This issue of the Light and Engineering Journal is exploring a wide variety of light application instances, concerning both theoretical, practical and legal fields.
Various topics were addressed – questions and approaches on both Maxwell Garnett Approximation and Bruggeman approximation are discussed here, as well as the contemporary results of an array of multinational studies concerning Non-Line of Sight communication – the way of transferring information depending on a medium.
Another article introduces a new method – as a substitution for the bidirectional scattering distribution function – for precise reconstruction of the scattering properties of a rough surface, in this case dielectric-air interface.
There is also a discussion on a combined emergency lighting system, designed to detect fires at the early stage and to communicate with the dwellers of the structure by sending alarm messages through a mobile network.
Some of the other topics include: a thorough look at lifetime cost effectiveness of LED and other luminaries – simulations of the life cycle cost analysis were used to acquire precise results; the features of LED-based street lighting powered by solar energy, concentrating upon design considerations and the operating principle in detail; the features of indoor light that affect our mental state, and aims at reducing the harmful effect of it.
As it was mentioned above, the legal aspects of energy regulation were vastly explored in this issue – and the need to prope
l the development of the associated laws that quickly become outdated due to the rapid changes in the field. This section addresses energy efficiency in the aspect of State public interest, its influence on a budget, as well as the legal aspects of different non-conventional ways to attract investments to the energy-saving technologies and the alternative ways of raising funds – Initial Coin Offering.
A thorough investigation is given on the energy supply problems for state-owned enterprises, through which its importance for the state economy is shown, thus denoting the special need to assess the related risks, costs and features of this field.
Why there is a necessity of energy law stabilization and improving of legislations in the area? Where is the situation going within the Russian economic scenario? These questions are addressed here as well.
Also the present violations in the energy related area – the consequence of the importance of this field in our life – received a well-deserved attention. The authors determine some loopholes in laws in attempts to ameliorate the state of things.
As a conclusion the last work determines whether the contemporary electric energy market needs to shift its competitive situation and open up to the private investments to encourage business involvement, as well as analyzes the legal state of this field in Russia.

This issue of the Light and Engineering Journal is exploring a wide variety of light application instances, concerning both theoretical, practical and legal fields.
Various topics were addressed – questions and approaches on both Maxwell Garnett Approximation and Bruggeman approximation are discussed here, as well as the contemporary results of an array of multinational studies concerning Non-Line of Sight communication – the way of transferring information depending on a medium.
Another article introduces a new method – as a substitution for the bidirectional scattering distribution function – for precise reconstruction of the scattering properties of a rough surface, in this case dielectric-air interface.
There is also a discussion on a combined emergency lighting system, designed to detect fires at the early stage and to communicate with the dwellers of the structure by sending alarm messages through a mobile network.
Some of the other topics include: a thorough look at lifetime cost effectiveness of LED and other luminaries – simulations of the life cycle cost analysis were used to acquire precise results; the features of LED-based street lighting powered by solar energy, concentrating upon design considerations and the operating principle in detail; the features of indoor light that affect our mental state, and aims at reducing the harmful effect of it.
As it was mentioned above, the legal aspects of energy regulation were vastly explored in this issue – and the need to prope
l the development of the associated laws that quickly become outdated due to the rapid changes in the field. This section addresses energy efficiency in the aspect of State public interest, its influence on a budget, as well as the legal aspects of different non-conventional ways to attract investments to the energy-saving technologies and the alternative ways of raising funds – Initial Coin Offering.
A thorough investigation is given on the energy supply problems for state-owned enterprises, through which its importance for the state economy is shown, thus denoting the special need to assess the related risks, costs and features of this field.
Why there is a necessity of energy law stabilization and improving of legislations in the area? Where is the situation going within the Russian economic scenario? These questions are addressed here as well.
Also the present violations in the energy related area – the consequence of the importance of this field in our life – received a well-deserved attention. The authors determine some loopholes in laws in attempts to ameliorate the state of things.
As a conclusion the last work determines whether the contemporary electric energy market needs to shift its competitive situation and open up to the private investments to encourage business involvement, as well as analyzes the legal state of this field in Russia.

When creating new lighting and optoelectronic devices, great attention in recent years is paid to use nano-composite materials, i.e. the media containing impregnations of nanometre size, such as nano-particles of metals, quantum points, carbon nanotubes, graphenes, etc. This allows obtaining media with new, formerly unattainable characteristics. An initial point when describing properties of such medias is usually evaluation of their effective parameters (dielectric permeability, conductivity, heat conduction and of other similar transport coefficients) media, in other words, media containing macroscopic impregnations with known or determined from experiments characteristics. Main approaches used in such cases are known Maxwell Garnett and Bruggeman approximations. In this review, methodical questions connected with various approaches to obtain these approximations and of their generalisations are discussed. Also some new results are given, which connected with evaluations of percolation thresholds within generalised Bruggeman approximations in the event of multi-component media.

