. Lyubomirov, D.E. History of the development of science and technology: textbook [Istoriya razvitiya nauki i tekhniki: uchebnoe posobie] / St. Petersburg: SPbGLTU, 2020, 116 p.
3. Poluektova, N.A. Babylonian-Assyrian civilization as one of the sources of bioclimatic architecture [Vavilono-assirijskaya civilizaciya kak odin iz istochnikov vozniknoveniya bioklimaticheskoj arhitektury] // APRIORI. Series: Humanities, 2017, # 1, p. 14.
4. Lyalkina, G.B. The history of artificial lighting [Istoriya iskusstvennogo osveshcheniya] // Bulletin of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Security and risk management, 2015, #2, pp. 183–194.
5. Demina M. By candlelight [Pri svechah] // Chemistry and life, 2013, #11.
6. Trofimov, B. Ya. Ancient building material saman in the XXI century [Drevnij stroitel’nyj material saman v XXI veke] // Scientific search: materials of the eighth scientific conference of graduate and doctoral students, Chelyabinsk, February 03–05, 2016, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Publishing Center of SUSU, 2016, pp. 12–16.
7. Pipunyrov, P.V. Prerequisites for the emergence of bioclimatic architecture [Predposylki vozniknoveniya bioklimaticheskoj arhitektury] // Bulletin of the Saratov State Technical University, 2010, Vol. 3, #1 (46), pp. 175–180.
8. Parygina, M.N. Historical aspects of the development of construction production in the world [Istoricheskie aspekty razvitiya stroitel’nogo proizvodstva v mire] // Proceedings of the 59th student scientific and technical conference of the Civil Engineering Institute of TOGU, TOGU, April 10–23, 2019, Pacific State University, 2019, pp. 378–382.
9. Al-Nahari, M. H. A.M. Characteristics of clay architecture in ancient Shibam and Sana’a cities in Yemen [Harakteristiki glinistoj arhitektury v drevnih SHibam i Sana gorodah v Jemene] // The concept of accounting and tax system for forming the cost of an innovative product: Collection materials of the international scientific and practical conference, Orel, June 25–26, 2018, Orel: Oryol State University named after I.S. Turgenev, 2018, pp. 171–175.
10. Ponomarev, S.V. Brief history of ventilation [Kratkaya istoriya ventilyacii] // Plumbing, Heating, Air conditioning [Santekhnika, Otoplenie, Kondicionirovanie], 2014, #10(154), pp. 77–80.
11. Lyalkina, G.B. The role of glass in the history of security [Rol’ stekla v istorii bezopasnosti] // Bulletin of the Perm University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Computer science, 2011, #3(7), pp. 74–81.
12. Kozhnikova, E.A. History of the development of ventilation as a science [Istoriya razvitiya ventilyacii kak nauki] // Scientific journal. Engineering systems and structures, 2015, #2(19), pp. 19–21.
13. Ashe, B.M. Heating and ventilation. Volume 1 [Otoplenie i ventilyaciya. Tom 1] / Gosstroyizdat, Leningrad, Moscow, 1939.
14. Filatova, Yu. D. Glass in architecture: application, history, advantages. Facade glazing [Steklo v arhitekture: primenenie, istoriya, preimushchestva. Fasadnoe osteklenie] // Trends in the development of science and education, 2017, #30–2, pp. 46–48.
15. Knyazhitskaya, T.V. Windows to the past. Old Russian windows are a forgotten legacy of a bygone culture [Okna v proshloe. Drevnerusskie okonnicy – zabytoe nasledie ushedshej kul’tury] // The world of the museum [Mir muzeya], 2011, pp. 50–54.
16. Savelyeva, O.O. Weather in the house … [Pogoda v dome…] // Energy: economics, technology, ecology [Energiya: ekonomika, tekhnika, ekologiya], 2016, #9, pp. 70–75.
17. Lyalkina, G.B. From the history of safe heating [Iz istorii bezopasnogo otopleniya] // Bulletin of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Security and risk management, 2016, #4, pp. 138–146.
18. Makhlina, S.T. The specifics of the Spanish traditional dwelling [Specifika ispanskogo tradicionnogo zhilishcha] // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts, 2011, #3(8), pp. 64–68.
19. Lyubimtsev, I.A. The ups and downs of Roman architectural and construction traditions in Britain [Vzlety i padeniya rimskih arhitekturno-stroitel’nyh tradicii v Britanii] // International forum for Multiple Academic Disciplines: Conference Proceedings, Dresden, Germany, 15 May 2017, Dresden, Germany, Scientific public organization “Professional science”, 2017, 96 p.
20. Rumyantseva, O.S. Glass [Steklo] // Great Russian Encyclopedia: scientific and educational portal [Bol’shaya rossijskaya enciklopediya: nauchno-obrazov atel’nyj portal], URL: https://bigenc.ru/c/steklo‑3f164c/?v=6793146, Publication date: 01/18/2023, Update date: 04/16/2023 (Date of access: 05/11/2023)
21. Orlova, L.N. Evolution of the development of artificial lighting of architectural spaces [Evolyuciya razvitiya iskusstvennogo osveshcheniya arhitekturnyh prostranstv] // Privolzhsky scientific journal, 2016, #1 (37), pp. 155–157.
22. History of the furnace [Istoriya pechi], URL: https:// trubochist-yuga.ru/article/istoriya-pechi (date of access: 05/13/2023).
23. Polikarpov, V.S. History of science and technology (textbook) [Istoriya nauki i tekhniki (uchebnoe posobie)], Rostov-on-Don, “Phoenix” Publishing House, 1998, 352p.
24. Voronova, L.A. Heat and gas supply and ventilation: textbook [Teplo-gazosnabzhenie i ventilyaciya: uchebnoe posobie] / Moscow, RUT (MIIT), 2020, 232p.
25. Matvienko, N.N. Fireplaces and stoves in Moscow and the Moscow province: some aspects of the typology of the XIX – early XX centuries [Kaminy i pechi Moskvy i Moskovskoj gubernii: nekotorye aspekty tipologii XIX – nachala XX vekov] // Decorative art and object-spatial environment, Vestnik RGHPU them. S.G. Stroganov, 2014, #3, pp. 230–239.
26. Solovyov, K.A. History of architecture and construction [Istoriya arhitektury i stroitel’stva] 3rd ed., erased / St. Petersburg, 2022, 612 p.
27. Savitsky, N.V. Time to return to the construction of adobe [Vremya vernut’sya k stroitel’stvu iz samana] // Bulletin of the Prydniprovska State Academy of Life and Architecture [Vіsnik Pridnіprovs’koї derzhavnoї akademії budіvnictva ta arhіtekturi], 2011, #10 (163), pp. 4–8.
28. Medakova, D. S., Analysis of the development of technologies for the creation of building materials [Analiz razvitiya tekhnologij sozdaniya stroitel’nyh materialov] // Forum of Young Scientists, 2021, #9(61), pp. 93–97.
29. Dorofeeva, A.A. History of the development of glass production [Istoriya razvitiya proizvodstva stekla] // Youth and scientific and technological progress: IX international scientific and practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists: in 4 volumes, Gubkin, April 14, 2016. Volume 3, Gubkin, Limited Liability Company “Assistant Plus” [Assistent plyus], 2016, pp. 52–54.
30. Bagina, E. Fire and home – part of life [Ogon’ i dom – so-chast’e bytiya] // Project Baikal, 2022, volum 19, # 73, pp. 128–135.
31. Kanaev, A.A. Fire safety: textbook [Pozharnaya bezopasnost’: uchebnoe posobie] / Murmansk, MSTU, 2020, 324 p.
32. Orlov, A.I. Russian heating and ventilation equipment: Monograph [Pozharnaya bezopasnost’: uchebnoe posobie] / Moscow, Publishing House “Aqua-Term”, 2010, 224 p.
33. Yakovlev, V.I. From the history of industrial mechanics [Iz istorii industrial’noj mekhaniki] // Bulletin of the Perm University. Series: Mathematics. Mechanics. Computer science, 2018, #4, pp. 87–92.
34. Maksimenko, A.T. Mineral wool process from appearance to improvement [Mineral’naya vata process ot poyavleniya do usovershenstvovaniya] // Modern technologies: topical issues, achievements and innovations: collection of articles of the XIII International Scientific and Practical Conference: in 2 parts, Penza, January 27, 2018. Volume Part 1, Penza, “Science and Education” (IP Gulyaev G. Yu.), 2018, pp. 63–65.
35. Rakhimov, R.Z. Thermal insulation from stone wool: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty 270106 “Production of building materials products and structures” direction 270100 “Construction” [Teploizolyaciya iz kamennoj vaty: Uchebnoe posobie dlya studentov vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij, obuchayushchihsya po special’nosti 270106 “Proizvodstvo stroitel’nyh materialov izdelij i konstrukcij” napravleniya 270100 “Stroitel’stvo”] / Moscow, DIA, 2010.
36. Bochkareva, A.S. On the issue of formation and development of the gas industry in the Russian Empire [K voprosu stanovleniya i razvitiya gazovoj otrasli v Rossijskoj imperii] // Scientific works of the Kuban State Technological University, 2015, #13, pp. 49–60.
37. Babushkin, S. Yablochkov’s lamp [Lampochka YAblochkova] // Living water, 2014, #5, pp. 28–30.
38. Belkind, L. Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov [Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov] / Moscow, 1962.
39. Renkel, A. Russian light of Pavel Yablochkov [Russkij svet Pavla YAblochkova] // Intellectual property. Copyright and related rights, 2018, #10, pp. 57–66.
40. Panteleev, A.V. Modern tools for the development of energy-efficient light sources and lighting systems [Sovremennyj instrumentarij dlya razrabotki energoeffektivnyh istochnikov sveta i sistem osveshcheniya] // Educational experiment in education, 2012, #3, pp. 78–81.
41. Vilisov, A. A. LEDs and lighting devices: textbook [Svetodiody i svetotekhnicheskie ustrojstva: Uchebnoe posobie] / Moscow, TUSUR, 2020, 112 p.
42. Muminov, A.A. Main trends in the development of thermal insulation materials [Osnovnye tendencii razvitiya teploizolyacionnyh materialov] // Science as a vocation: theory and practice: Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary scientific and practical conference with international participation, Moscow, February 21, 2023, Moscow, Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief, 2023, pp. 219–223.
43. Priss, O.G. Modern trends in the market of thermal insulation materials: prospects, efficiency and their production potential [Sovremennye tendencii rynka teploizolyacionnyh materialov: perspektivy, effektivnost’ i ih proizvodstvennyj potencial] // Scientific Bulletin of the State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Nevinnomyssk State Humanitarian and Technical Institute”, 2022, #3, pp. 14–20.
44. Manoshkina, G.V. The use of heat-saving technologies is a way to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and structures [Ispol’zovanie teplosberegayushchih tekhnologij – put’ povysheniya energeticheskoj effektivnosti zdanij i sooruzhenij] // New technologies in the educational process and production: Proceedings of the XVII International Scientific and Technical Conference, Ryazan, April 17–19, 2019, Ryazan, Limited Liability Company “Ryazanproekt” [Ryazan’proekt], 2019, pp. 110–112.
45. Abieva, G. S., Abdumomyn B.D., Zhakypova G.M. Energy saving methods for engineering systems of the microclimate of buildings [Sposoby energosberezheniya inzhenernyh sistem mikroklimata zdanij] // Eurasian Union of Scientists. Series: technical and physical and mathematical sciences, 2023, #1 (104), pp. 3–7.

