Wout van Bommel
Topics Important for the up-to-date Interior Lighting Professional

Elena A. Zaeva-Burdonskaya and Yuri V. Nazarov
Light Side of Design: Professional Vector

Nicolay I. Shchepetkov, Svetlana B. Kapeleva, Denis V. Bugaev, Gregory S. Matovnikov, and Anna S. Kostareva
Concerning the Concept of Light-Colour Arrangement of the Urban Environment in the Central Part of Tyumen

Galina M. Belan and Alexander T. Ovcharov
Modernisation of Lighting Systems of a Casting and Extrusion Plant in Krasnoyarsk

Pablo R. Ixtaina, Agustín A. Pucheta, Carlos Lionel Colonna, and Nicolás Bufo
Assessment of Argentinean LED Luminaries for Street Lighting

Adham I. Giyasov
Modelling of the Insolation Mode of Urban Development Using an Insoplanogram

Wout van Bommel
Topics Important for the up-to-date Interior Lighting Professional

Elena A. Zaeva-Burdonskaya and Yuri V. Nazarov
Light Side of Design: Professional Vector

Nicolay I. Shchepetkov, Svetlana B. Kapeleva, Denis V. Bugaev, Gregory S. Matovnikov, and Anna S. Kostareva
Concerning the Concept of Light-Colour Arrangement of the Urban Environment in the Central Part of Tyumen

Galina M. Belan and Alexander T. Ovcharov
Modernisation of Lighting Systems of a Casting and Extrusion Plant in Krasnoyarsk

Pablo R. Ixtaina, Agustín A. Pucheta, Carlos Lionel Colonna, and Nicolás Bufo
Assessment of Argentinean LED Luminaries for Street Lighting

Adham I. Giyasov
Modelling of the Insolation Mode of Urban Development Using an Insoplanogram

To avoid disappointments with LED lighting installations, detailed knowledge of the typical characteristics of the many different solid-state light sources is essential, while already long-available information on vision and colour seeing has to be combined with entirely new fundamental research on the relationship between lighting on the one hand and vision, performance, comfort, health and well-being on the other hand. Lighting has apart from visual effects also far-reaching non-visual biological effects. These effects influence the way our body “operates” and therefore, influence our health, well-being and alertness. Interior lighting installations today have to be designed so that they provide both suitable visual and non-visual biological effects, while adverse effects of lighting, like flicker, blue light hazard and disruption of the biological clock, are avoided.
LEDs offer the possibility to use them not only for lighting but also for data transmission. The use of LED lighting as a means for data communication is referred to as “light beyond illumination”. Visible Light Communication (VLC), LiFi, and light itself used as sensor are part of this subject. The modern lighting professional has to get familiarised with these new technologies and applications.
The author of this article published in 2019 the book “Interior Lighting, fundamentals, technology and application” with Springer [1]. It discusses in 500 pages all topics important for the up-to-date interior lighting professional. The present overview article is entirely based on this book and follows the same chapter structure. Each chapter also describes, as an example, one or two crucial aspects in more detail.