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Results of theoretical and experimental research of NLOS (NonLine of Sight) communication systems in the atmosphere, under water, and in mixed media based on publications of authors from China, Canada, Greece, the USA, Great Britain, Russia, and other countries are discussed in the present work. The theory of radiation transfer and the linear systems theory provide the basis for theoretical research. The radiation transfer equation is solved by the Monte–Carlo method in the singlescattering approximation. It is demonstrated that approximate methods are applicable when the average scattering multiplicity in open communication channels does not exceed 1.
The Monte Carlo method is used to study the influence of opticalgeometric parameters of schemes of communication channels on the probabilities of communication errors, signal/noise ratios, limiting base lengths, attenuation of informationcarrying signals, and their superposition leading to communication errors.
Examples of communications in the atmosphere in the UV range at distances up to 1300 m, in the visible range up to70 km, and under water up to 20 m are given.
Search for optimal methods of signal modulation, development of software and hardware complexes for numerical simulation of the transfer properties of communication channels, refinement of analytical models of impulse transfer characteristics of noncoplanar schemes of bistatic optoelectronic communication systems (OECS), and research of the effect of winddriven sea waves and processes of radiation scattering in water are planned to study the efficiency of operation of the communication systems and to expand ranges of variations of the input NLOS and OECS parameters in the experiments carried out in natural water reservoirs.

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This small-scale pilot study investigates peoples’ shortterm chromatic adaptation preferences for correlated colour temperature (CCT) within the cultural context of India. White tone CCT preferences were investigated using a spectrally tuneable LED lighting system. A mock-up room was built and illuminated with two LED luminaires. Each LED luminaire has 216 clusters and each cluster comprising three LED with CCT equal respectively to 3000 K, 4000 K and 6500 K (total 648 LEDs per luminaire). User preference studies in a generic environment were conducted with 50 Indian subjects, where each subject performed generic everyday activities, such as reading, watching TV, eating and relaxing, while being totally immersed in three different scenes of 3000 K, 4000 K and 6500 K. The study shows 6500 K is the least preferred CCT, and 4000 K is preferred for task-oriented activities such as reading and eating. Furthermore, subjects are unable to differentiate between 3000 K and 4000 K while performing non-task-oriented activities such as relaxing and watching TV.

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This paper describes a microcontroller based emergency lighting system, which can early detect fire and send the alarm message through a mobile network. This is achieved via smoke and gas detector technology added with integrated microcontroller, mobile communication and a LED emergency light. First five Minutes of fire is more important than last five hours [1]. Hence, it is important to have early detection of fire and start fire fighting in its inception. In many hazardous areas where flammable materials are handled, any leak or spillage may give rise to an explosive atmosphere. In this situation, early detection of leaking gas or smoke plays an important role in reducing fire deaths and injuries. In fact, immediately after detection of fire, fire fighting should be started by means of portable fire extinguishers or by informing the fire brigade. This developed system can initiate these functions by detecting the fire hazard, establishing the communication to dwellers and turning on the emergency light to show the exit route.

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This paper investigates and compares the photometric performance and lifetime cost effectiveness of LED and existing conventional luminaires (high pressure sodium (HPS) and metal halide (MH)). Photometric measurements of the lamps and the luminaires were performed at Yıldız Technical University Lighting Laboratory in Turkey. The performance requirements of the luminaires were analysed according to CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standards. In the simulations, HPS, MH and LED luminaires that provide good lighting criteria for designing M1 and M2 road models were compared in terms of a cost analysis. The life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) method, which comprises installation, energy and maintenance costs, was used in this study. The results of the LCCA showed that LED luminaires have almost the same cost effectiveness as HPS luminaires for the M2 road lighting class, and the total cost of LED luminaires is approximately 11.5 % less than that of HPS luminaires for the M1 lighting class.

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Turkey is rich in terms of renewable energy sources and, therefore, is now encouraging the use of sustainable clean lighting systems in road applications. High pressure sodium lamp is the most widely used type in main roads, but other types of lamps such as mercury vapour lamps or metal halide lamps can be utilized for street lighting. Since it enables energy and money saving, LED light technology has replaced high pressure sodium lamps nowadays. Once solar power system (PV) is integrated with LED lamp for street lighting, the amount of saving and local impact might be enriched.
LEDs used as light sources in road lighting luminaires with rising lumen values, decreasing junction temperature, higher colour rendering efficiency, longer lifetime have become more efficient than many light sources with the latest developments. Since the structure of the luminaires in which the LED light sources are used differs from that of the conventional light sources, the optical, thermal and electrical design of the LED luminaires must be considered differently. Thus, this study concentrates upon design considerations and the operating principle of solarpowered LED road lighting luminaire in details. Also, a simple solar panel system was designed and the economical values obtained at the end of 20 years were compared when using the ongrid system and the off-grid system.