The origin of the common type of overlap of the Armenian monastic fore-churches or narthex (zhamatun or gavit) – a stone muqarnas tent with a light oculus at the top – has not yet been fully disclosed. Denying the absolute autochthonous nature of this architectural idea, the author of the article develops a point of view about the transformation by Armenian architects of the form of a brick tent, known from the mausoleums of Muslim rulers, which were built since the 11th century in Mesopotamia and Syria. At the same time, the rich local context of the early forms of the high tent with an oculus and the architectural compositions associated with it are analysed anew. At the same time, in 1038 in the Horomos monastery the king Hovhannes Smbat Bagratuni has constructed the multi-column zhamatun with eight-side tent and an oculus. Intended for the repose of the king, this zhamatun could embody in its architecture both the forms of a residential building and, to a greater extent, the idea represented in Rotunda of the Holy Sepulchre. Since the second half of the 12th century, when many monastic vestibules were built, about a dozen such structures with a stalactite tent were also erected. It seems acceptable that in the process of creative processing of the idea of Muslim tents, Armenian architects embodied their formal features in the stone structure of the false vault, preserving the traditional light oculus for the local culture. Identified with the divine light, the stream looked spectacular against the background of a stalactite sculptural form resembling a cave. The key role in the creation of a new type of tent in the monastic buildings could be played by the masters of the Ani school of architecture.

1. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p., pp. 110–130, fig. 100–102.
2. Tokarskiy, N.M. Architecture of Armenia of the 4th‑14th centuries [Tokarskiy N.M. Arkhitektura Armenii IV–XIV vv.] / Yerevan: Armgosizdat, 1961, 388 p., p. 306.
3. Khmelnitsskiy, S. Between Arabs and Turks. Architecture of the Middle Asia of the 9th‑10th centuries [Khmelnitsskiy S. Mejdu arabami i turkami] / Berlin; Riga, 1992, 344 p., pp. 72–78.
4. Shukurov, Sh. M. Khorasan. Territory of the Art [Shukurov Sh.M. Khorasan. Territoriia iskusstva] / Moscow: Progress-Traditsia, 2016, 400 p., pp. 279–280.
5. Zakaryan, H., Hakobyan, R. On the Armenian Origin of Muqarnas Ceilings // Journal of Armenian Studies, 2016, # 2 (11), pp. 41–57.
6. Toramanian, T. Materials of the history of Armenian architecture [Toramanian T. Niuter haikakan tchartarapetutian patmutian] / Yerevan: ARMFAN, 1942, Vol. 1. 403 p., pp. 89–90.
7. Khalpakhchian, O. Kh. Civil architecture of Armenia [Khalpakhchian O. Kh. Grazhdanskoe zodchestvo Armenii] / Moscow: Literatura po iskusstvu, Publ., 1971, 248 p., pp. 67–69.
8. Khmelnitsskiy, S. Between Arabs and Turks. Architecture of the Middle Asia of the 9th‑10th centuries [Khmelnitsskiy S. Mejdu arabami i turkami] / Berlin; Riga, 1992, 344 p., p. 248.
9. Khmelnitsskiy, S. Between Kushans and Arabs. Architecture of the Middle Asia of the 5th‑8th centuries [Khmelnitsskiy S. Mejdu kushanami i arabami] / Berlin; Riga: Gamajun, 2000, 292 p., pp. 46–47, 117.
10. Tabbaa, Ya. The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning // Muqarnas, 1985, 3, pp. 61–74. doi:10.2307/1523084. ISSN 0732-2992
11. Ghazaryan, A., Ousterhout, R.A. Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia and the Use of Architectural Drawings during the Middle Ages // Muqarnas, Vol. 18, 2001, pp. 141–154.
12. Kazaryan, A. Yu. Armenian-Muslim architectural correlations in the light of the medieval experience of architectural designing [Kazaryan A. Yu. Armiano-musulmanskie arkhitekturnye vzaimosviazi v svete srednevekovoi praktiki arkhitekturnogo proektirovaniia] // Questions of the general history of architecture [Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury], Vol. 2. Moscow: URSS, 2004, pp. 46–54.
13. Kazaryan, A. Yu. New data on the cupolas of Ani’s churches. Part three. Stratigraphy of the tholobate of the Redeemer church [Kazaryan A. Yu. Novye dannye o kupolakh khramov Ani. Stratigrafiia barabana tserkvi Spasitelia] // Questions of the general history of architecture [Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury], 2020, vol. 14, pp. 57–80.
14. Donabédian, P. Ani Multicultural Milieu and New Trends in Armenian Architecture during Queen Tamar’s Period // International conference “Ani at the Crossroads”, Ed. by Z. Skhirtladze (Tbilisi, 17–18 November, 2017), Tbilisi: Ivane Javakhishvili State University, 2019, pp. 121–152.
15. Donabédian, P. Armenia – Georgia – Islam. A Need to Break Taboos in the Study of Medieval Architecture // Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LA3M, Aixen-Provence, France, 2020, pp. 63–112.
15. Alkadi, R.M., Gonzalo, J.C.P. Muqarnas Domes and Cornices in the Maghreb and Andalusia // Nexus Network Journal, 2018, no. 20 (1), pp. 95–123. doi:10.1007/s00004-017-0367-3. ISSN 1522-4600.
16. Fukami, N. The Use of Muqarnas in the Transitional Zone of Domes in Egyptian Islamic Architecture: From the Fatimid to the End of the Mamluk Era // ORIENT, 2017, Vol. 52, pp. 93–119.
17. Khalpakhchian, O. Kh. Civil architecture of Armenia [Khalpakhchian O. Kh. Grazhdanskoe zodchestvo Armenii] // Moscow: Literatura po iskusstvu Publ., 1971, 248 p., pp. 56–71, 92–95.
18. Bixio, R., Caloi, V., Castellani, V., Traverso, M. Ani 2004: Survey on the Underground Settlements / Oxford: Hadrian Books, 2009. 82 p.
19. Baeva O., Kazaryan A. On the ‘Glkhatun’ Type Cave Dwelling of Ani: Preliminary Research // Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2022) (Athena Transactions in Social Sciences and Humanities, Volume 2). Athena Publ., 2023, pp. 95–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55060/s.atssh.221230.013.
20. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p., pp. 30–36.
21. Kazaryan, A. The Zhamatun of Horomos: The Shaping of an Unprecedented Type of Fore-church Hall // E-journal on Visual and Art History. Sektion Funun – Transkulturelle Perspektiven. Architectural Models, Mobility, and Building Techniques: Modes of Transfer in Medieval Anatolia, Byzantium, and the Caucasus, Edit. P. Blessing. 14 p., il.: URL: http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/kunsttexte/2014–3/kazaryan-armen‑4/PDF/kazaryan.pdf (date of addressing is 15.07.2017).
22. Kazaryan, A. The Architecture of Horomos Monastery // Horomos Monastery: Art and History, Ed. by E. Vardanyan, Paris: ACHCByz Publ., 2015, pp. 55–205.
23. Vardanyan, E. The żamatun of Horomos and the żamatun/gawit’ structures in Armenian architecture // Horomos Monastery: Art and History / Ed. by E. Vardanyan. Paris: ACHCByz Publ., 2015, pp. 207–236.
24. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p.
25. Hillenbrand, R. Islamic Architecture / New-York: Columbia University press, 1994, pp. 308–311.
26. Muradov, R.G. Toward the question of form regarding the covering on the Argavand mausoleum, Armenia [Muradov R.G. K voprosu o forme pokrytiia mavzoleia v Argavande, Armeniia] // Questions of the general history of architecture [Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury], 2017, Vol. 8, pp. 117–133, p. 128.
27. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p., pp. 29–30.
28. Cuneo, P. Architettura Armena dal quarto al diciannovesimo secolo / Con testi e contribute di T. Breccia Fratadocchi, M. Hasrat’yan, M.A. Lala Comneno, A. Zarian. Roma: De Luca Editore, 1988, Vol. 1–2, 926 p., pp. 646–647.
29. Kazaryan, A. The Architecture of Horomos Monastery // Horomos Monastery: Art and History / Ed. by E. Vardanyan. Paris: ACHCByz Publ., 2015, pp. 184–105.
30. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p., p. 102.

