Today, the most important factor in terms of border security is the safe observation of the officers at the border police stations and increasing the visibility of those who may cross without permission. Road lighting along the border is one of the most important physical parameters in preventing unauthorized crossings. If there is a large number of people crossing a border and this crossing cannot be stopped, states create a physical barrier by building a wall of concrete blocks on this border. However, this limit needs to be protected and observed. For this purpose, road and lighting installations are installed on the said country border for security purposes. The main purpose of the road lighting extending along the border is to increase the visibility of pedestrians and other objects and to prevent unauthorized passages safely by the security guards who patrol this area. Therefore, for good border road lighting, vision conditions should be improved, taking into account safety needs. Correctly provided border road lighting is a deterrent in preventing unauthorized border violations. Optimum road lighting along the border will also make the border guards working in this environment feel safe. In this study, according to the road lighting criteria specified by the International Commission on Lighting (CIE), the visual conditions on the road along the border were analyzed and solutions for lighting were presented.

1. Van Bommel, W., Van Den Beld, G.,. Van Ooyen, M., 2003. Industrial Light and Productivity // Light & Engineering, 2003, Vol. 11, #1, pp. 14–21.
2. Efe, S.B., Varhan, D. Interior Lighting of a Historical Building by Using LED Luminaires A Case Study of Fatih Paşa Mosque // Light and Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, #4, pp. 77–83.
3. Cengiz, M.S. Simulation and Design Study for Interior Zone Luminance in Tunnel Lighting // Light and Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, #2, pp. 42–51.
4. Cengiz, M.S., Cengiz, C. Numerical Analysis of Tunnel LED Lighting Maintenance Factor // IIUM Engineering Journal, 2018, Vol. 19, #2, pp. 154–163.
5. Aizenberg, J.B., Budak, V.P. The science of light engineering, fields of application and theoretical foundations // Light and Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26. pp. 4–6.
6. Cengiz, M.S. The Relationship between Maintenance Factor and Lighting Level in Tunnel Lighting // Light and Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, #3, pp. 75–88.
7. Cengiz, M.S. Effects of Luminaire Angle and Illumination Topology on Illumination Parameters in Road Lighting // Light & Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, #4, pp. 47–56.
8. Parlakyıldız, S. The Effects of Luminaire Glass Type on Road Parameters in Road Lighting // Light & Engineering.
9. Cengiz, M.S. The Interaction of Daylight with Design and Place in Religious Buildings According to Modern Architecture // European Journal of Science and Technology, 2022, Vol. 35, #4, pp. 195–202.
10. Ferencikova, M. and Darula, S., Availabity of Dayligting in School Operating Time // Light & Engineering, 2017. Vol. 25, #2, pp. 71–78.
11. Cengiz, MS. Effects of Luminaire Angle on Illumination Performance in Tunnel Lighting // Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2019. Vol. 7, #3, pp. 250–256.
12. https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/suriye-sinirinaorulen-duvara-kulekol-destegi?page=11.
13. https://www.gzt.com/jurnalist/dunyanin-enuzun‑3uncu-duvarina‑21-kulekol‑2796047.
14. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-turkiyenin-suriye-sinirina-ordugu-duvar‑40383018/2.
15. Aizenberg, J.B., P. Budak, V.P. The Science of Light Engineering, Fields of Application and Theoretical Foundations // Light & Engineering 2018, Vol. 26, # 3, pp, 4–6.
16. Maghe, L. Characterization of Road Surfaces using a Mobile Gonio-reflectometer // CIE International Symposium on Road Surface Photometric Characteristics, 2008, 16 p.
17. Budak, V.P., Grimailo, A.V. Light reflection from real surfaces: Probabilistic model of the layer radiance factor // CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2020, 2744.
18. International Commission on Illumination, Road lightings as an Accıdent Countermeasure, CIE93, Vienna-Austria, 92 (1992).
19. CIE140:2000 – Road Lighting Calculations. CIE140, International Commission on Illumination, Road Lighting Calculations, Vienna-Austria, 33 (2000).
20. CIE140:2019 Road Lighting Calculations. CIE140, International Commission on Illumination, 2nd Edition ISBN: 978–3–902842–56–5.
21. CIE2011. CIE194:2011. On site measurement of the photometric properties of road and tunnel lighting.
22. CIE194–2011: On site measurement of the photometric properties of road and tunnel lighting, 2011.
23. CIE115–2010 (CIE2010) CIE115, International Commission on Illumination, Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic, Vienna-Austria, 1995, 25.
24. CIE136–2000, Guide to the lighting of urban areas, 3 August 2000.
25. Basov, A.Y., Boos, G.V., Budak, V.P., Grimailo, A.V. Numerical-analytical model of the luminance factor of an arbitrary surface // Proceedings of the Conference CIE2021, OP54, pp. 423–430.