1. P. Sathya et al., “Design and Implementation of 12V/24V Closed loop Boost Converter for Solar Powered LED Lighting System”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), Vol: 5 No: 1 Feb-Mar 2013.
2. I. Çolak, I. Sefa, R. Bayindir, M. Demirtas, “Güneş Enerjisi Kaynaklı LED Armatür Tasarımı”, Journal of Polytechnic, Vol: 10 No: 4 pp.347–352, 2007.
3. M.I. Masoud, “Street Lighting using Solar Powered LED Light Technology: Sultan Qaboos University Case Study”, Proceedings of the 8th IEEE GCC Conference and Exhibition, Muscat, Oman, 1–4 February, 2015.
4. Lina Al-Kurdia, Reem Al-Masria, A. Al-Salaymeh, “Economical Investigation of the Feasibility of Utilizing the PV Solar Lighting for Jordanian Streets,” Int. J. of Thermal & Environmental Engineering, 2015, Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 79–85.
5. Mokhtar Ali, Mohamed Orabi, Emad Abdelkarim, Jaber A. Abu Qahouq, Abdelali El Aroudi, “Design and development of energy-free solar street LED light system,” in 2011 IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – Middle East, Jeddah, pp. 1–7, 2011.
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Light is a condition that human beings are subjected to in nature. Light is not only a physical parameter but also an important factor, which is affecting the mental and cognitive performance of the person. For this reason, in recent years, many researchers and scientists have been working on and exploring this direction of light. The spectral structure of light in the natural environment shows a continuous change. We can define this natural environment as the spectral transformation of daylight in open air. Thus, people who remain in closed environments during the day are living under unfavourable conditions, such as constant colour temperatures and luminous flux of illumination. The studies aimed at reducing this harmful effect the most. These studies are based on the principle that all intermediate colours are obtained by blending the light in 2 different colours (usually one is very warm white and the other is very cold white) and that the intermediate colours are timed within a certain scenario and illuminated indoors to simulate the outside environment. In this study, the mixture of light sources in different colours was mathematically modelled in computer environment and the CCT in K of the mixture was calculated. It is also optimized to obtain the mixture colour with least mistakes of the mixture functions by comparing with the actual measurement results.

The article considers the categories of energy saving and energy efficiency in the aspect of State public interest. The implementation of energy saving policy is an independent public interest, as it allows solving some global, national tasks systematically. The article investigates the ratio of energy saving to the public interest in reducing the energy intensity of the Russian economy. The authors reveal the relationship between energy saving and public interest in ensuring national energy security of Russia. The authors consider energy saving as a factor contributing to the implementation of the actual public interest in the conservation of exhaustible natural resources reveal the relationship between energy saving and public environmental interest. A part of the article is devoted to the study of energy saving as a direction of state policy, allowing contributing to the preservation of the nation health. Energy saving is also considered in the aspect of public interest to increase the efficiency of budget spending to optimize public spending in the field of municipal authorities (for example, lighting).
The authors correlate all the considered state public interests with the category of “national interest” in the context of the provisions of the national security Strategy of the Russian Federation.

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The objective of the research is to determine the legal terms of the implementation of alternative ways of attracting investments in the energy saving technology industry. To achieve this goal, the authors examined economic and legal problems of fundraising in the industry of energy-saving technologies and grounded the importance of solving the problems for the lighting equipment industry. The article provides a comparative analysis of the volume of global investments in this area of the economy and identifies a number of problems hampering the access of innovative enterprises to investment for developing energy-saving technologies. The article considers an alternative way of raising funds for innovative startups in the field of energy saving, ICOs (ICO stands for Initial Coin Offering). The article, also, analyzes the ICO market with 14 current participants, energy-saving technologies companies. Furthermore, the authors looked at the legislative regulation of this raising capital method in energy saving and energy efficiency in the Russian Federation and abroad in order to identify the best international experience and its implementation in the Russian legal field. As a result of the research, the authors developed practical recommendations for legal support for upcoming ICOs procedures for companies in this industry.