1. Pronin, E.N. How man taught natural gas // Alternative fuel transport, 2016, Vol. 5, # 53, pp. 66–67 [Kak chelovek priuchal prirodnyj gaz // Transport na al’ternativnom toplive, 2016, Vol. 5, # 53, pp. 66–67].
2. Gas worship. URL: https://gazprominfo.ru/articles/worship-of-gas (access date 20.08.23).
3. Mammad-Zade, K.M. Construction art of Azerbaijan (from ancient times to the 19th century) / Baku ELM Publishing House, 1983, 336 p. [Stroitel’noe iskusstvo Azerbajdzhana (s drevnejshih vremen do 19 v.) / Baku: ELM, 1983. – 336 s.]
4. Kuhn, O. Ancient Chineese Drilling (URL: http://csegrecorder.com/articles/view /ancient-chinesedrilling (access date: 25.08.23)).
5. Tomory, L. Progressive Enlightment: The Origins of the Gaslight Industry 1780–1820 (URL: https://www.academia.edu/418708/Progressive Enlightenment (access date: 27.08.23)).
6. Kosov, A.S., Gogolevskij, A.V. Use of gas in the Russian Empire // Internauka, 2021, # 29–1(204), pp. 16–17 [Ispol’zovanie gaza v Rossijskoj imperii // Internauka, 2021, # 29–1(204), pp. 16–17].
7. Potapova, N.V. Lights of Moscow – a museum of the history of urban lighting // Russia and the modern world, 2006, Vol. 4, # 43, pp. 254–258 [Ogni Moskvy – muzej istorii gorodskogo osveshcheniya // Rossiya i sovremennyj mir, 2006, #4 (43), pp. 254–258].
8. Sokolova, I.V. Revitalization of historical structures of gas tanks // Innovation and investment, 2022, # 2, pp. 229–233 [Revitalizaciya istoricheskih sooruzhenij gazgol’derov // Innovacii i investicii, 2022, # 2, pp. 229–233].
9. The Development of Gas Lighting Burners – originally written for the Historic Gas Times in 2017 (URL: http://williamsugghistory.o.uk/the-development-of-gaslighting-burners-originally- written-for-the-historic-gastimes-in‑2017 (access date: 29.08.23)).
10. Gasbeleuchtung (URL: http://echnik.de-academic.com/8992/Gasbeleuchtung (access date: 29.08.23)).
11. Paigt, L. Sweet the Sociology of Gaslighting // American Sociological Review. Vol. 84, # 5. (URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0003122419874843 (access date: 25.08.23)).
12. Sullivan, A., Flint, K. Introduction: Technologies of Fire in Nineteenth-Century British Culture / Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century 25, 2017 (URL: https://19.bbk.ac.uk/article/id/1792/ (access date: 26.08.23)).
13. Grigoriev, N.D. Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin // Electricity, 2012, # 10, pp. 2–6 [Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin // Elektrichestvo, 2012, # 10, pp. 2–6].
14. Venslauskene, E., Vozniak, E., Zavarikin, S. Street lighting St. Petersburg from 1703 to 1917 // E3S Web of Conferences, Vol. 164, # 05017.
15. Natural Gas Street Lighting a Catalyst for Economic Development (URL: https://energy5.com/naturalgas-street-lighting-a-catalyst-for-economic-development (access date: 29.08.23)).