1. Van Bommel W.J.M. (2019). Interior Lighting, fundamentals, technology and application// Springer Nature, Switzerland.
2. Donners MAH, Vissenberg MCJM, Geerdinck LM, Van Den Broek-Cools JHF, Buddemeijer-Lock A (2015) A psychophysical model of discomfort glare in both outdoor and indoor applications. In: Proceedings 27th CIE Session, Manchester, pp. 1602–1611.
3. Safdar M., Luo M.R., Mughal M.F., Kuai S., Yang Y., Fu L., Zhu X. (2018). A neural response-based model to predict discomfort glare from luminance image// Lighting Res. Technol., # 50, pp. 416–428.
4. Scheir G.H., Hanselaer P., Ryckaert W.R. (2019). Pupillary light reflex, receptive field mechanism and correction for retinal position for the assessment of visual discomfort// Lighting Res. Technol., Vol. 51, #2, pp. 291–303.
5. Scheir G.H., Donners M., Geerdinck L.M., Vissenberg M.C.J.M., Hanselaer P., Ryckaert W.R. (2018). A psychophysical model for visual discomfort based on receptive fields// Lighting Res. Technol. # 50, pp. 205–217.
6. IES (2018), Publication IES TM-30–18: IES method for evaluating light source color rendition. IES, New York.
7. Smet K., Ryckaert W.R., Pointer M.R., Deconinck G., Hanselaar P. (2011). Correlation between colour quality metric predictions and visual appreciation of light sources// Opt. Exp., #19, pp. 8151–8166.
8. Houser K.W., Wei M., David A., Kramer M.R., Shen X.S. (2013) Review of measures for light-source colour rendition and considerations for a two-measure system for characterizing colour rendition// Opt. Exp. #21, pp. 10393–10411.
9. Gu H.T., Luo M.R., Liu X.Y. (2017) Testing different colour rendering metrics using colour difference data// Lighting Res. Technol. #49, pp. 539–560.
10. Teunissen C., van der Heijden F.H.F.W., Poort S.H.M., de Beer E. (2017). Characterising user preference for white LED light sources with CIE colour rendering index combined with a relative gamut area index// Lighting Res. Technol. # 49, pp. 461–480.
11. CIE Publication 224:2017: CIE2017, Colour fidelity index for accurate scientific use, Vienna.
12. Weston H.C. (1953). The relation between illumination and visual performance// Reprint IHRB Rep.
No. 87 (1945) and Joint Rep. (1935). Medical Research Council, HMSO, London.
13. Weston H.C. (1961). Rationally recommended illuminance levels// Trans. Illum. Eng. Soc. (Lond), Vol. 26, #1, pp. 1–16.
14. Muck E., Bodmann H.W. (1961) Die Bedeutung des Beleuchtungsniveaus bei praktische Sehtätigkeit// Lichttechnik, #13, pp. 502–507.
15. Rea M.S. (1981). Visual performance with realistic methods of changing contrast// J. Illum. Eng. Soc. Vol. 10, #3, pp. 164–177.
16. Rea M.S. (1986). Toward a model of visual performance: foundations and data// J. Illum. Eng. Soc., #15, pp. 41–57.
17. Eklund N.H., Boyce P.R., Simpson S.N. (2001) Lighting and sustained performance: modelling data-entry task performance// J Illum. Eng. Soc. #30, pp. 126–141.
18. CIE (2002a) International Commission on Illumination Publication 145:2002 The correlation of models for vision and visual performance. CIE, Vienna.
19. Houser K.W. (2014).To use or not to use TM-24 // Leukos, # 10, pp. 57–58.
20. Loe D.L., Mansfield K.P., Rowlands E. (1994) Appearance of lit environment and its relevance in lighting design: experimental study// Lighting Res. Technol., Vol. 26, #3, pp. 119–133.
21. Kirsch R.M. (2014) Lighting quality and energy efficiency in office spaces. Doctoral thesis, Department of Lighting Technology, Technical University, Berlin.
22. Oi N., Mansfield K.P. (2015). Lighting quality: possibility of luminance distribution as its determinant// Proceedings CIE28th Session, Manchester, pp. 1111–1120.
23. Loe D.L. (2016). Light, vision and illumination: the interaction revisited// Light Res. Technol. Vol. 48, pp. 176–189.
24. Cuttle C. (2008): Lighting by design, 2nd edition. Architectural Press, Oxford.
25. Cuttle C. (2010): Towards the third stage of the lighting profession// Lighting Res. Technol., #42, pp. 73–93.
26. Cuttle C. (2018): A fresh approach to interior lighting design: the design objective-direct flux procedure// Lighting Res.Technol., #50, pp. 1142–1163.
27. Mury A.A., Pont S.C., Koenderink J.J. (2009) Representing the light field in finite three-dimensional spaces from sparse discrete samples// Applied Opt., #48, pp. 450–457.
28. Huang A., Sanderson A. (2014) Light field modelling and interpolation using Kriging techniques// Lighting Res. Technol., #46, pp. 219–237.
29. Pont S.C. (2013). Spatial and form-giving qualities of light// In: Albertazzi L. (ed) Handbook of experimental phenomenology: visual perception of shape, space and appearance. Wiley Chichester.
30. Kartashova T., Sekulovski D., De Ridder H., Te Pas S.F., Pont S.C. (2016) The global structure of the visual light field and its relation to the physical light field// J. Vis. Vol. 16, #10, p.9 and Kartashova T, Te Pas S., Ridder H., Pont S., (2019). Light Shapes: Perception-Based Visualizations of the Global Light Transport// ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, #16, pp. 1–17.
31. Xia L., Pont S.C., Heynderickx I. (2017) Light diffuseness metric part 1: theory// Lighting Res. Technol. #49, pp. 411–427, and Light diffuseness metric part 2: describing, measuring and visualising the light flow and diffuseness in three-dimensional spaces// Lighting Res. Technol. #49, pp. 428–445.
32. International Commission on Illumination CIE Publication 232:2019, Technical report, Discomfort caused by glare from luminaires with non-uniform source luminance, Vienna.
33. Kruithof A.A. (1941). Tubular luminescence lamps for general illumination// Philips Technical Review, Vol. 6, #3, pp. 65–73.
34. Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M (2002) Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock// Science, #295, pp. 1070–1073.
35. International Commission on Illumination CIE International Standard CIE026:2018 CIE system for metrology of optical radiation for ipRGC-influenced responses to light, Vienna.
36. Eastman C.I., Boulos Z., Terman M., Campbell S.S., Dijk D.J., Lewy A.J. (1995a) Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. VI. Shift work// J. Biol. Rhythm #10, pp. 157–164.
37. Dumont M., Blais H., Roy J., Paquet J. (2009) Controlled patterns of daytime light exposure improve circadian adjustment in simulated night work// J. Biol. Rhythm, Vol. 24, #5, pp. 427–437.
38. James F.O., Cermakian N., Boivin D.B. (2007) Circadian rhythms of melatonin, cortisol and clock gene expression during simulated night shift work// Sleep, #30, pp. 1427–1436.
39. Folkard S. (2008) Do permanent night workers show circadian adjustment? A review based on the endogenous melatonin rhythm// Chronobiol. Int., #25, pp. 215–222.
40. Boudreau P, Dumont GA, Boivin DB (2013) Circadian adaptation to night shift work influences sleep, performance, mood and the autonomic modulation of the heart. PLoS One 8: e70813.
41. Werner J.S., Schefrin B.E., Bradley A. (2010). Optics and vision of the aging eye// In: Bass M., Enoch J.M., Lakshminarayanan V. (eds) Handbook of optics, Vision and vision optics, Vol III, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
42. Owsley C. (2011). Aging and vision// Vis. Res., #51, pp. 1610–1622.
43. CIE Publication 227:2017, Lighting for older people and people with visual impairment in buildings, Vienna.
44. Rosenthal N.E., Sack D.A., Gillin J.C., Lewy A.J., Goodwin F.K., Davenport Y., Mueller P.S., Newsome D.A., Wehr T.A.(1984). Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy// Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, Vol. 41, #1, pp. 72–80.
45. Meesters Y., Gordijn M.C.M. (2016). Seasonal affective disorder, winter type: current insights and treatment options// Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag., # 9, pp. 317–327.
46. Van Someren E.J.W., Riemersma-Van Der Lek R.F. (2007). Live to the rhythm, slave to the rhythm// Sleep Medicine Reviews, # 11, pp. 465–484.
47. Hanford N., Figueiro M. (2012) Light therapy and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia: past, present, and future// Journal of Alzheimer’s disease Vol. 33, #9, pp. 913–922.
48. Figueiro M.G., Kalsher M., Plitnick B., Rohan C., Rea M.S. (2018) Mood and agitation// SlEEP # 41, pp.A113-A114.
49. Van Someren E.J.W., Kessler A., Mirmiran M., Swaab D.F. (1997). Indirect bright light improves circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in demented patients// Biol Psychiatry, # 41, pp. 955–963.
50. IEC61000–4–15:2010 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4–15: Testing and measurement techniques – flickermeter – functional and design specifications.
51. Perz M., Vogels I.M.L.C., Sekulovski D., Wang L., Tu Y., Heynderickx I.E.J. (2015). Modelling the visibility of the stroboscopic effect occurring in temporally modulated light systems// Lighting Res. Technol., # 47, pp. 281–300.
52. Wang L., Tu Y., Lu L., Perz M., Vogels I.M.L.C., Heynderickx I.E.J. (2015). 50.2: Invited paper: stroboscopic effect of LED lighting// SID Symp. Digest Tech. Paper #46, pp. 754–757.
53. CIE Standard S009:2002. Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems, Vienna.
54. Behar-Cohen F, Martinsons C, Viénot F, Zissis G, Barlier-Salsi A, Cesarini JP, Enouf O, Garcia M, Picaud S, Attia D (2011) Light-emitting diodes (LED) for domestic lighting: Any risks for the eye? Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 30:239–257.
55. SCENIHR, 2012. Health effects of artificial light. European Commission, Brussels.
56. Bullough JD, Bierman A, Rea MS (2019) Evaluating the blue-light hazard from solid-state lighting. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. Oct 6:1–10 Epub ahead of print.
57. CIE (2019b): CIE position statement on blue light hazard 2019, Vienna.
58. IEC62717, edition 1.1: 2015, LED modules for general lighting – performance requirements.
59. IES (2008), LM-80–08 Approved method: measuring lumen maintenance of LED light sources.
60. IES (2015), Addendum B for TM-21–11 Projecting long term lumen maintenance of LED light sources.
61. TM-21–11 Projecting long term lumen maintenance of LED light sources.
62. Technical Report CIE051.2–1999 A method of assessing the quality of daylight simulators for colorimetry.
63. ISO (2007), ISO 11664–2:2007)/CIE14–2/E: 2006 Colorimetry – part2: CIE standard illuminants for colorimetry.
64. Technical Report CIE215:2014 CIE standard general sky guide.
65. CIE position statement on non-visual effects of light: Recommending proper light at the proper time, 2nd edition, Vienna.
66. Mott M.S., Robinson D.H., Walden A., Burnette J., Rutherford A.S. (2012). Illuminating the effects of dynamic lighting on student learning// SAGE Open, AprilJune 2012, pp. 1–9.

