Yuri B. Popovskiy and Nikolay I. Shchepetkov
Insolation and COVID‑19: Protection from the Aggressor

Fedor I. Manyakhin and Lyudmila O. Mokretsova
Physical-Mathematical Model of the Internal Quantum Efficiency Dependence on the Current of LEDs with Quantum Wells

Jin-Tai Kim and Chung-hyeok Kim
A Study on the Safety and Parameters of Power Direct LED Lamp

Mehmet Sait Cengiz and Seda Yetkin
Thermal Analysis in Fixed, Flowed, and Airless Environment for Cooling in LED Luminaires

Pavel V. Tikhonov
Energy-Saving LED Lighting System with Parallel Power Supply by Photovoltaic Modules and by Network

Arda Agirbas and Ebru Alakavuk
Facade Optimization for an Education Building Using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms

Bilal Alatas and Harun Bingol
Comparative Assessment of Light-based Intelligent Search and Optimization Algorithms

Yuri B. Popovskiy and Nikolay I. Shchepetkov
Insolation and COVID‑19: Protection from the Aggressor

Fedor I. Manyakhin and Lyudmila O. Mokretsova
Physical-Mathematical Model of the Internal Quantum Efficiency Dependence on the Current of LEDs with Quantum Wells

Jin-Tai Kim and Chung-hyeok Kim
A Study on the Safety and Parameters of Power Direct LED Lamp

Mehmet Sait Cengiz and Seda Yetkin
Thermal Analysis in Fixed, Flowed, and Airless Environment for Cooling in LED Luminaires

Pavel V. Tikhonov
Energy-Saving LED Lighting System with Parallel Power Supply by Photovoltaic Modules and by Network

Arda Agirbas and Ebru Alakavuk
Facade Optimization for an Education Building Using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms

Bilal Alatas and Harun Bingol
Comparative Assessment of Light-based Intelligent Search and Optimization Algorithms

The article reviews the importance of insolation as a factor of prevention and containment of infectious diseases and epidemics. The authors consider insolation not as a mean of curing the Сoronavirus Disease (WHO fairly calls such possibility “a myth”) but as a means to lower the risks of dissemination of the infection, to reduce viability of the virus in the environment, to support human protective immune mechanisms affecting susceptibility of the population as a whole, severity and recovery time, i.e. both sanitary and hygienic and prevention factors of the COVID‑19 epidemic containment. Apart from the germicidal and virucidal sanitising effects of solar rays, the article reviews anti-epidemic capabilities of insolation as a microclimate factor and a psychological and physiological regulator of human protective capabilities as well as the insolation standards as a mechanism of development density regulation. It is impossible to efficiently combat massive dissemination of highly contagious infections without concerted utilisation of all available means and measures: both medical and preventive and organisational. The unprecedented mobilisation of healthcare systems and large-scale restrictive quarantine measures are under special attention of the society. This article reviews the importance of insolation as a universal natural anti-epidemic factor which is undeservedly placed in the end of the list of effective infection combating measures.

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1. Yurtseven M.B., Mete S. ve Onaygil S. The effects of temperature and driving current on the key parameters of commercially available, high-power, white LEDs. Lighting Research and Technology, 2016. V48, #8, pp. 943–965.
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he current state of LED lighting systems with parallel power supply by photovoltaic modules and central power supply network is analysed. The approach to implementation of parallel operation of LED luminaire powered by two sources of power is presented. It is simple, cheap and highly reliable as compared to the existing solutions. Based on this approach, four diagrams are developed which are applicable correspondingly to lighting applications and characteristics of photovoltaic modules and power consumers. The first and the second diagrams contain minimal quantity of transformers, but a number of operational constraints shall be taken into account when using them. The third diagram contains standard transformers and implies minimal number of various constraints, which makes it an optimal solution for the low-power lighting system being designed. The fourth diagram is expensive due to utilisation of equipment with automatic maximum power point tracking (the MPPT technology); it provides maximum possible energy efficiency of the lighting systems but the advantages of the MPPT technology apply only to high-power systems.
It is preferable to use such objects where lighting is mostly required during daytime as consumers of such systems (shopping malls, underground passages, storage facilities, poultry farms, etc.). A positive aspect is increase in reliability of consumer power supply since power supply of LED luminaires will be also provided by an additional source.
The proposed approach leads to reduction of power consumption for LED lighting, saving of fossil energy sources and therefore to ecologisation of the environment.