The temperature and humidity state of the foundations and foundations in the climatic conditions of the Russian Federation is decisive in their design,it affects the bearing capacity, operational reliability, and durability of the foundations and the entire building.
When designing foundations and foundations, they solve a set of tasks that are subordinated to one idea, so that the soil (base) he carried the load from the building or structure proposed to him, and the foundation structure itself would ensure reliable operation of the building or structure for the entire life cycle, since the foundations belong to permanent structures, and their repair is associated with large material costs.
Existing modern calculation methods assume that the heat transfer process is stationary and do not consider real processes – seasonal and daily fluctuations in outdoor air temperature, heating on and off modes, temperature changes in the depth of the soil, wet structures due to accidents of heating plants, the absence (or destruction) of a blind area, etc. Freezing of soils, as a rule, occurs in autumn-winter period, when the soil is saturated with moisture. Thawing of the soil occurs in the spring-summer period. These processes are non-stationary in nature, which is influenced by many factors, including solar radiation. The work is devoted to modelling and calculation of these real processes. The process of freezing and thawing of the foundation soils is influenced by many factors: the composition of the soil, water, ice, snow, solar radiation, fluctuations in outdoor temperature. The paper provides general information about some of the physical properties of water, ice, and snow, necessary for understanding the processes under consideration.

1. Tsytovich, N.A. Mechanics of frozen soils. Textbook / M.: “Higher school”, 1973 [Mekhanika merzlyh gruntov. Uchebnoe posobie. – M.: “Vysshaya shkola”, 1973].
2. SP 25.13330.2020 (SNiP 2.02.04–88) Foundations and foundations on permafrost soils. Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated 12/30/2020 No. 915.
3. Gagarin, V.G. Theory of the state and transfer of moisture in building materials and heat-protective properties of building enclosing structures: Dis. doct. technical Sciences / NIISF. – M.: – 2000 [Teoriya sostoyaniya i perenosa vlagi v stroitel’nyh materialah i teplozashchitnye svojstva ograzhdayushchih konstrukcij zdanij: Dis. dokt. tekhn. nauk / NIISF. – M.: – 2000].
4. Tsytovich, N.A. Construction in permafrost conditions. Abstracts of reports at the conference of the SOPS of the USSR Academy of Sciences / Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1941 [Stroitel’stvo v usloviyah vechnoj merzloty. Tezisy dokladov na konferencii SOPS AN SSSR. Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1941].
5. Andrianov, P.I. Freezing temperature of soils / SOPS OF THE USSR Academy of Sciences, 1936 [Temperatura zamerzaniya gruntov. SOPS AN SSSR, 1936].
6. Bozhenova, A.P. Supercooling of water during freezing in soils and soils. Materials on lab. research frozen soils under the hands of N.A. Tsytovich, collection 1 / Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953 [Pereohlazhdenie vody pri zamerzanii v pochvah i gruntah. Materialy po lab. issled. merzlyh gruntov pod ruk. N.A. Cytovicha, sb. 1. Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1953].
7. Tsytovich, N.A. A new principle of mechanics of frozen soils // USSR Academy of Sciences “Permafrost”, 1946, Vol. 1, # 1 [Novyj princip mekhaniki merzlyh gruntov // AN SSSR “Merzlotovedenie”. – 1946. – T. 1. – № 1].
8. Tsytovich, N.A. Mechanics of frozen soils. Textbook / M.: “Higher school”, 1973, 448 p. [Mekhanika merzlyh gruntov. Uchebnoe posobie. – M.: “Vysshaya shkola”. – 1973. – 448 s.]
9. Lykov, A.V. Theoretical foundations of building thermophysics / Minsk: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, 1961, 520 p. [Teoreticheskie osnovy stroitel’noj teplofiziki. – Minsk: Izd. AN BSSR, 1961. – 520 s.]
10. Lykov, A.V., Mikhailov, Yu.A. Theory of heat and mass transfer / M.-L.: Gosenergoizdat, 1963, 536 p. [Teoriya teplo- i massoperenosa. –M.-L.: Gosenergoizdat, 1963. – 536 s.]
11. Lykov, A.V. Theory of thermal conductivity / Moscow:Higher School, 1967, 600 p. [Teoriya teploprovodnosti. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1967. – 600 s.]
12. Komarov, V.D. Hydrological analysis and forecast of spring flood of lowland rivers / L.: Hydrometeorological publishing house, 1955, 304 p. [Gidrologicheskij analiz i prognoz vesennego polovod’ya ravninnyh rek. – L.: Gidrometioizdat, 1955, – 304 s.]
13. Shultz, V.L. Snow melting in the mountains of Central Asia / Publishing house of Akad.sciences Uz. SSR, 1956, 352 p. [Tayanie snegov v gorah Srednej Azii. Izd-vo Akad.nauk Uz. SSR,1956. – 352 s.]
14. Kuzmin, P.P. The process of melting snow cover / L.: Hydrometeorological publishing house, 1961, 348 p. [Process tayaniya snezhnogo pokrova. – L.: Gidrometioizdat, 1961, – 348 s.]
15. Abels, G.F. The daily course of temperature and the determination of the relationship between the thermal conductivity of snow and its density / SPb.; type. Imp. Academy of Sciences, 1983, 65 p. [Sutochnyj hod temperatury i opredelenie zavisimosti mezhdu teploprovodnost’yu snega i ego plotnost’yu. – SPb.; tip. Imp. Akad.nauk, 1983. – 65 s.]
16. Voeykov, A.I. Snow cover and its influence on soil, climate and weather and methods of research. [Op.] D.chl. A.I. Voeikov; edited by N. Mushketov. – 2nd ed., ispr. And significantly additional / SPb.: Type. Imp. Academy of Sciences, 1889, 213 p. [Snezhnyj pokrov i ego vliyaniena pochvu, klimat i pogodj i sposoby issledovaniya. [Soch.] D.chl. A.I. Voejkova; pod red. N. Mushketova. – 2‑e izd., ispr. I znachitel’no dop. –SPb.: Tip. Imp. Akad nauk. 1889. – 213 s.]
17. Dunin, A.K. In the kingdom of snow / Novosibirsk: Nauka.; Siberian Branch, 1983, 161 p. [V carstve snega. – Novosibirsk: Nauka.; Sib otd-nie, 1983. – 161 s.]