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This article presents a comprehensive study of energy supply problems for stateowned enterprises. The categories considered (financial activity, legal interests, energy system) allow to reveal the special importance of state enterprises for the state economy. Identification of energy supply problems of stateowned enterprises will allow to assess the optimal power capacities of the public legal sector. The revealed regularities of the energy potential will allow us to assess the risks when planning and predicting energy efficiency. The dynamics of the increase in the consumption of electricity by state enterprises is traced, at the same time as the search for alternative sources of resource support is on. The developed infrastructure of stateowned enterprises implies the search for technologically justified solutions to obtain energy resources in an innovative way. Recommended approach of energy saving systems usage will allow the enterprise manages to optimize the costs. State enterprise is a unique organizational and legal form with the participation of public and legal entities that allow the state to participate in economic processes in the most optimal, efficient and effective way and realize the most significant state tasks. Such tasks include: implementation of public interests, provision of society with necessary goods and services, implementation of separately subsidized activities, production of military equipment, cartridges, gunpowder, chemical production, disposal of hazardous waste. These tasks emphasize a special priority for the presence of publiclegal entities in this sector of the economy. The legal nature of state enterprises allows for the most effective implementation of this activity.

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The authors of the article consider the formation of the economy energetic sector with regard to the system of law provisions, governing the state activity in relation to the formation and development of market mechanism in the fuel and energy complex (FEC), and also the activity of business entities in the energy market and its infrastructure. They analyze the set of law provisions, forming the existing energy legislation in Russia, and some practical matters regarding statutory requirements for applying effective and safe lighting equipment. The article draws the conclusion about the necessity of the energy law stabilization and the provision of legal control in the developing sphere of public relations in the area of energy. Authors point out the need of improving legislation in the area of producing energy effective lighting equipment, with the purpose of stimulating the development of scientific research and legal support for manufacturing new goods, which are necessary for customers.

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The article substantiates the expediency of improving the legal support for the introduction and use of energy-efficient lighting equipment, as well as smart networks (Smart Grid), taking into account the ongoing digitalization of the Russian economy and electric power industry. The goal of scientific research is formulated, which is to develop practical recommendations on optimization of the public relations legal regulation in the digital power engineering sector. The research methodology is represented by the interaction of the legal and sociological aspects of the scientific methods system. The current regulatory and legal basis for the transformation of digital electricity relations has been determined. The need to modernize the system of the new technologies introduction legal regulation for generation, storage, transmission of energy, intelligent networks, including a riskbased management model, is established. A set of standardsetting measures was proposed to transform the legal regulation of public relations in the field of energyefficient lighting equipment with the aim of creating and effectively operating a single digital environment, both at the Federal and regional levels. A priority is set for the development of “smart” power grids and highly efficient power equipment in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation through a set of legal, economic (financial), edu cational measures.

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Artificial electric lighting in buildings is an important element of any electrical system. The ample use of artificial electric lighting in modern society is indisputable. Apart from its main purpose, if legally designed and installed, electrical lighting promotes the stable work and development of a country’s power engineering. Effective use of energy resources and the capacities of power engineering are keys for the sustainability of economic growth. An increased demand in energy resources has provoked uncontrolled energy consumption and violations in fuel extraction as well as in fuel or electricity use. In the article, the authors try to give an analysis of such violations, which in its turn allows disclosing a few legal loopholes in this economic sector. The owner of energy resources suffers great damages from unauthorized connections to electrical and gas networks. Perpetrators of electrical and thermal energy consumption regulations are subject to civil, criminal, and administrative law. Nevertheless, the authors’ analysis of cases in the courts shows that a great number of them are seldom inquired into, and most perpetrators are very rarely held liable. The aim of the article is to analyze the national legislation to withstand the illegitimate energy resources consumption, to bring to light the issues in this economic sector and to suggest some ways of their solution.

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The article considers some features of the competitive relation formation in the electric power industry, a major economy sector. In particular, the paper analyzes the electricity retail market operation and the need for competition promotion, it is associated there with a wide range of consumers, which adds high social significance to the effective operation of relations emerging in this area. The author concludes that the retail electricity market needs to increase private funds and decrease state participation, which will contribute to a wider range of service consumers. The article considers some special aspects on how to ensure the dominant position of power supply companies, as well as defines main barriers for business entities to enter retail electricity markets. It also reviews the best foreign practices that regulate energy retail companies (by the example of the Nordic countries) and offers some options of legal receptions in this area. Moreover, it analyzes the Russian legislation novelties in the field of competition at the electricity markets, in particular, the tariff regulation of electricity distributors by the method of reference costs. Also, the article specifies some proposals on how to improve the legislation that regulates competitive relations at the electric energy market within the National Competition Development Plan.

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