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Architectural design of a facade, both at the aesthetic point of view and from the point of view of internal daylighting performance of the building, can be considered as a complex task. In this study, we implement a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to formally exploration the process of reconstruction of the education building’s facade. The purpose of this research is to create a facade configuration by considering the size and location of elements and their materials when creating a suitable internal daylight distribution. The total construction cost of the building’s exterior and the daylight performance of the building’s interior are considered as objectives. The problem formulation includes two conflicting objectives, which are to increase daylighting aspect on each floor and reduce the total construction cost of the facade. To detect the approximation of Pareto fronts, including non-dominated solutions, we used a fast and elitist multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). Computational and architectural results show that NSGA-II is efficient enough to demonstrate eligible facade design alternatives.

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Classical optimization and search algorithms are not effective for nonlinear, complex, dynamic large-scaled problems with incomplete information. Hence, intelligent optimization algorithms, which are inspired by natural phenomena such as physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, and so on have been proposed as working solutions over time. Many of the intelligent optimization algorithms are based on physics and biology, and they work by modelling or simulating different nature-based processes. Due to philosophy of constantly researching the best and absence of the most effective algorithm for all kinds of problems, new methods or new versions of existing methods are proposed to see if they can cope with very complex optimization problems. Two recently proposed algorithms, namely ray optimization and optics inspired optimization, seem to be inspired by light, and they are entitled as light-based intelligent optimization algorithms in this paper. These newer intelligent search and optimization algorithms are inspired by the law of refraction and reflection of light. Studies of these algorithms are compiled and the performance analysis of light-based i ntelligent optimization algorithms on unconstrained benchmark functions and constrained real engineering design problems is performed under equal conditions for the first time in this article. The results obtained show that ray optimization is superior, and effectively solves many complex problems.

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In this study, design and implementation of a new cost-efficient daylight-based lighting control system is proposed to provide energy saving in a public building with a conventional lighting system. Energy gain recovery and regional daylight utilization coefficients are obtained by conducting daylight measurements in all indoor spaces of the building where the proposed lighting system will be applied. Daylight value is continuously transferred to the control system through the pyranometer placed outside and the need for artificial lighting is calculated by using sectional daylight utilization coefficients. Thereby, maximum benefit from daylight is realized when unnecessary energy consumption for artificial lighting is reduced. Experimental measurement results show that the proposed daylight-based lighting control system provides an average energy efficiency of the building at the level of 60 %. Additionally, the required investment, such as operating cost and payback period for converting an existing conventional lighting system into the proposed system, are discussed in detail. Cost analysis shows that the payback period of the proposed system can be reduced by 5 years compared to the conventional system.

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The research examined the changing of colour difference by the control colours depending on the choice of colour space when working with matrix photo detector. The spectral characteristics of photo detectors from different manufacturers noticeably differ from each other and from the addition the difference in colour quality between different digital devices. A software method for studying the colour rendition of the image obtained by digital devices based on the selection of an individual colour space for each matrix photo detector is proposed. To analyze and evaluate the capabilities of the spectral characteristics of matrix photo detectors, the control colour method based on the Mansell Atlas was used. The analysis of the obtained parameters of 14 colours was carried out according to various criteria for seven colour spaces: sRGB, AdobeRGB, DCI-P3 RGB, M1N1P1, PAL / SECAM, Wide Gamut RGB, ProPhoto RGB. Also studied the influence of the choice of colour space on the change in the coordinates of the source 6,500 K. Based on the colour differences of the control colours, it is possible to choose the optimal colour space for working with a specific matrix photo detector. The latter will reduce colour distortion at the initial stage of image registration. The ways for improving the colorimetric method of control colours are proposed as applied to digital devices at the software level.

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The paper discusses the possibility of remote detection of a continuous laser beam propagating in a scattering continental and coastal atmosphere, when it is recorded outside the axial zone. In the single scattering approximation, estimates of the radianceat the registration site are carried out, which are compared with the threshold characteristics of existing photodetectors in the visible and IR spectral regions. It is shown that the laser radiation (LR) of the beam is reliably recorded in the range of angles (0–180)° at metrological range of visibility equal (5–20) km at night conditions. At twilight, under the same conditions, detection capabilities are significantly reduced.
A significant increase of the LR beam radiance contrast with a decrease in its divergence has been shown experimentally in the field observations.
At twilight, a decrease in the beam’s radiance contrast is seen. A beam with a divergence equal to 2 ceases to be distinguishable at angles equal to (80–90)°, and a beam with a divergence of 4 – at angles (60–70)°.In this case, the contrast difference reaches up to 10 times.