Part 1 provides general information about some of the physical properties of water, ice, and snow necessary to understand the non-stationary processes of freezing and thawing of enclosing structures of wet foundation soils.
Part 2 presents the physical and mathematical formulation of the problem of freezing of wet soil, the solution of Lyame and Clapeyron, the solution of Stefan, the physical and mathematical formulation of the problem of freezing of the ribbon foundation. The following are considered: description of the process of freezing of a single-layer enclosing structure considering the phase transformations of moisture in the material of the structure according to V.N. Bogoslovsky and the process of freezing of an unlimited plate considering the phase transformations of moisture in the material of the structure according to A.V. Lykov. Mathematical model of non-stationary heat transfer process in wet layered media. Based on the method of small-time intervals, solutions of boundary value problems for frozen and thawed zones in the region of large and small Fourier numbers are given. Prospects for the application of the proposed mathematical models to describe the processes of freezing and enclosing structures and foundation soils are outlined.

1. Lykov, A.V. Theory of thermal conductivity / Moscow: Higher School, 1967, 600 p. [Teoriya teploprovodnosti. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1967. – 600 s.]
2. Leibenzon, L.S. Guide to oilfield mechanics / M. -L.: ONTI NKTP USSR, 1934 [Rukovodstvo po neftepromyslovoj mekhanike. – M. – L.: ONTI NKTP SSSR. – 1934].
3. Leibenzon, L.S. On the dynamic temperature condition of the formation of folds on the surface of the globe and during cooling / Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, REL., series geogr. and geo-phys, 1939, # 6, 625 p. [O dinamicheskom temperaturnom uslovii obrazovaniya skladchatosti na poverhnosti zemnogo shara i pri ohlazhdenii. Izd. AN SSSR, OTN, seriya geogr. i geofiz. – № 6, 1939. – S. 625].
4. Lukyanov, V.S., Golovko, M.D. Calculation of soil freezing / Moscow, 1957 [Raschet promerzaniya gruntov. – M.: 1957].
5. Porkhaev, G.V. Thermal interaction of buildings and structures with permafrost soils / M.: Publishing house “Science”, 1970.SP 25.13330.2020 (SNiP 2.02.04–88) Foundations and foundations on permafrost soils. The order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated 12/30/2020 No. 915 [Teplovoe vzaimodejstvie zdanij i sooruzhenij s vechnomerzlymi gruntami. – M.: Izd-vo “Nauka”, 1970.SP 25.13330.2020 (SNiP 2.02.04–88) Osnovaniya i fundamenty na vechnomerzlyh gruntah. Prikaz Minstroya Rossii ot 30.12.2020 № 915].
6. Tsytovich, N.A. A new principle of mechanics of frozen soils // USSR Academy of Sciences “Permafrost”, 1946, Vol. 1, # 1 [Novyj princip mekhaniki merzlyh gruntov // AN SSSR “Merzlotovedenie”. – 1946. – T. 1. – № 1].
7. Tsytovich, N.A. Mechanics of frozen soils. Textbook / M.: “Higher school”, 1973, 448 p.
8. SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings. Approved By Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated June 30, 2012, # 265 [Mekhanika merzlyh gruntov. Uchebnoe posobie. – M.: “Vysshaya shkola”. – 1973. – 448 s.]
9. Bogoslovsky, V.N. Construction thermophysics. (Thermophysical fundamentals of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning): Textbook for universities / 2nd ed., reprint. and additional- M.: Higher.school, 1982, 415 p. [Stroitel’naya teplofizika. (Teplofizicheskie osnovy otopleniya, ventilyacii i kondicioni-rovaniya vozduha): Uchebnik dlya vuzov. –2e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: Vyssh. shkola, 1982. – 415 s.]
10. Fedosov, S.V., Gnedina, L. Yu. Unsteady heat transfer in a multilayer enclosing structure. / In the book. Problems of construction thermophysics of microclimate and energy saving systems in buildings: Collection of dokl. The fourth scientific and practical conference on April 27–29, 1999 / Moscow: NIISF, 1999, pp. 343–348 [Nestacionarnyj teploperenos v mnogoslojnoj ograzhdayushchej konstrukcii. / V kn. Problemy stroitel’noj teplofiziki sistem obespecheniya mikroklimata i energosberezheniya v zdaniyah: Sb. dokl. chetvertoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii 27–29 aprelya 1999 g. – M.: NIISF, 1999. – S. 343–348].
11. Rebinder, P.A. Physico-chemical mechanics, series IV, No. 39140 / M.: ed. “Knowledge, 1958 [Fiziko-himicheskaya mekhanika, seriya IV, № 39140. – M.: izd. “Znanie”. – 1958].
12. Tsytovich, N.A. Construction in permafrost conditions. Abstracts of reports at the conference of the SOPS of the USSR Academy of Sciences / Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1941 [Stroitel’stvo v usloviyah vechnoj merzloty. Tezisy dokladov na konferencii SOPS AN SSSR. Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1941].
13. Lykov, A.V., Mikhailov, Yu.A. Theory of heat and mass transfer / M.-L.: Gosenergoiz-dat, 1963, 536 p. [Teoriya teplo- i massoperenosa. – M.-L.: Gosenergoiz dat, 1963. – 536 s.]
14. Tsytovich, N.A. Mechanics of frozen soils. Textbook / M.: “Higher School”, 1973 [Mekhanika merzlyh gruntov. Uchebnoe posobie. – M.: “Vysshaya shkola”, 1973].
15. Gagarin, V.G. Theory of the state and transfer of moisture in building materials and heat-protective properties of building enclosing structures: Dis. doct. Technical sciences / NIISF. – M.: – 2000 [Teoriya sostoyaniya i perenosa vlagi v stroitel’nyh materialah i teplozashchitnye svojstva ograzhdayushchih konstrukcij zdanij: Dis. dokt. tekhn. nauk / NIISF. – M.: – 2000].
16. Machinsky, V.D. Thermal engineering fundamentals of civil engineering / M.: Go-sizdat, 1928, 262 p. [Teplotekhnicheskie osnovy grazhdanskogo stroitel’stva. – M.: Gosizdat, 1928. – 262 s.]
17. Fedosov, S.V. Processes of heat treatment of dispersed materials with phase and chemical transformations. Dis. doct. Technical Sciences / Leningrad Instituteof Technology named after Lensoveta. – L.: 1987 [Processy termicheskoj obrabotki dispersnyh materialov s fazovymi i himicheskimi pre-vrashcheniyami. Dis. dokt. tekhn. nauk/ Leningradskij tekhnologicheskij institut im. Lensoveta. – L.: 1987].
18. Romankov, P.G., Frolov, V.F. Mass transfer processes of chemical technology (systems with a dispersed and solid phase) / L.: Chemistry, 1990, 384 p. [Massoobmennye processy himicheskoj tekhnologii (sistemy s dispersnoj i tverdoj fazoj). – L.: Himiya, 1990. – 384 s.]