The aim of this study is to draw attention to the light transmittance level of special glasses with low light transmission. Although it is known that the light transmittance of these special glasses is low, this study is important in terms of knowing the light transmission rate in question and what kind of light problems it causes in practice, because these special glasses can be used for road lighting in some special climatic conditions, for some experiments, or for the use of light in architectural designs. For this reason, it is important to know these special glasses light transmittance properties. As the light transmittance of the luminaire glasses increases, the amount of light on the road also increases. In other words, the light source or glass type affects the lighting performance of the road. The luminaire affects the light emitted from glass-type luminaires and reduces the luminous flux falling from the lamp to the road surface. For this reason, the lamp’s luminous flux with the appropriate power should be increased according to the light transmittance factor of the glasses. Otherwise, the conditions, specified in the CIE road lighting standards, cannot be met. For this purpose, luminaire glasses with different properties that can be used in road lighting were analysed according to their light transmittance of single glass (4 mm), double glass (4 mm), electrochromic glass (reflective), electrochromic glass (absorbent), and thermochromics glass. As a result, it has been determined that when the luminaires used in road lighting are without glass or the luminaire glasses are made of different materials, the lamps luminous fluxes should be increased according to the transmittance coefficient of the glasses.

1. Cengiz, M.S. Effects of Luminaire Angle and Illumination Topology On Illumination Parameters In Road Lighting // Light & Engineering, 2020, V28, #4, pp. 47–56.
2. Cengiz, M.S. Simulation and Design Study for Interior Zone Luminance in Tunnel Lighting // Light and Engineering, 2019, V27, #2, pp. 42–51.
3. Cengiz, M.S., Cengiz, C. Numerical Analysis of Tunnel LED Lighting Maintenance Factor // IIUM Engineering Journal, 2018, V19, #2, pp. 154–163.
4. Boos, G.V., Matveeva, E. Yu. Application of Private Public Partnership Schemes for Infrastructural Projects in the Sphere of Lighting, 4th issue, Moscow: Handbook – Svetotekhnika, 2019, pp. 802–808.
5. Cengiz, C., Cengiz, M.S. Choosing Urban Building Direction for Maximum Daylight // Latin America 3rd International Conference On Scientific Researches August 6–7, 2022- New York, USA. 2022, pp. 222–225.
6. Efe, S.B., Varhan, D. Interior Lighting of a Historical Building by Using LED Luminaires A Case Study of Fatih Paşa Mosque // Light and Engineering, 2020, V28, #4, pp. 77–83.
7. Cengiz, M.S. The Relationship between Maintenance Factor and Lighting Level in Tunnel Lighting // Light and Engineering, 2019, V27, #3, pp. 75–88.
8. Cengiz, C., Cengiz, M.S. 2021. The Relationship Between Shadow and Visional Comfort in Indoor Areas // I. International Halich Congress on Multıdıscıplınary Scientific Research, 29–30 October 2021, Istanbul.
9. Cengiz, M.S. The Interaction of Daylight with Design and Place in Religious Buildings According to Modern Architecture // European Journal of Science and Technology-Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 2022, V35, pp. 195–202.
10. Cengiz, M.S. Use of Daylight in Houses and Villas from Modern Architectural Buildings // European Journal of Science and Technology-Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 2022, V38, pp. 247–258.
11. Cengiz, C., Cengiz, M.S. Daylight as a Design Parameter in Architecture // Seljuk 6th International Conference On Applied Sciences July 16–17, 2022 Konya. 2022, pp. 168–175.