This article addresses one of the most actively developing types of design activities – light design. The article comprises quotes of the leading Russian and foreign light design specialists published over the previous five years, as well as the authors’ own conclusions. The thoughts quoted in the article are sometimes opposite to each other and reflect the wide spectrum of professional practice. They reflect the initial opinions of analysts and experts which are often diverging. All of the specialists point at the interdisciplinary nature of the new profession, which imposes additional load on a designer overloaded enough already by the scope and speed of the problems being solved nowadays. The discussion of the new profession of light designer initiated on the pages of professional publications is especially important in view of the development of professional standards and standards of design and architectural education, as well as creation of new educational programmes based on various approaches to the subject in technical and humanitarian institutions. The goal of this article is to introduce light design into the field of fully legitimate sections of design culture, to define the authentic scientific basis of the new creative profession, to initiate a foundation for self-determination of the new synthetic area, which materially affects the state of the profession as a whole and the life standards of a wide variety of consumers. In order to reach the set goal, a comparative and analytical method of study was selected, which allows studying the problem to a large extent and from all angles and finding the ways of overcoming the challenges emerging in the area of the new activity.

1. Shchepetkov, N.I. Light Design and Architecture: Prospects of Interaction [Svetodizain i arhitektura – perspektivy vzaimodeystviya] // Moscow: MARHI. http://lightonline.ru/svet/articles/LightDesignArchi09. html
2. Makarov, D.N. Light Design. Current State [Svetovoy dizain. Sovremennoye sostoyaniye] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 3, pp. 78–82.
3. https://designbd.ru/article/tendencii-razvitiya- svetodizayna/.
4. Sizy, S.N. Contemporary State and Prospects of Development of Light Design [Sovremennoye sostoyaniye i perspektivy razvitiya svetodizaina] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 3, pp. 72–78.
5. Nazarov, Yu.V., Ovcharov, A.T., Kovtorova, A., Bystryantseva, N.V., Kovshova, A., Novakovsky, L.G., Khadzhin, A.G., Prikhodko, A.G. Continuation of the Discussion on the Problem of Light Design Started in Vol. 3 [Prodolzheniye diskussii o probleme svetovogo dizaina, nachatoy v № 3] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 4, pp. 80–93.
6. Aizenberg, Ju.B., Matovnikov, G., Smirnov, P.A., Shchepetkov, N.I. Continuation of the Discussion on the Problem of Light Design Started in Vol. 3 and Continued in Vol. 4 [Prodolzheniye diskussii o probleme svetovogo dizaina, nachatoy v № 3 i prodolzhennoy v № 4] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 4, pp. 79–85.
7. Bulygina, M.N., Korzun, N.L. Light Design in urban Environment [Svetovoy dizain v gorodskoy srede] // Bulletin of Universities. Investments. Construction. Real Estate [Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsii. Stroitelstvo. Nedvizhimost], 2013, Vol. 5, # 2, pp. 64–79. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/ svetovoy-dizayn-v-gorodskoy-srede
8. Bystryantseva N.V., Lekus E.I., Matveev N.V. The domestic school of light design: Strategy and tactics [Shkola otechestvennogo svetodizaina: strategii i taktiki] // Svetotekhnika, 2015, # 4, pp. 65–66.
9. Lekus, E. Yu., Bystryantseva, N.V. Light Design: Light as a Material, Technology, Form. Joint monograph [Svetovoy dizain: svet kak material, tekhnologiya, forma] // Proceedings of the international scientific conference “Material-Technology-Form as a Universal Triad in Design, Architecture, Visual and Decorative Arts”. S.G. Stroganov MGHPA, 2018, pp. 447–451.
10. Dolin, E.V. Strategic Problems of Light Engineering Industry in Terms of Introduction of Innovations [Strategicheskiye problemy svetotekhnicheskoy otrasli s tochki zreniya vnedreniya innovatsyi] // Svetotekhnika, 2009, #4, pp. 74–75. http://lightonline.ru/ svet/articles/LED_Forum_Problems.html
11. http://swetotehnika.ru/proizvoditeli-sveto- tekhniki/zeon/
12. Vasilieva, T. Impact of New Technologies on Form-Making in Clothes Design [Vliyaniye novykh tekhnologiy na formoobrazovaniye v dizaine odezhdy]. Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Art Studies 17.00.06. Moscow: VNIITE, 2011, 193 p. http://www.dissercat. com/content/vliyanie-novykh-tekhnologii-na-formoobrazovanie-v-dizaine-odezhdy
13. Tyurin, M. Yu., Ryabikova, L.A. Contemporary Trends in Light Design [Sovremennyye tendentsii v svetodizaine]. UUrGU. Proceeds of the 62th scientific conference of the Section of Social and Humanitarian Studies / Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, South Urals State University. – Chelyabinsk: UUrGU Press, 2010, pp. 120– 124. http://dspace.susu.ru/xmlui/bitstream/handle/0001.74/5451/20.pdf?sequence=1
14. http://news.ifmo.ru/ru/news/6962/.
15. Tsepelev, K. Join the Bright Side! [Perekhodite na svetluyu storonu!] // BERLOGOS Design and Architecture Internet Journal. 2016. http://www.berlogos. ru/interview/perehodite-na-svetluyu-storonu/
16. Timofeeva, N. Smart City Ivanovo [Umnyi gorod Ivanovo] // Sovremennaya svetotekhnika, 2018, # 6, pp. 2–4.
17. http://lightonline.ru/svet/articles/Interview_Budak_about_tender.html.
18. Astrashevskiy, S. Emotional Design [Emotsionalnyi dizain]. The Personality Layer. http://analyst.by/ articles/emotional-design.
19. www.altie.ru/events/413-svetliy-misli-2016. html.
20. http://ruld.ru/encyclopedia/articles/itogi-konferentsii-svetovoi-dizain-2015-svetovaya-kultura.
21. Shchepetkov, N.I., Budak, V.P. The Results of the Light Design Problem Discussion. Editorial Board’s Conclusion [Itogi diskussii po probleme svetodizaina. Resume redaktsii] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 6, pp. 94–96.
22. Budak, V.P., Kovyrkova, M.D., Makarov, D.N., Minaeva, S. Yu., Skornyakova, A.A. Light Design – Development of Creativity of Light Engineering Students [Svetovoy dizain – vospitaniye tvorcheskikh sposobnostey u studentov-svetotekhnikov] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, # 1, pp. 80–83.
23. Interview with the founder of the LiDS Light Design School Sergey Sizy [Interviu s osnovatelem shkoly svetodizaina LiDS Sergeem Sizym] // Sovremennaya svetotekhnika, 2015, # 6, pp. 52–57.
24. http://dizbook.com/news/education/432-kak- priruchit-svet-intensiv-po-sve.
25. Pakhomova, A.V. Colour Therapy as the New Area of Light Design [Tsvetoterapiya kak novaya otrasl svetodizaina] // MISiS National Research Technological University. http://dgng.pstu.ru/conf2017/papers/84/