In this paper, the energy efficiency of a ventilated facade is considered by calculating the reduced heat transfer resistance of a hinged facade system (HFS). We have approved three options for fixing the hinged ventilated facade to three types of walls of residential buildings based on the material of: monolithic reinforced concrete, aerated concrete blocks, and solid brick masonry. The choice of these wall filling materials is due to their wide application, both in new construction and in the reconstruction of existing residential buildings, both in mass development and in private housing construction. The thickness of the insulation is also selected. For the selection of insulation, and in general for the calculation of the enclosing structure, the most important factor is the appearance of a dew point. The dew point depends on the thickness and material of the wall filling, the heat and humidity regime inside the building, and climatic conditions. In this paper, research is carried out in terms of calculating the reduced heat transfer resistance of suspended ventilated facades, taking into account in homogeneities using the finite element method, as well as using the traditional method, taking into account the above factors. A comparison of these calculation methods is made and a conclusion is drawn about the expediency of taking into account point bridges of cold. Through cold bridges, energy losses occur, which leads to a change in the temperature regime in the rooms (temperature decrease) during the cold period of the year, and vice versa, to increased heating of the room during the warm period of the year, which leads to the appearance of a dew point in the wall. On a ventilated facade, the most vulnerable point is the brackets, which belong to the group of point bridges of cold. Based on the calculation results, the best wall filling was determined, which reduces the thickness of the insulation from 30 % to 50 % and reduces the specific weight of the wall structure by 1.25–2.1 times, which significantly affects the load on the building foundation.

1. SP 23–101–2004 Design of thermal protection of buildings / Moscow: FSUE TSPP, 2004.
2. Gorshkov, A.S. Energy efficiency in construction: issues of rationing and measures to reduce energy consumption of buildings // Civil Engineering Journal, 2010, # 1 (11), pp. 9–13.
3. GOST 32314–2012 Industrial thermal insulation mineral wool products used in construction. General Technical Conditions / Moscow: STANDARTINFORM Publ., 2014.
4. Grishin, P.A. Optimization of technical solutions device of hinged ventilated facades based on the use of insulation with improved characteristics of moisture resistance // International Journal of Applied Sciences and Technologies Integral, 2020, # 5, p. 14.
5. SP 131.13330.2020 Construction climatology SNiP 23–01–99 / Moscow: STANDARTINFORM, 2021.
6. GOST 30494–2011 Residential and public buildings. Parameters of indoor microclimate (Reissue with Correction) / Moscow: STANDARTINFORM, 2019.
7. SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings. Updated version of SNiP 23–02–2003 (with Change No. 1) / Moscow: Minregion Rossii, 2012.
8. SP 230.1325800.2015 Structures enclosing buildings. Characteristics of heat engineering inhomogeneity (with Change N 1) / Moscow: Minstroi Rossii, 2015.
9. Tusnina, V. M., Fayzov, D. Sh. On the issue of heat engineering calculation of inhomogeneous enclosing structures of buildings / Industrial and Civil Engineering, 2017, # 4, pp. 19–24.
10. GOST R 54851–2011 Non-uniform building enclosing structures. Calculation of reduced heat transfer resistance / Moscow: STANDARTINFORM, 2012.
11. SP 23–101–2004 Design of thermal protection of buildings / Moscow: FSUE TSPP, 2004.