12. Zorer Gedik G. Determination of Suitable Glass Types for Transparent Areas of Building Shell // Lecture Notes, 2016.
13. Fernandes, L.L., Lee, E.S., Ward, G. Lighting Energy Savings Potential of Split-Pane Electrochromic Windows Controlled for Daylighting with Visual Comfort // Energy and Building, 2013, V61, pp. 8–20.
14. Design Builder, https://designbuilder.co.uk/helpv6.0, (Date of Access: 11.12.2021).
15. Cengiz, C., Cengiz, M.S. Daylight as a Design Parameter In Architecture // Seljuk 6th International Conference On Applied Sciences July 16–17, 2022 Konya. 2022, pp. 168–175.
16. Cengiz, M.S. Role of Functional Illumınation Urban Beautification: Qatar-Doha Road Illumınation Case // Light & Engineering, 2022, V30, #3, pp. 34–42.
17. Cengiz, M.S. Human-Centered Architectural Lighting Design in Prisons // Light & Engineering, 2022, V30, #2, pp. 46–54.
18. Cengiz, C., Cengiz, M.S. Volumetric Lighting In Architectural Design // Ege 6th International Conf. on Applied Sciences, September 10–11, 2022- Izmir. 2022, pp. 224–233.
19. Maghe, L. Characterization of Road Surfaces using a Mobile Gonio-reflectometer // CIE International Symposium on Road Surface Photometric Characteristics, 2008, 16 p.
20. Parlakyıldız, S. Visual Comfort at the Road Lighting on the Border Line // Light & Engineering, in press
21. International Commission on Illumination, Road lightings as an Accident Countermeasure, CIE93, Vienna-Austria, 92 (1992).
22. CIE140:2000 – Road Lighting Calculations. CIE140, International Commission on Illumination, Road Lighting Calculations, Vienna-Austria, 33 (2000).
23. CIE140:2019 Road Lighting Calculations. CIE140, International Commission on Illumination, 2nd Edition ISBN:978–3–902842–56–5.
24. CIE194–2011 On-site measurement of the photometric properties of road and tunnel lighting, 2011.
25. CIE115–2010, International Commission on Illumination, Recommendations far the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic, Vienna-Austria, 1995, 25.
26. CIE136–2000, Guide to the lighting of urban areas, 3 August 2000.
27. Iacomussi, Rossi, G., Soardo, P., Energy Saving and Environmental Compatibility in Road Lighting, Light & Engineering // 2012, V20, #4, pp. 55–63.
28. Van Bommel, W., Van Den Beld, G.,. Van Ooyen M., 2003. Industrial Light and Productivity // Light & Engineering, 2003, Vol. 11, #1, pp. 14–21.

Computer graphics and technologies have currently come a long way from engineering methods of environment and space parameter calculation. In the spheres of light engineering and lighting design, it is time to switch to modelling of illumination using mainly graphic lighting effects and imagery rather than digital values. Such transfer is impossible without trying to form the methodology and recommendations for 3D modelling of illumination. The authors of this article attempt to describe the key approaches to 3D modelling of museum illumination using contemporary software. The operating lighting installation of one of the halls of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts is used as an example. Based on the achieved results of the research, we tried to describe the methodology and to provide recommendations for quality design and modelling of illumination in any exhibition spaces. The described methodology may be useful both for lighting engineers, architects, designers, and for curators and museum employees. The former may use the methodology for technical approach and implementation of museum illumination while the latter may use it to find a common language with the former and to compile more accurate terms of reference for them.