1. Tyumen. A Travel Guide [Tyumen. SpravochnikPutevoditel]. – Sverdlovsk: Middle Urals Publishing House [Sredneuralskoye knizhnoye izdatelstvo], 1970, 178 p.
2. Zavarikhin, S.P., Zhuchenko, B.A. Architecture of Tyumen [Arkhitektura Tyumeni]. – Tyumen: Raduga-T, 2004, 296 p.
3. Kostareva, A.S., Ovcharov, A.T. Chaos of the City Light Environment (as Exemplified by Tyumen) [Khaos v svetovoy srede goroda (na primere goroda Tyumeni] / Architecture and Arhcitectural environment: Matters of Historical and Contemporary Development, 2018, Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference: collected papers; ed.-in-chief V.N. Evseev, Tyumen: TIU, 2018, pp. 240–246.
4. Shchepetkov, N.I. Urban Light Design [Svetovoy dizain goroda] // Arkhitektura-S, 2006, 320 p.
5. Matovnikov, G.S. The Principles of Light Environment Formation of Pedestrian Streets (as Exemplified by Moscow) [Printsipy formirovaniya svetovoy sredy peshekhodnykh ulits goroda (na primere Moskvy)] / Synopsis of Candidate of Architecture Thesis, Moscow, 2017.
6. Shchepetkov, N.I., Budak, V.P. The Results of the Light Design Problem Discussion. Editorial Board’s Conclusion [Itogi diskussii po probleme svetodizaina. Resume redaktsii] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, #6, pp. 74–76.

1. Light Engineering Handbook [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike] / Edited by Yu.B. Heisenberg. 3rd Issue, revised and supplemented. Moscow: Znak, 2006, 972 p.
2. SP 52.13330.2011 Daylighting and artificial lighting [Estesstvennoye i iskusstvennoye osveshcheniye]. The updated version of SNiP 23–05–95*.
3. SanPiN2.2.4.3359–16 “Sanitary-epidemiological requirements for physical factors in the workplace” [Sanitarno-epidemiologicheskiye trebovaniya k fizicheskim faktoram na rabochikh mestakh].
4. GOST R55710–2013 Lighting of indoor work places. Norms and methods of measuring [Osveshcheniye rabochikh mest vnutri zdaniy. Normy i metody izmereniy].
5. Federal Law No. 261-FZ dated on 23.11.2009 “On Energy Saving and on Increase of Energy Efficiency and on Introduction of Amendments to Some Regulatory Acts of the Russian Federation”.
6. The Kyoto Protocol – an international treaty, an additional document to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) adopted in Kyoto (Japan) in December, 1997. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/ documents/decl_conv/conventions/kyoto.html (date of reference: 21.08.2019).
7. The Paris Climate Agreement. URL: https://unfccc. int/files/meetings/paris_nov_2015/application/pdf/paris_ agreement_russian_.pdf (date of reference: 21.08.2019).
8. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1242-r dated on 07.07.2014 “On Signing of the Minamata Convention on Mercury”.
9. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1356 dated on 10.11.2017 “Requirements to Lighting Devices and Electric Lamps Used in Alternate Current Circuits for the Purpose of Lighting”.
10. Nikiforov, S. Study of the Parameters of the Cree XLAMP LED Line [Issledovaniye parametrov semeistva svetodiodov Cree XLAMP] // Komponenty i tekhnologii, 2006, Vol. 11 (64), pp. 42–49.

1. República Argentina. Ministerio de Energía y Minería (2018). Especificación Técnica para la adquisición de luminarias LED para Alumbrado Público. (Argentinian Republic. Ministry of Energy and Mining (2018). Technical Specification for the acquisition of LED Street Lighting luminaires. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/ files/especificaciones_tecnicas_2.pdf.
2. NORMA IRAM-AADL J 2021 (2015). Alumbrado público. Luminarias para vías de tránsito. Requisitos y métodos de ensayo. (IRAM-AADL J 2021 Standard (2015). Street lighting. Luminaires for traffic routes. Requirements and test methods).
3. NORMA IRAM-AADL J 2022–1 (2013). Alumbrado público. Luminarias. Clasificación fotométrica. (IRAM-AADL J 2022–1 Standard (2013). Street lighting. Luminaires. Photometric classification).
4. NORMA IRAM-AADL J 2020–4 (2014). Luminarias para vías públicas. Características de diseño. Luminarias LED. (IRAM-AADL J 2020–4 Standard (2014). Luminaires for public roads. Design features LED luminaires).
5. NORMA IRAM-AADL J 2028 (1987). Luminarias. Requisitos generales y métodos de ensayo. (IRAM-AADL J 2028 Standard (1987). Luminaires General requirements and test methods).
6. IEC62262 Ed. 1.0 b (2002). Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts (IK code).
7. Norma IRAM 121 (1957). Ensayo de revestimientos. Prueba de exposición a la niebla de sal. (IRAM 121 Standard (1957). Coatings test. Exposure test to salt fog).
8. ASTM B117 (2016). Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus.
9. Norma IRAM 2444 (1982). Grados de protección mecánica proporcionada por las envolturas de equipos eléctricos. (IRAM Standard 2444 (1982). Degrees of mechanical protection provided by the wrappings of electrical equipment).
10. NORMA IRAM-AADL J 2022–2 (2013). Alumbrado público. Vías de tránsito. Clasificación y niveles de iluminación. (IRAM-AADL J 2022–2 Standard (2013). Street lighting. Traffic routes. Classification and lighting levels).
11. Ixtaina P., Armas A., Bannert B., Bufo N.(2016). Iluminación led en autopistas argentinas. Memorias del XIII Congreso Panamericano de Iluminación LUXAMÉRICA 2016. Pág. 192–196. ISBN978-956 368-059 1. La Serena, Chile, 23, 24 y 25 noviembre 2016.