1. Gusev, N.M. Fundamentals of Building Physics [Gusev N.M. Osnovy stroitel’noy fiziki] // Moscow, Storoyizdat, 1975, 440 p.
2. Solovyov A.K. Physics of the environment [Solov’yev A.K. Fizika sredy] // Moscow: ASV, 2014, 341 p.
3. Obolensky, N.V. Architectural Physics // Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1997, 441p. [Obolenskiy, N.V. Arkhitekturnaya fizika // Moskva, Stroyizdat, 1997, 441 s.]
4. Building regulations (set of Rules) SNiP II‑4–79. Daylighting and artificial lighting [Stroitel’nye normy i pravila (svod Pravil) SNiP II‑4–79. Estestvennoe i iskusstvennoe osveshchenie]] // Moscow, 1979.
5. Building regulations (set of Rules) SNiP 23–05–95* Daylighting ana artifical lighting .[Stroitel’nye normy i pravila (svod Pravil) SNiP 23–05–95* Estestvennoe i iskusstvennoe osveshchenie] // Moscow, 1995.
6. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 23.102.2003 Daylighting of residential and public buildings [Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 23.102.2003 Estestvennoe osveshchenie zhilyh i obshchestvennyh zdanij] // Moscow, 2003
7. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 52.13330.2011 Daylighting and artifical lighting [Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 52.13330.2011 Estestvennoe i iskusstvennoe osveshchenie] // Moscow, 2011.
8. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 367.1325800.2017 Residential and Public Buildings. Rules of Natural and Integral lighting’ design [Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 367.1325800.2017 Zdaniya zhilyye i obshchestvennyye. Pravila proyektirovaniya yestestvennogo i sovmeshchennogo osveshcheniya] // Moscow, 2017.
9. Sanitary Codes and Regulations – SanPin 1.2.3685–21 Hygienic norms and requirements to provide safety and/or harmless for a human being factors of live able environment [Sanitarnyye normy i pravila – SanPiN 1.2.3685–21 Gigiyenicheskiye normativy i trebovaniya k obespecheniyu bezopasnosti i (ili) bezvrednosti dlya cheloveka faktorov sredy obitaniya] / Moscow: Ministry of Health of Russia, 2021, 8 p.
10. Larionova, K.O. Top natural lighting of buildings under dense surrounding development [Verkhneye yestestvennoye osveshcheniye zdaniy v usloviyakh plotnoy okruzhayushchey zastroyki (kandidatskaya dissertatsiya] // Ph. D. Thesis, Moscow, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 2020, 183 p.
11. Solovyov A.K. Research into Illumination of Buildings and Constructions Conducted in Architectural and Construction Educational and Scientific Institutes: Review // Light & Engineering, 2017, Vol. 25, # 1, pp. 23–30.
12. Larionova, K.O. Field and theoretic studies of natural lighting in spaces with overhead lighting system with the consideration of light engineering influence of surrounding buildings [Larionova, K.O. Naturnyye i teoreticheskiye issledovaniya yestestvennoy osveshchennosti pomeshcheniy s sistemoy verkhnego osveshcheniya s uchetom svetotekhnicheskogo vliyaniya okruzhayushchiyey zastroyki] // Scientific Review, 2015, # 13, pp. 58–62.
13. Larionova, K.O. Unification of design schemes for determining the values of natural lighting coefficient in buildings with lateral and ceiling natural illumination [Unifikatsiya raschetnykh skhem dlya opredeleniya znacheniy koeffitsiyenta yestestvennoy osveshchennosti pri bokovom i verkhnem yestestvennom osveshchenii zdaniy] // Scientific Review, 2016, # 21, pp. 70–74.
14. Larionova, K.O. Comparative analysis of calculation methods of the natural lighting coefficient for the systems of side and upper natural lighting premises [Sravnitel’nyy analiz metodov rascheta koeffitsiyenta yestestvennoy osveshchennosti dlya sistem bokovogo i verkhnego yestestvennogo osveshcheniya pomeshcheniy] // Scientific Review, 2016, #15, pp. 65–70.
15. Larionova K., Stetsky S. Problems of natural lighting for deepened buildings and underground premises under screen effect of high-rise construction // E3S Web Conferences, 2018, p. 02017.

Tatyana N. Shchelokova
To the History of the Creation of Architectural and Construction Design and Environmental Physics Department at MGSU

Nina A. Vrublevskaya and Elena V. Sysoeva
History of Development of Engineering Support of Buildings and Thermal Insulation of Enclosing Structures

Artem R. Onoprienko, Alexei K. Solovyov, and Vladimir I. Rimshin
The Use of Solar Energy for Heating Premises in the Southern Regions of the Russian Federation in the Spring-Autumn Period

Adham Giyasov and Abdulrahman Karoum
Light Planograph for Insolation Energy Characteristics of Buildings and Territory of Multi-Storey Structures Modelling

Irina V. Giyasova
The Technology of Translucent Skylight Structures Made of Falconnier’s Glass Bricks

Nina A. Molchina
The Influence of Reflected Light on the Assessment of the Quality of Daylighting in Rooms with Vertical Windows

Tatyana N. Shchelokova
To the History of the Creation of Architectural and Construction Design and Environmental Physics Department at MGSU

Nina A. Vrublevskaya and Elena V. Sysoeva
History of Development of Engineering Support of Buildings and Thermal Insulation of Enclosing Structures

Artem R. Onoprienko, Alexei K. Solovyov, and Vladimir I. Rimshin
The Use of Solar Energy for Heating Premises in the Southern Regions of the Russian Federation in the Spring-Autumn Period

Adham Giyasov and Abdulrahman Karoum
Light Planograph for Insolation Energy Characteristics of Buildings and Territory of Multi-Storey Structures Modelling

Irina V. Giyasova
The Technology of Translucent Skylight Structures Made of Falconnier’s Glass Bricks

Nina A. Molchina
The Influence of Reflected Light on the Assessment of the Quality of Daylighting in Rooms with Vertical Windows