1. Aizenberg, J.B. Light and Engineering Handbook [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike] / Edited by J.B. Aizenberg and G.V. Boos, p. 74, 4th Eition, revised and supplemented. Moscow, 2019, pp. 468–490.
2. GOST R58814: Museum Lighting. Terms and Definitions.
3. PNST 393: Museum Lighting. LED Lighting. Methods of Normative Performance Measurements.
4. PNST 392–2020: Museum Lighting. LED Lighting. Requirements.
5. SP 52.13330.2016 – SNiP 23–05–95*: Daylighting and electric lighting.
6. CIE157–2004: Control of Damage to Museum Objects by Optical Radiation.
7. Mezentsev, B.S. Museum Design Recommendations [Rekomendatsii po proektirovaniyu muzeyev] / B.S. Mezentsev, TsNIIEP. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1988, 48 p.
8. Museum Storage of Art Treasures [Muzeinoye khraneniye khudozhestvennykh tsennostei] / Practical Guide. State Research Institute of Restoration, 1995, 17 p.
9. Unified Rules of Organisation of Purchasing, Accounting, Storage and Utilisation of Museum Pieces and Collections / Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation No. 827 dated 23.07.2020.
10. https://www.autodesk.com/products/3ds-max
11. https://www.dial.de
12. Budak, V.P., Kovyrkova, M.D., Makarov, D.N., Minaeva, S. Yu., Skornyakova, A.A. Lighting Design – Development of Creativity of Light Engineering Students [Svetovoy dizain – vospitaniye tvorcheskikh sposobnostey u studentov-svetotekhnikov] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, # 1, pp. 80–83.
13. Budak, V.P., Makarov, D.N. Computer Graphics in Light and Engineering Education: Teaching Photometry and the Basics of the Light Field, CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3027, 2021.

The changed design status of exhibition environment electrical lighting has become the driver of innovative transformations and development of museum exhibitions. Light has become a real form-making and space-modelling tool. Formation of specific museum experience of lighting remains an interdisciplinary problem unifying technical aspects measured by quantitative indicators and qualitative criteria including aesthetical, psychological, and physiological aspects, forming the atmosphere of each exhibit. Museum exhibition lighting is designed using the conceptual design method, which includes conventional design tools and innovative digital technology. The conceptual design method expresses itself in interdisciplinary, synthetic and synaesthesia forms. Educational and art projects of the Stroganov Academy have accumulated a significant experience in solving different problems of museum environment light design on associative conceptual basis. A lighting system becomes:
– An object of traditional art design;
– A light design exhibit;
– An interactive light-and-colour environment of a museum;
– A synthetic environment of a park museum;
– A basis of new art styles like light art and science art, media installations and 3D mapping;
– Creator of a new image of a digital museum, etc.
As a result, light becomes a link connecting the entire humanitarian system of a museum: its scientific, historical, educational, aesthetical and engineering components. Interdisciplinary forms of light functioning (from conventional light design to digital media and interactive projects) are limitless and will grow providing the museum environment with more new forms of information presentation and perception constantly balancing between easel and applied versions.

1. Bogdanov, A.V., Smirnov, V.A. Why the Standards of Exhibition Lighting Need to Be Revised [Pochemu neobkhodima reviziya norm ekspozitsionnogo osveshcheniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue #2, pp. 5–9.
2. Druzhinin, P. (Delta Light) On Lighting in Museums, HoReCa Sphere and Luminaires with Adjustable Parameters [Ob osveshchenii v muzeyakh, sfera HoReCa i svetilnikakh s reguliruyemymi parametrami]. URL: https://interlightbuilding.ru.messefrankfurt.com/moscow /ru/press/news/interlight_moscow/pavel-deltalight.html (date of reference: 24.02.2022 12:11).
3. Ajmat, R., Sandoval, J., Arana, Sema F., O’Donell, B., Gor ,S. & Alonso, H. Lighting Design in Museums: Exhibition Vs. Preservation / WIT Transactions on the Built Environment. Vol. 118. – WIT Press, 2011. URL: https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/118/22732 (date of reference: 24.02.2022).
4. Hunt, E.G. Study of museum lighting and design (2009) [Electronic source]. URL: https://digital. library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3203/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1 (date of reference: 25.02.2022).
5. Yavtushenko, A. Museum Light: Searching for an Ideal [Muzeyniy svet: v poiskakh ideala]. URL: https://prorus.ru/interviews/muzejnyj-svet-vpoiskah-ideala/ (date of reference: 24.02.2022).
6. Schielke, Th. Interpreting Art with Light: Museum Lighting between Objectivity and Hyperrealism // LEUKOS, 2020, Vol. 16, # 1, pp. 7–24. DOI: 10.1080/15502724.2018.1530123.
7. Winkels, K. Implementation of Exhibition Lighting Concept as Means of Artistic Expression through the Example of “Russian Insomnia” Exhibition [Realizatsiya kontseptsii ekspozitsionnogo osveshcheniya kak sredstva khudozhestvennoy vyrazitelnosti na primere vystavki Russkaya Bessonnitsa] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue #2, pp. 40–44.
8. Kuzyakin, B.G. Aspects of Exhibition Lighting in the State Hermitage [Osobennosti isveshcheniya ekspozitsiy v Gosudarstvennom Ermitazhe] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue #2, pp. 10–13.
9. Volgina, L.E. Light in Museum: Experience and Problems [Svet v muzeye: opyt i problemy] // Svetotekhinka, 2018, Special issue #2, pp. 14–18.
10. Armas, J. Lighting design in museums: exhibition vs. preservation / 10th Int. Symp. “Topical Problems in the Field of Electrical and Power Engineering”. Pärnu, Estonia, January 10–15, 2011, pp. 76–79. URL: http://egdk.ttu.ee/files/parnu-2011winter/Parnu2011_winter_076–079.pdf (Date of reference: 24.02.2022).
11. Shchepetkov, N.I. Architectural Lighting in Museums [Arkhitekturnoye osveshcheniye v muzeyakh] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue #2, pp. 28–35.