1. Gusev N.M., Klimov P.P. Construction physics (Gusev N.M., Klimov P.P. Stroitel’naya fizika). Moscow: Gosstroiizdat, 1965, 386 p.
2. Dashkevich L.L. Methods of calculation of insolation in the design of industrial buildings (Dashkevich L.L. Metody rascheta insolyatsii pri proyektirovanii promyshlennykh zdaniy).. Moscow: Gosstroiizdat, 1963, 526 p.
3. Dunaev B.A. Insolation of housing (Dunayev B.A. Insolyatsiya zhil’ya). Moscow: Stroizdat, 1979, 102 p.
4. Olgyay V, Olgyay A. Solar control and shading devices. Prinсetоn, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1957, 325 р.
5. Twardowski, M. The Sun in architecture (Tvardovskiy M. Solntse v arkhitekture). Translated from Polish. Moscow: Stroizdat, 1977, 288 p.
6. Russian State Standard SanPiN2.2.1/2.1.1.1076–01 “Hygienic requirements for insolation and sun protection of premises of residential and public buildings and territories”.
7. Russian State Standard SanPiN2.1.2.2645–10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises”.
8. Russian State Standard SP 54.13330.2016 “Residential multi-apartment buildings”.
9. DIN5034–1:2005–02–16 “Daylight in interiors –Part 1: General requirements”.
10. BS8206–2:2008 “Lighting for buildings. Code of practice for daylighting”.
11.Bakharev D. V., Orlova L.N. On regulation and calculation of nsolation (Bakharev D.V., Orlova L.N. O regulirovanii i raschete izolyatsii) //Svetotekhnika 2006, No. 1, pp. 18–27.
12. V.A. Karataev et al. Insolation of premises and building areas: textbook (V.A. Karatayev i dr. Insolyatsiya pomeshcheniy i stroitel’nykh ploshchadok: uchebnik) / Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin). Novosibirsk, 2013, 64 p.
13. Letsius E.P. Building shadows and perspectives of a number of architectural forms (Letsius Ye.P. Postroyeniye teney i perspektiv ryada arkhitekturnykh form): textbook -Moscow: Architecture, 2005, 144 p.
14. Obolensky N.V. Architecture and the sun (Obolenskiy N.V. Arkhitektura i solntse). Moscow: Stroizdat, 1988. 207 p.
15. Giyasov A. The Role of the Solar Irradiation Plate for Estimation of the Insolation Regime of Urban Territories and Buildings// Light & Engineering Journal, 2019, # 2. pp. 111–116.
16. Pritykin F.N. Virtual modeling of robot movements having different structure of kinematic chains (Pritykin F.N. Virtual’noye modelirovaniye dvizheniy robotov, imeyushchikh razlichnuyu strukturu kinematicheskikh tsepey): Monograph-Omsk: OmSTU Publishing house, 2014, 172 p.
17. Pritykin F.N., Shkuro E. Yu. Analytical method of setting the shadow areas of buildings and structures in order to determine their optimal location in the given area// Vestnik of SUSU. Series “Construction and architecture”.2017, Vol. 17, No. 2.
18. Kheifets A.L. Calculation of insolation duration by means of 3D-modeling of Autocad package: collection of scientific works (Kheyfets A.L. Raschet dlitel’nosti insolyatsii s pomoshch’yu 3D-modelirovaniya paketa Autocad: sbornik nauchnykh trudov), Vol. 7, Yekaterinburg, 2004, 367 p.
19. Lyubimov A. BIM – new features of the Revit platform (Lyubimov A. BIM – novyye vozmozhnosti platformy Revit)/ / CAD and graphics. 2007, #10, 7 p.
20. CITYS: Solaris 5.20. Calculation of insolation, KEO and noise vibrations. The user’s guide. URL: http://www.sitis.ru/ documentation/sitis-solaris.pdf (date accessed: 10.08.2019).

1. Spiridonov, A.V., Umnyakova, N.P. Condition survey (general and instrumental) of historical translucent structures of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts [Obsledovaniye sostoyaniya (obshcheye i instrumentalnoye) istoricheskikh svetoprozrachnykh konstruktsiy GMII im. A.S. Pushkina] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, Vol. 1, pp. 39–43. Spiridonov Alexander V. and Umnyakova Nina P. Inspection of the State (General and Instrumental) of Historical Translucent Structures of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts// Light & Engineering Journal, 2019, Vol. 27, #3, pp. 26–31
2. Spiridonov, A.V., Umnyakova, N.P. Computer Modelling and Recommendations for Restoration of Historical Transparent Structures of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts [Kompyuternoye modelirovaniye i rekomendatsii po restavratsii istoricheskikh svetoprozrachnykh konstruktsiy GMII im. A.S. Pushkina] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, # 2, pp. 72–76. Spiridonov, A.V., Umnyakova, N.P. Computer Modelling and Recommendations for Restoration of Historical Transparent Structures of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts// Light & Engineering Journal, 2019, Vol. 27, #6, pp. 58–64.
3. Scientific and Technological Report of the Structure Physics Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences: On-Site Inspection of the Existing Historical Windows of the 1st Floor for Determination of Possible Causes of Condensate Generation and Development of Recommendations for Prevention of Condensate Generation and Development of a Set of Measures for Modernisation of the Existing Windows as Part of the Restoration Works for the Project of Comprehensive Reconstruction, Restoration and Adoption of Modern Museum Technologies of the Main Building of the A.S. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (Moscow, 12 Volkhonka st.), Moscow, 2018, 98 p.
4. Scientific and Technological Report of the Structure Physics Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences: Heat Engineering Calculations of the Transparent Structures as part of the Project of Comprehensive Reconstruction, Restoration and Adoption of Modern Museum Technologies of the Main Building of the A.S. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (Moscow, 12 Volkhonka st.). Moscow, 2018, 88 p.
5. Anderson M. Measuring the Dynamic of Contrast & Daylight Variability in Architecture: A Proof of Concept Methodology // Building and Environment, 2014, Vol. 81, November, pp. 320–333.
6. Gusev, N.M., Makarevich, V.G. Light Architecture [Svetovaya arkhitektura], Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1973, 245 p. 7. Gusev, N.M. Natural Illumination of Buildings [Estestvennoye osveshcheniye zdaniy]. – Moscow: Gosstroyizdat, 1961, 171 p. 8. Scientific and Technological Report of N.M. Gersevanov NIIOSP on the Project of Comprehensive Reconstruction, Restoration and Adoption of Modern Museum Technologies of the Main Building of the A.S. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (Moscow, 12 Volkhonka st.). Vol. 4. The Results of Inspection of Metal Lantern Lights of the Building, Moscow, 2015, 460 p.
9. GOST R54852–2011 “Buildings and structures. Method of thermal imaging control of enclosing structures thermal insulation quality”.
10. GOST 26602.1–99 “Windows and doors. Methods of determination of resistance of thermal transmission”. 11. GOST R54853–2011 “Buildings and structures. Method for determination of thermal resistance and thermal coefficient of enclosing structures with assistance of heat flow meter”.