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The main purpose of new studies investigating pantograph catenary interaction in electric rail systems is to detect malfunctions. In the pantograph catenary interaction studies, cameras with non-contact error detection methods are used extensively in the literature. However, none of these studies analyse lighting conditions that improve visual function for cameras. The main subject of this study is to increase the visibility of cameras used in railway systems. In this context, adequate illuminance of the test environment is one of the most important parameters that affect the failure detection success. With optimal lighting, the rate of fault detection increases. For this purpose, a camera, and a LED luminaire 18 W was placed on a wagon, one of the electric rail system elements. This study considered CIE140–2019 (2nd edition) standards. Thanks to the lighting made, it is easier for cameras to detect faults in the electric trains on the move. As a result, in scientific studies, especially in rail systems, the lighting of mobile test environments, such as pantograph-catenary, should be optimal. In environments where visibility conditions improve, the rate of fault detection increases.

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1. Special issue of the Svetotekhnika journal to the 40th anniversary of the victory: 1985, issue 5:
а) Lysov, F.M. Lighting of the Memorial Site to the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad [Osveshcheniye memorialnogo kompleksa – pamyatnika Geroyam Stalingradskoy Bitvy]. Svetotekhnika, 1985, Vol. 5, pp. 8–10.
b) Obolensky, N.V., Shchepetkov, N.I., Yaremchuk, Yu.R. Architectural Lighting of Ensembles of the Monuments to Heroes of the Great Patriotic War [Arkhitekturnoye osveshcheniye ansambley – monumentov geroyam Velikoy Otechestvennoy Voiny]. Svetotekhnika, 1985, Vol. 5, pp. 2–5.
c) Epstein, S.N. Lighting of the Soviet Army Glory Hill [Osveshcheniye Kurgana slavy Sovetskoy Armii]. Svetotekhnika, 1985, Vol. 5, pp. 7–8.
d) Topuz, V.G. On Architectural and Artistic Lightingof the Alley of Glory Memorial and the Monument to Unknown Sailor in Odessa [Ob arkhitekturno-khudozhestvennom osveshchenii memoriala Alleya Slavy – pamyatnika Neizvestnomu matrosu v Odesse]. Svetotekhnika, 1985, # 5, pp. 11–12.
e) Lesman, E.A. Lighting of the Monuments to Partizan Glory and Pilots Defending the Sky of Leningrad [Osveshcheniye pamyatnikov Partizanskoy slavy i lyotchikam-zashchitnikam Leningradskogo neba]. Svetotekhnika, 1985, # 5, pp. 12–14.
2. Alexandrova, E.M., Nechaev, V.V., Stepanov, V.N., Tsarkov, V.M. Modernisation of Lighting of the Mamayev Kurgan Memorial Site [Rekonstruktsiya osveshcheniya memorialnogo kompleksa Mamayev Kurgan]. Svetotekhnika, 2003, # 4, pp. 23–26.
3. Basalyga, N.N., Epstein, S.N. Lighting of the Victory Monument in Minsk and the Khatyn Memorial Site [Osveshcheniye monumenta Pobedy v Minske i memorialnogo kompleksa Khatyn]. Svetotekhnika, 1985, # 4, pp. 4–5.
4. Shchepetkov, N.I. Lighting Design of a City [Svetovoy dizain goroda]. Moscow: Arkhitektura-S, 2006, pp. 66, 73 and 277.
5. Lesman, E.A. Lighting of the Monument to Heroic Defenders of Leningrad [Osveshcheniye pamyatnika geroicheskim zashchitnikam Leningrada]. Svetotekhnika, 1985, #1, pp. 2–4.
6. Bartsev, A.A., Burtseva, N.B., Chernyak, A. Sh. Lighting of the Prokhorovka Field Victory Monument [Osveshcheniye Monumenta Pobedy na Prokhorovskom pole]. Svetotekhnika, 1996, #7, pp. 26–27.
7. Gorbachyova, Z.K., Dudkina, G.D. Lighting of the Fountains of the Ensamble of the Poklonnaya Hill Victory Monument [Osveshcheniye fontanov ansamblya pamyatnika Pobedy na Poklonnoy gore]. Svetotekhnika, 1996, # 9, pp. 2–3.
8. SP 52.13330.2016. Daylighting and artificial lighting. Moscow: 2016.