Microclimate and light environment monitoring systems form a relatively new (emerging) hightech market segment in Russia. Projects being implemented in Russia include microclimate control based on imported equipment, while intelligent lighting systems are not produced at all. The barriers preventing the segment from growing also include lack of standards (each company develops its own technology) and inability of the Russian-produced measuring instruments registered in the State Register to work as part of such systems. These all are the key aspects are taken into account when making decisions regarding automation.
Based on its proprietary developments, TKA has manufactured microclimate monitoring systems and introduced the same in museum and library premises (with wall thickness of up to 1 m, high remoteness of the premises (buildings) and other specific conditions). In particular, the specific features of buildings and some premises of the Library of the Academy of Sciences required pre-testing in order to determine permeability of walls and doors in terms of wireless communication. As a result, in the course of project development, it was found that it was necessary to install 8 repeaters to enable reliable radio signal passage.
The goal of the ongoing study is to create a native system with adjustable operation conditions, number of sensors, selection of monitored parameters and their metrological characteristics, which would increase the accuracy of metrological monitoring in museum, library and archive premises as well as in greenhouse facilities and in urban and industrial infrastructural facilities by means of the lighting environment spectrometric and radiometric analysis and intelligent microclimate control.

1. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation No. 827 dated 23.07.2020 (as amended on 24.11.2020) On Approval of the Unified Rules of Museum Exhibits and Collections Acquisition, Accounting, Storage and Application.
2. Knorring, G.M. The Study of the Impact of Different Light Sources on Museum Exhibits [Issledovaniye vozdeystviya raznykh istochnikov sveta na muzeynyiye eksponaty] / Ordered by the State Hermitage, 1967.
3. Thomson, G. Museum Climate [Muzeyniy klimat] / St. Petersburg: Skifiya, 2005, 288 p.
4. Oganesova, Yu. Yu. Basics of Preventive Museum Preservation: the Guide [Osnovy preventivnoy konservatsii v muzeye: Metodicheskoye posobiye] / St. Petersburg: The State Russian Museum, 2021.
5. “TKA” Scientific Instruments, LLC. TKA-PKL Autonomous Recorders [Avtnonomnyie registratory TKAPKL] // Promyshlenniy vestnik, 2019, Vol. 9, pp. 22–23.
6. Barbar, Yu.A., Tomsky, K.A., Shchur, D.E., Ryskov, M.A. TKA-KVL‑04 Humidity Calibrator [Kalibrator vlazhnosti TKA-KVL‑04] // ISUP (Informatizatsiya i sistemy upravleniya v promyshlennosti), 2021, Vol. 3 (93), pp. 45–50.