This study performed with the purpose of constructing and validating a model named OptimLUM (Optimizing Luminaire Layouts) to estimate the most accurate location, number and type of artificial light sources according to average illuminance and maximum uniformity in an office. OptimLUM is appling through Excel Spreadsheet to develop the model and uses Evolver, which is basing on genetic algorithm to implement optimization routine. To validate the reliability of the proposed model, luminaire layout scenairos generated for two types of luminaires after taking illuminance measurements in an actual office. OptimLUM illuminance values were comparing statistically with measurement and DIALux results to test the applicability of the model. The model performance is highly accurate in determining luminaire positions: coefficient of determination R2 and coefficient of variation CV were equal to (86–99)% and to (0.04–0.12) respectively, and for all scenarios. Its outputs are closer to the actual measurements when compared with DIALux outputs.

1. Shikder, S. H., Mourshed, M. M., Price, A. D. F., “Luminaire position optimisation using radiance based simulation: a test case of a senior living room,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, 2010.
2. Erkin, E. and Onaygil, S. An approach for calculating lighting energy saving potentials in the office buildings on the basis of LENI data // Light & Engineering, 2014. V22, No3, pp. 37–46.
3. Mourshed, M., Shikder, S., Price, A. D.F. Phi-array: A novel method for fitness visualization and decision making in evolutionary design optimization// Advanced Engineering Informatics, 2011.V25, pp. 676–687.
4. Zheltov, V.S., Budak, V.P. Mathematical simulation of lighting installations using a computer, Light & Engineering, 2017. V.25, No.2, pp. 113–120.
5. Cassol, F., Schneider, P. S., França, F. H. R., Silva Neto, A.J. Multi-objective optimization as a new approach to illumination design of interior spaces// Building and Environment, 2011. V46, n# 2, pp. 331–338.
6. Liu, J., Zhang, W., Chu, X., Liu, Y. Fuzzy logic controller for energy savings in a smart LED lighting system considering lighting comfort and daylight// Energy and Buildings, 2016. V127, pp. 95–104.
7. De Rosa, A., Ferraro, V., Igawa, N., Kaliakatsos, D., Marinelli, V., INLUX: A calculation code for daylight illuminance predictions inside buildings and its experimental validation// Building and Environment, 2009. V44, #8, pp. 1769–1775.
8. Rocha, H., Peretta, I. S., Lima, G. F. M., Marques, L. G., Yamanaka, K., Exterior lighting computer-automated design based on multi-criteria parallel evolutionary algorithm: Optimized designs for illumination quality and energy efficiency// Expert Systems with Applications, 2016. V45, pp. 208–222.
9. IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America IESNA), Lighting handbook reference & application, 2000.
10. Congradac, V., Milosavljevic, B., Velickovic, J., Prebiracevic, B. Control of the lighting system using a genetic algorithm. Thermal Science, 2012. V16, pp. 237–250.
11. CIBSE (Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers), Code for lightıng, Oxford, Butterworth- Heinemann, 2002.
12. Ferentinos, K. P., Albright, L.D. Optimal design of plant lighting system by genetic algorithms // Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2005. V18, #4, pp. 473–484.
13. Palisade Corporation, Evolver. 2013.
14. CIBSE (Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers), Office Lighting Guide LG7, Society of Light and Lighting, London, 2005. 15. Fontoynont M., Berrutto V. Daylighting performance of buildings: monitoring procedure// Right Light, 1997. V2, # 4, pp. 119–127.

1. World Health Organization – Facts about ageing [Online]. WHO. [viewed 2019 Jan 5]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/about/facts/fr/.
2. Knickman, J.R., Snell, E.K. The 2030 Problem: Caring for Aging Baby Boomers// Health Services Research, 2002, V37, #4, pp. 849-884.
3. Keister K.J., Blixen, C.E. Quality of life and Aging// Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 1998, V24, #5, pp. 22-28.
4. Guse, L.W., Masesar, M.A. Quality of life and successful aging in long-term care: perceptions of residents. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 1999, V20, #6, pp. 527-539.
5. Lipowski, Z.J. Transient cognitive disorders (delirium, acute confusional states) in the elderly// The American Journal of Psychiatry, 1983, V140, #11, pp. 1426-1436.
6. Monacelli, A.M., Cushman, L.A., Kavcic, V., Duffy, C.J. Spatial disorientation in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 2003, V61, #11, pp. 1491-1497.
7. Lord, S.R., Clark, R.D., Webster, I.W. Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Relation to Falls in an Elderly Population // Age Ageing, 1991, V20, #3, pp.175-181.
8. McKee, A.C., Au, R., Cabral, H.J., Kowall, N.W., Seshadri, S., Kubilus, C.A., et al. Visual Association Pathology in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 2006. V65, #6, pp.621-630.
9. Loh, K.Y., Ogle, J. Age related visual impairment in the elderly. Med J Malaysia, 2004. V59, #4, pp.562-568.
10. Rowles, G.D., Oswald, F., Hunter, E.G. Interior Living Environments in Old Age. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2003. V23 #1, pp.167-194.
11. Kutas, G., Kwak, Y., Bodrogi, P., Park, D.S., Lee, S.D., Choh, H.K., Kim, C.Y. Luminance contrast and chromaticity contrast preference on the colour display for young and elderly users. Displays, 2008. V29, #3, pp.297-207.
12. O’Connor, D.A., Fies, R.G.D. Lighting for the Elderly: The Effects of Light Source Spectrum and Illuminance on Color Discrimination and Preference. Leukos, 2005. V2, #2, pp.123-132.
13. Yamagishi, M., Yamaba K., Kubo, K., Nokura, K., Nagata, M. Effects of LED Lighting Characteristics on Visual Performance of Elderly People. Gerontechnology, 2008. V7, #2, pp.243-243.
14. Tate, F.B., Allen, H. Color preferences and the aged individual: Implications for art therapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 1985. V12, #3, pp.165-169.
15. Calkins, M.P. Using color as a therapeutic tool [Online]. Ideas institute. [viewed 2018 Feb 9]. Available from: http://www.ideasinstitute.org/article_021103_b.asp
16. Adler, L. Responding to color. Extension Home Furnishings Specialist, Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, 1999.
17 Déribéré, M. La couleur dans les activités humaines. Dunod, 1968.
18. Argos Service, “Accessibilité et déficiences visuelles. Réponses adaptées aux besoins de la chaîne de déplacement”. France, 2010.
19. Pfeiffer, H. L’Harmonie des couleurs : Cours théorique et pratique. 3ème. Dunod, 1965.
20. Le Grand, Y. Optique physiologique. Tome II, Lumière et couleurs. Paris (France), Masson et Cie, 1972.
21. European Committee for Standardization. EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting - Lighting of workplaces – Part 1: Indoor work places. Lighting requirements for interiors (areas), tasks and activities [Online]. Ageta. [viewed 2018 March 12]. Available from: http://www. ageta.lt/app/webroot/files/uploads/filemanager/File/info/ EN_12464-1.pdf
22. Kakitsuba, N. Comfortable Indoor Lighting Conditions Evaluated from Psychological and Physiological Responses. LEUKOS, 2016. V12 #3, pp. 163-172.

A spectrally tuneable colour light source (TCLS) has been designed and constructed at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany. It consists of an integrating sphere with 24 LEDs which are driven by a computer-controlled power supply. It is intended for producing any visible spectral distribution and to mimic various light sources for use in laboratories as a calibration source. With the help of an integrated spectrometer, a closed loop operation was introduced to improve the performance of the TCLS and to spectrally stabilize its output spectrum. Before practical realization of the TCLS a series of simulations have been made to predict its performance and capability with a number of different target spectrums. During the practical implementation we have encountered difficulties, namely optimization of the output spectrum, dependency of LED spectra on the electric current through the LED and temperature of the LED, non-linearity of LED’s luminous flux with respect to electric current through the LED and some difficulties with small synthesis coefficient values, which were all successfully solved.

1. P. Zhong, G. He, M. Zhang, “Spectral optimization of the colour temperature tuneable white lightemitting diode (LED) cluster consisting of direct-emission blue and red LEDs and a diphosphor conversion LED”, Optics Express, Vol. 20, No. S5, 2012.
2. G. Bizjak, M. Lindemann, A. Sperling, G. Sauter, “Tunable LED colour source”, Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium on Spectral and Imaging Methods for Photometry and Radiometry, CIE, Vienna, 2010.
3. I. Fryc, W. B. S., P. E. G. in Y. Ohno, “LEDbased spectrally tunable source for radiometric, photometric and colorimetric applications”, Opt. Eng., Vol. 44, No. 11, 2005.
4. C.-C. Wu, N.-C. Hu, Y.-C. Fong, H.-C. Hsiao in S.-L. Hsiao, “Optimal pruning for selecting LEDs to synthesize tunable illumination spectra”, Light. Res. Technol., Vol. 44, No. 4, 2012.
5. C. L. Lawson in R.J. Hanson, “23. Linear Least squares with linear inequality constrains”, in Solving least squares problems, Society for industrial and applied mathematics, 1995.
6. R. Bro in S.D. Jong, “A fast non-negativity-constrained least squares algorithm”, Journal of Chemometrics, Vol. 11, No. 5, 1997.
7. J. Cantarella in M. Piatek, “Tsnnls: A solver for large sparse least squares problems with non-negative variables”, Computing Research Repository CoRR, 2004.
8. N. Carli, A. Sperling, G. Bizjak, “Optimization methods for spectral synthesizing of a tuneable colour light source”, 2018, Light & Engineering, vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 99–108.
9. Routine “Solve nonnegative leastsquares constrains problem – lsqnonneg”, MATLAB – Maths Works Deutschland, Available: http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/lsqnonneg.html?requestedDomain=www.mathworks.com. [Accesed 2.11.2015].
10. M. R. Luo, L. Xu in H. Wang, “An LED based spectrum design for surgical lighting”, in Proceedings of 28th CIE Session, 2015.

1. Kazmierczuk M K. Pulse Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters. Wiley, 1st edition, Singapore, 2008.
2. Url-1 , Visit date, 12.07.2018. 3. Url-2 < http://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf>, Visit date, 12.07. 2018.
4. Url-3 , Visit date, 12.07. 2018.
5. Url-4 , Visit date, 12.07.2018.
6. Url-5 , Visit date, 12.07.2018.
7. Url-6 , Visit date, 12.07.2018.
8. Url-7 , Visit date, 12.07.2018.
9. Mohammed L, Saudin N, Hamid N F A, Ramly N H, Isa Z M, Ahamad N B. Cuk Converter as a LED Lamp Driver. IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy, Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malezya, pp. 262–267.
10. Sepahvand A, Kumar A, Doshi M, Yousefzadeh V, Patterson J, Afridi K K, Maksimovic D. Current Control and PWM Dimming in an Automotive LED Driver based on a Cuk Converter. 2017 IEEE18thWorkshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics, Stanford, USA, pp. 1–8.
11. Hsieh Y, Liu B, Wu J, Fang C, Tsai H, Juang Y. A SEPIC LED Driver with a Hybrid Dimming Technique for Road Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2011 14th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Birmingham, UK, pp. 1–7.
12. Thungod C, Tuptimkaew A, Rattanachan M, Buaban S, Loakhen D, Wansungnoen P, Pattanapongthong P, Khan-ngern W. Design of Heat Management Model of 6,000 Lumen LED Worklamp Using Integrated SEPIC Drivers. 2014 International Electrical Engineering Congress, Chonburi, Thailand, pp. 1–4.
13. Nazarudin M S N, Arif M, Aspar Z, Yahya A, Selvaduray T R. A Flyback SMPS LED Driver for Lighting Application. 2015 10th Asian Control Conference, Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malezya, pp. 1–5.
14. Falcon A, Lindstrom E O, D’Amico M B. Modelling and control of a Flyback Converter to Drive a Dimmable LED Array. 2016 IEEE Biennial Congress of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 1–6.
15. Hsu L, Liang T, Tseng W, Lin Y. Multiple-Output Dimmable LED Driver with Flyback Converter. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics for Sustainable Energy Systems, Hamilton, New Zealand, pp. 134–139.
16. Jia L, Lakshmikanthan S, Liu Y. Cascode Swtiching Modelling and Improvement in Flyback Converter for LED Lighting Applicaitons. 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, San Antonio, USA, pp. 3444–3451.
17. Arias M, Vazguez A, Sebastian J. An Overview of the AC-DC and DC-DC Converters for LED Lighting Applications. Journal for Control, Measurement, Electronics, Computing and Communications, 2012. V53, #2, pp. 156–172.
18. Cabral H.G., Marques A.R., Pedrollo G.R., De Faria P.F., Dos Reis F.S., Performance Comparison of Buck-boost Family Converters for Driving LED Lamps. 2014 11th IEEE/IAS International Conference on Industry Application INDUSCON, Cascatinha, Brazil.
19. Villanueva I, Juarez M A, Martinez P R, Sosa J M, Vazquez G. Comparative Analysis of the Reliability of Drivers for Power LED. 2015 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power Electronics and Computing, Mexico, pp. 1–6.
20. Sehirli E., Altınay M., Cakır B. Comparison of a Single Phase Linear and Buck-boost LED Driver. Light&Engineering, 2015. V23, #3, pp. 78–84.
21. Sehirli E., Altınay M., Üstün Ö, Cakır B. Comparison of a Single Phase Buck-boost and SEPIC LED Driver. Light&Engineering, 2017. V25, #4, pp. 50–55.
22. Url-8 , Visit date, 12.07.2018.
23. Url-9 , Visit date, 12.07. 2018.
24. Data sheet SG3524. Regulating Pulse-Width Modulators. Texas Instrument, 2003.
25. Data sheet PIC16F87X. 28/40-Pin 8-Bit CMOS FLASH Microcontrollers. Microchip, 2013.
26. Data sheet IRFZ44N. HexFET Power MOSFET. International Rectifier, 2010.
27. Data sheet 1N5822. Schottky Barrier Plastic Rectifier, VISHAY, 2013.
28. Data sheet TC4427. 1.5 A Dual High-Speed Power Mosfet Drivers, 2014.
29. Data sheet ACS712. Fully Integrated, Hall EffectBased Linear Current Sensor IC with 2.1k VRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor. Allegro Microsystems, 2017.
30. Spiazzi G., Rosetto L., High-Quality Rectifier Based on CoupLED-Inductor Sepic Topology. 1994 Proceedings of Power Electronics Specialist Conference PESC’94, Taipei, Taiwan.