1. Bogdanov, A.V., Smirnov, V.A. Why the Standards of Exhibition Lighting Need to Be Revised [Pochemu neobkhodima reviziya norm ekspozitsionnogo osveshcheniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue: Light in Museum [Svet v muzeye], pp. 5–9.
2. Shakhparunyantz, A.G., Rozovsky, E.I., Chernyak, A. Sh., Fedorishchev, P.A. Light Emitting Diodes in Museums: New Opportunities and Problems [Svetodiody v muzeyakh: novyie vozmozhnosti i problemy] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue: Light in Museum [Svet v muzeye], pp. 36–39.
3. Seryi, E.S., Sibrikova, I.A. Lighting in Musems: Comprehensive and Resonable Approach // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue: Light in Museum, pp. 82–85.
4. Fedorishchev, P.A. The First Meeting of the Museum Lighting Section [Pervoye zasedaniye sektsii Osveshcheniye muzeyev], 2018, # 5, p. 88.
5. Bartseva, A.A., Belyaev R.I., Rozovskiy E.I., Fedorishchev P.A., Chernyak A. Sh. Light in Museum: Contemporary Standards and Monitoring Methods [Svet v muzeye: sovremennyie normy i metody kontrolya] // Proceedings of Neradovsky Readings. St. Petersburg, 2021, pp. 258–264.
6. Tomskiy, K.A. Instrumentation and Standardisation of Storage and Exhibiting of Museum Collections [Pribornoye obespecheniye i normirovaniye usloviy khraneniya i eksponirovaniya muzeynykh kollektsiy] // Proceedings of Neradovsky Readings. St. Petersburg, 2021, pp. 265–275.
7. Onishchyuk, V.I. Artificial Electric Lighting of Museums. Aspects and Problems [Iskusstvennoye elektricheskoye osveshcheniye muzeyev. Osobennosti i problemy] // Proceedings of Neradovsky Readings. St. Petersburg, 2021, pp. 276–284.
8. Seryi, E.S. LED Forum: Theory and Practice of LED Application [LED Forum: teoriya i praktika primeneniya svetodiodov] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, # 6, pp. 85–86.
9. Bartseva, A.A., Boos, G.V., Chernyak, A. Sh., Kuznetsova, A.B., Rozovskiy, E.I. The State of Museum Lighting in Russia [Sostoyaniye muzeynogo osveshcheniya v Rossii] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, # 6, pp. 45–51.
10. Light Engineering Handbook [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike] / Edited by J.B. Aizenberg, G.V. Boos. 4th Edition, revised and supplemented, Moscow, 2019, 892 p., illustrated.