1. Mishchenko M.I., Lacis A.A., Travis L.D. Errors induces be the neglect of polarization in radiance calculations for Rayleigh-scattering atmospheres // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 1994, Т. 51, № 3, pp. 491–510.
2. Wolff L.B., Kurlander D.J. Ray tracing with polarization parameter // IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 1990, Т. 10, № 6, pp. 44–55.
3. Wilkie A., Tobler R., Ulbricht C. et al. An analytical model for skylight polarization // Proceedings EGSR, 2004, pp. 387–399.
4. Ghosh A., Chen T., Peers P. et al. Circularly polarized spherical illumination reflectometry // ACM Transaction on Graphics, 2010, Т. 29, № 6, pp. 1–12.
5. Mojzik M., Skrivan T., Wilkie A., Krivanek J. BiDirectional Polarised Light Transport // Eurographics Symposium on Rendering. 2016.
6. Zhdanov D., Ershov S., Shapiro L., Sokolov V., Voloboy A. et al. Realistic image synthesis in presence of birefrigent media by backward ray tracing technique // Proc. SPIE10694, Computational Optics II, 106940D (28 May 2018)
7. Kozlov D.S., Debelov V.A. Algorithm for Photorealistic Rendering of Transparent Optically Active Isotropic Crystals // Programming and Computer Software, 2015, Т. 41, № 5, pp. 267–272.
8. Rosenberg G.V. Light Beam [Luch sveta] // Advances of Physics [Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk], 1977, Vol. 121, Issue 1, pp. 97–138.
9. Apresyan L.A., Kravtsov Yu.A. The Theory of Radiation Transmission: Statistical and Wave Aspects [Teoriya perenosa izlucheniya: statisticheskiye i volnovyye aspekty] // Nauka. Chief editorial board of literature on physics and mathematics, Moscow, 1983, 216 p.
10. Stokes G.G. On the composition and resolution of streams of polarized light from different sources // Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1852, Т. IX. p. 399.
11. Rosenberg G.V. Stokes Parameter Vector [Vektorparametr Stoksa] // Advances of Physics [Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk], 1955, Vol. LVI, Issue I, pp. 77–110.
12. Shurcliff W. Polarised Light [Polyarizovanniy svet] // Mir, Moscow, 1965, 264 p.
13. Prigarin S.M. The Basics of Statistical Modelling of Polarised Optical Radiation Transmission [Osnovy statisticheskogo modelirovaniya perenosa polyarizovannogo opticheskogo izlucheniya] // Study Guide, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 2010, 109 p.
14. Budak V.P. Visualisation of Radiance Distribution in Three-Dimensional Scenes [Vizualizatsiya raspredeleniya yarkosti v tryokhmernykh stsenakh nablyudeniya] // MEI, Moscow, 2000, 136 p.
15. Kajiya J.T. The rendering equation // In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, 1986, Т. 20, № 4, pp. 143–150.
16. Kalos M.H. On the Estimation of Flux at a Point by Monte Carlo // Nuclear Science and Engineering, 1963, Т. 16, № 1, pp. 111–117.
17. Budak V.P., Zheltov V.S., Kalatutskiy T.K. Monte Carlo Method Local Estimates in Solution of the Global Illumination Equation with Consideration of Spectral Representation of Objects [Lokalnyye otsenki metoda Monte Carlo v reshenii uravneniya globalnogo osveshcheniya s uchyotom spektralnogo predstavleniya obektov] // Computer Studies and Modelling [Komputernyye issledovaniya i modelirovaniye], 2012, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 75–84.

The purpose of this research is to reach good correlation between sun load simulation and solar focusing test for exterior automotive lighting products. Light coming from sun is highly collimated (parallel rays) and focusable from lenses with concave structure. Focusing incidence leads to a hot spot on lens surrounding plastic parts which may cause melting failures at high temperature zones. Sun load simulation is performing to eliminate risk of discoloration, deformation, out gassing, coating failures and fire with prolonged exposure from field. Irradiance values in W/m2 defined in simulation as heat source depending of an angle of incidence of the sun radiation. At first step, simulation is performing with 5 degree intervals to define the critical zones then intervals decreased to 2 degree to detect the critical azimuth and inclination angles. Critical azimuth and inclination angles is checking with ray trace analysis to check the bouncing of sun rays and possible solution to eliminate focuses with design solutions. After numerical analysis to release and validate the automotive lighting products regarding the sun load test, measurement with first parts is necessary. Measurement is performing for all critical angles which have been detected at simulation with thermal camera under ultra high-collimation solar simulator. Measured temperatures are settled according to environment conditions and correlation is checking with simulations.

1. Neonsee, Application Note, The burning glass effect optical hot spot characterization for the automotive industry, 2011, 1.
2. Sivak M, Schoettle B, Flannagan MJ Mercury-free HID lamps: glare and colour rendering. Light Res Technol, 2006, Vol. 38, #1, pp. 33–40.
3. Jang S, Shin WS Thermal analysis of LED arrays for automotive head lamp with a novel cooling system. IEEE Trans Dev Mater Reliab, 2008, 8, #3, pp. 561–564.
4. Kasten, F. and Young, A.T., Revised optical air mass tables and approximation formula. Applied Optics, 1989, #28, pp. 4735–4738.
5. Fischer, P., “Radiative Heat Redistribution and Natural Convection Flow Inside an Automotive Fog Lamp”, Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Automotive Lighting, Darmstadt, Germany, 2001.
6. https://www.plastics.covestro.com/~/media/Product%20Center/PCS/Images/5_Library/ Product%20brochures/Apec/Apec%20brochure. pdf?la=en&force=1
7. B. v. Blanckenhagen, Accurate Stray Light Simulations with the Bi- Directional Reflection Distribution Function, ISAL, 2005, p.39.