1. Shakhparunyantz, A.G., Rozovsky, E.I., Chernyak, A. Sh., Fedorishchev, P.A. Light Emitting Diodes in Museums: New Opportunities and Problems [Svetodiody v muzeyakh: novyie vozmozhnosti i problemy] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue Light in Museum, pp. 36–39.
2. Novakovsky, L.G. Illumination of Paintings, Graphic Arts, Printed Products, Photographs: Problems and Possible Solutions [Osveshcheniye proizvedeniy zhivopisi, grafiki, poligrafii, fotografii – problemy i vozmozhnyie resheniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue Light in Museum, pp. 19–27.
3. Shanda, Ya. On Accuracy of Colour Reproduction in Museum Lighting [Chto takoye tochnost vosproizvedeniya tsveta v muzeynom osveshchenii] // Svetotekhinka, 2014, Vol. 5, pp. 23–27.
4. Baev, S.S., Kuzmin, V.N., Tomskiy, K.A. Study of Impact of Optical Radiation on Materials of Museum Exhibits and Requirements to Measurement Devices [Issledovaniye vozdeistviya opticheskogo izlucheniya na materialy muzeinykh eksponatov i trebovaniya k izmeritelnym priboram] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue Light in Museum, pp. 50–55.
5. Koynov, S.V., Khodyrev, D.M. Museum Lighting: Approach, Example and Direction [Muzeynoye osveshcheniye – podkhod, primer i napravleniye dvizheniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue Light in Museum, pp. 65–70.
6. URL https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/04/f30/tm‑30_fact-sheet.pdf.
7. Karin Bieske, Ulla Hartwig, Christoph Schierz, Alexander Wilm, and Carolin Horst. TM‑30–15 and CIECRI- Ra: Investigation of Сolour Rendering of White PC LEDs // Light & Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26, # 2, pp. 81–87.
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10. URL http://agi32.com/blog/tag/biologically-effective-lighting/.
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14. Aladov, A.V., Sackheim, A.L., Chernyakov, A.E. LED Museum Lighting: New Return to Natural Light [Svetodiodnoye muzeynoye osveshcheniye: novoye vozvrashcheniye k estestvannomu svetu] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, Special issue Light in Museum, pp. 55–61.
15. Aladov, A.V., Valyukhov, V.P., Dyomin, S.V., Sackheim, A.L., Chernyakov, A.E., Tsatsulnikov, A.F. Wireless Networks of Controllable Energy-Efficient LED Light Sources [Besprovodnyie seti upravlyaemykh energoeffektivnykh svetodiodnykh istochnikov osveshcheniya] // Scientific and Technical Bulletin of SPbPU, Physics and Mathematics. – 2015. – Vol. 1 (213). – P. 50–60.
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The goal of the work is to design and to implement the project of modernisation of the showcase lighting system in Treasury of the Tretyakov Gallery. Geometry and arrangement of the showcases as well as locations of the exhibits allow symmetrical and asymmetrical accent-lighting spotlights using both for illumination of vertical and horizontal surfaces of the showcases and for accent lighting of the exhibits by narrow and ultra-narrow beams. Accent lighting allows us to arrange a hierarchical luminous environment with maximum luminance level on the surfaces of the exhibits and uniform and controlled floodlighting of the vertical surfaces of showcase walls with lesser luminance. The luminaires installed under cover of the upper longitudinal slat near the ceiling, which makes the emitting surfaces of the luminaires completely invisible for visitors. As a result of application of the set of spotlights, a controlled lighting system is established, which creates a controlled luminous environment allowing to adjust particular uniformly distributed luminance on vertical and horizontal surfaces of showcases, as well as on the surfaces of selected exhibits. The luminaires are mounted in perforated racks, which allow us to move, to replace, and to change the number of luminaires.

1. Boos, G.V., Novakovsky, L.G. Museum Lighting [Osveshcheniye muzeyev] / Light and Engineering Handbook [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike / 4th Edition, revised and supplemented, Moscow: Svetotekhnika journal editorial board, 2019.
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The article presents the set of data related to development of museum illumination control standards. The main goal of the review is to demonstrate the balance between illumination adjustment as a means to improve preservation of museum exhibits and adjustment as a means to improve presentation of exhibits to visitors. Such review became necessary due to intensification of activities for development of museum illumination regulations since 2018. As part of these activities, the specialists of two leading organisations – light engineers of the Russian Lighting Research Institute named after S.I. Vavilov (VNISI) and the museum and restoration community of the State Research Institute for Restoration – fulfilled a contract for analysis of museum practice in the sphere of museum illumination.
The results of the studies under the contract were reviewed and approved during an extended meeting of the museum illumination commission of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Lighting Industry in the Russian Federation (STC “Svetotekhnika”) with participation of representatives of the museum community. The results of this work were also discussed at a meeting of the scientific council of GosNIIR.
In 2020, specialists of VNISI developed four regulations of LED illumination for museums after fulfilling the contract. The article presents a brief description of the potential of these documents for improvement of development of LED museum illumination. It demonstrates limited applicability of the developed standards to actual needs of museums and the mistakes made by the developers, which pose risks for preservation of museum exhibits if these standards are used in practice.
The author proposes the ways of further development and improvement of the regulatory framework of museum illumination. These ways and the programme of regulation development were discussed and approved at the meeting of the scientific council of GosNIIR.

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7. Kuzyakin, B.G. Aspects of Exhibition Lighting in the State Hermitage [Osobennosti osvechsheniya ekspozitsiy v Gosudarstvennom Ermitazhe] // Svetotekhinka, 2018, Special issue Light in Museum, pp. 10–13.
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1. Apollo: Fine and Decorative Arts. Architecture: Terminological Dictionary: A–Z [Apollon: Izobrazitelnoye i dekorativnoye iskusstvo. Arkhitektura: Terminologicheskiy slovar: A–Ya] / Russian Academy of Arts, Fine Arts Theory and History Research Institute; V.G. Arslanov et al. – Moscow: Ellis Lak, 1997, 735 p.
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An important problem of museum exhibition lighting design is finding a balance between illumination conditions providing good visibility of exhibits and preserving them from damaging light impact. The article presents the study conducted as part of design of lighting for the Leonardo da Vinci Hall in the State Hermitage Museum. It is based on analysis of the data collected during lighting audit, modelling of the existing daylighting and electric lighting and comparison of the results of these activities with requirements of the applicable museum illumination regulations.
The results of the study contain the substantiated conclusions on disadvantages of the existing lighting system of the hall and the design solution for modernisation of the lighting installation with recommendations for adjustment of the amount and chromaticity of daylighting and electric lighting, with the diagram of arrangement and aiming, and with the specification of lighting equipment.
The study demonstrates that meeting the requirements to standardised vertical illuminance on exhibits does not guarantee that total exposure to daylighting and electric lighting does not exceed the limit allowable for their preservation.
The analysis points out this problem, which is applicable to most of museums and galleries, and the developed lighting design for the said hall demonstrates a simple and affordable solution of it.

The article formulates the criteria of selection of the colour and luminous concept in museums of different profiles with focus on visitors of exhibition halls. The amount of light and the quality of illumination solution are important parameters affecting preservation of pieces of art, perception of museum environment, and capability to research any exhibit.
Showcase illumination requires not only meeting exhibit lighting standards, but also balancing showcase illumination with general hall lighting. If daylighting is present, the problem becomes more complicated: it is necessary to select illuminance and luminance levels, locations of showcases and exhibits in them.
For demonstration and convenient perception of paintings, it is important to create a comfortable illumination solution, to fill the space with light, to select appropriate contrast.
Cultural heritage of Russia is huge, and, naturally, no exhibition may consist of exhibits of the same light resistance category. Annual luminous exposure may help find a solution for lighting design in this case.
Light and shadow are inseparable, that combination gives a perspective of volume and texture of a piece of art. But shadow may distort exhibit perception therefore it is necessary to work with it.
Another complication and, at the same time, a limitless area for creativity is using and/or limiting daylighting. Lighting design depends on the goals and objectives of a project.

George V. Boos
Museum Lighting as one of the Priorities of the Russian Light and Engineering Industry

Elena A. Zaeva-Burdonskaya and Yuri V. Nazarov
Search Paths and Solutions for new Forms of Museum Exhibition Lighting

Sergei S. Baev, Sergei E. Nikolaev, Yuri A. Barbar, and Konstantin A. Tomsky
Russian-Made Wireless Lighting and Microclimate Monitoring and Control Systems Accounting for Features of Museum Premises

Vladimir P. Budak and Denis N. Makarov
State-of-the-Art Capabilities of Computer Graphics in Museum Lighting Modelling

Victor B. Dorokhov
Light and Climate: Regulatory Requirements and Practice of Cultural Valuables Preservation

Ekaterina S. Lezzhova
Criteria of Museum Colour and Luminous Environment Concept Selection

Leonid G. Novakovsky and Lyubov E. Volgina
Lighting of Exhibitions in Museums with Limited Power Supply Capabilities

George V. Boos
Museum Lighting as one of the Priorities of the Russian Light and Engineering Industry

Elena A. Zaeva-Burdonskaya and Yuri V. Nazarov
Search Paths and Solutions for new Forms of Museum Exhibition Lighting

Sergei S. Baev, Sergei E. Nikolaev, Yuri A. Barbar, and Konstantin A. Tomsky
Russian-Made Wireless Lighting and Microclimate Monitoring and Control Systems Accounting for Features of Museum Premises

Vladimir P. Budak and Denis N. Makarov
State-of-the-Art Capabilities of Computer Graphics in Museum Lighting Modelling

Victor B. Dorokhov
Light and Climate: Regulatory Requirements and Practice of Cultural Valuables Preservation

Ekaterina S. Lezzhova
Criteria of Museum Colour and Luminous Environment Concept Selection

Leonid G. Novakovsky and Lyubov E. Volgina
Lighting of Exhibitions in Museums with Limited Power Supply Capabilities