This study focuses on the fusion and calibration of DMSP–OLS and NPP–VIIRS night-time light data, sourced from the National Geophysical Data Centre in the United States. A long-time series night-time light dataset, spanning from 1999 to 2019, for the western provinces of China is created. In conjunction with carbon emission statistics from these 11 western provinces, an estimation model is constructed to analyse the changes in the spatiotemporal pattern of carbon emissions within the region, revealing the characteristics of carbon emissions caused by human night-time economic activities in western China, and provides theoretical reference for the formulation of energy conservation and emission reduction policies. Results show that:
– A strong correlation coefficient of 0.9067 exists between carbon emissions and the total digital number (DN) value of night-time light in the western provinces, with a negligible average relative error, and this result indicates the effectiveness of the estimation model;
– The study reveals an increasing trend in carbon emissions across all 11 provinces from 1999 to 2019, and this growth forms a radial expansion pattern centred around the provincial capitals of Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia;
– By integrating night-time light images and calculated carbon emissions through the estimation model, a significantly positive spatial correlation of carbon emissions is discernible. This outcome presents as a high carbon agglomeration area in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and a low carbon agglomeration area in Qinghai Province. On the basis of these findings, the study proposes transformation measures to promote low carbon emissions in China’s western provinces. These practical suggestions provide a point of reference for China as it aims to meet its “carbon neutrality” and “peak carbon emissions” targets.

1. Schipper, L., Murtishaw, S., Khrushch, M., Ting, M., Karbuz, S., Unander, F. Carbon emissions from manufacturing energy use in 13 IEA countries: Long-term trends through 1995 // Energy Policy, 2001, Vol. 29, # 9, pp. 667–688.
2. Nejat, P., Jomehzadeh, F., Taheri, M. M., Gohari, M., Majid, M. Z. A. A global review of energy consumption, CO2 emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO2 emitting countries) // Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, Vol. 43, pp. 843–862.
3. Yu, B., Tang, M., Wu, Q., Yang, C., Deng, S., Shi, K., Peng, C., Wu, J., Chen, Z. Urban Built-Up Area Extraction from Log-Transformed NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Composite Data // IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2018, Vol. 15, # 8, pp. 1279–1283.
4. Doll, C. H., Muller, J., Elvidge, C.D. Night-time Imagery as a Tool for Global Mapping of Socioeconomic Parameters and Greenhouse Gas Emissions //AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 2000, Vol. 29, # 3, pp. 157–162.
5. Ma, Z., Xiao, H. Spatiotemporal simulation study of China’s provincial carbon emissions based on satellite night lighting data // China Population, Resources and Environment, 2017, Vol. 27, # 9, pp. 143–150.
6. Liu, X., Ou, J., Wang, S. Estimating spatiotemporal variations of city-level energy-related CO2 emissions; an improved disaggregating model based on vegetation adjusted night-time light data // Journal of Cleaner Production Journal, 2018, # 177, pp. 101–114.
7. Elvidge, C. D., Baugh, K. E., Kihn, E. A., Kroehl, H. W., Davis, E. R., Davis, C.W. Relation between satellite observed visible-near infrared emissions, population, economic activity and electric power consumption // International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1997, Vol. 18, # 6, pp. 1373–1379.
8. Jing, X., Shao, X., Cao, C., Fu, X., Yan, L. Comparison between the Suomi-NPP Day-Night Band and DMSP-OLS for Correlating Socio-Economic Variables at the Provincial Level in China // Remote Sensing. 2016, Vol. 8, # 1, pp. 17.
9. Shi, K., Yu, B., Huang, Y., Hu, Y., Yin, B., Chen, Z., Chen, L., Wu, J. Evaluating the Ability of NPP-VIIRS Night-time Light Data to Estimate the Gross Domestic Product and the Electric Power Consumption of China at Multiple Scales: A Comparison with DMSP-OLS Data // Remote Sensing, 2014, Vol. 6, # 2, pp. 1705–1724.
10. Zhao, J., Ji, G., Yue, Y., Lai, Z., Chen, Y., Yang, D., Yang, X., Zheng, W. Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban residential CO2 emissions and their driving forces in China using the integrated two night-time light datasets // Applied energy, 2019, # 235, pp. 612–624.
11. Shi, K., Yu, B., Zhou, Y., Chen, Y., Yang, C., Chen, Z., Wu, J. Spatiotemporal variations of CO2 emissions and their impact factors in China: A comparative analysis between the provincial and prefectural levels // Applied Energy, 2019, # 233, pp. 170–181.
12. Xie, Y., Weng, Q. Spatiotemporally enhancing time-series DMSP/OLS night- time light imagery for assessing large-scale urban dynamics // ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2017, # 128, pp. 1–15.
13. Rayner, P. J., Raupach, M. R., Paget, M., Peylin, P., Koffi, E. A new global gridded data set of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion: Methodology and evaluation // Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2010, # 115, pp. 1–11.
14. Pandey, B., Joshi, P. K., Seto, K.C. Monitoring urbanization dynamics in India using DMSP/OLS night time lights and SPOT-VGT data // International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo-information, 2012, # 23, pp. 49–61.
15. Cao, X., Wang, J., Chen, J., Shi, F. Spatial specializing of electricity consumption of China using saturation-corrected DMSP-OLS data // International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo-information, 2014, # 28, pp. 193–200.
16. Tripathy, B. R., Sajjad, H., Elvidge, C. D., Ting, Y., Pandey, P. C., Rani, M., Kumar, P. Modelling of Electric Demand for Sustainable Energy and Management in India Using Spatiotemporal DMSP-OLS Night-Time Data // Environmental Management, 2017, # 61, pp. 615–623.
17. Jasiński, T. Modelling electricity consumption using night-time light images and artificial neural networks // Energy, 2019, # 179, pp. 831–842.
18. Marx, A., Rogers, M.Z. Analysis of Panamanian DMSP/OLS nightlights corroborates suspicions of inaccurate fiscal data: A natural experiment examining the accuracy of GDP data // Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 2017, # 8, pp. 99–104.
19. Tan, M., Li, X., Li, S., Xin, L., Wang, X., Li, Q., Li, W., Li, Y., Xiang, W. Modeling population density based on night-time light images and land use data in China // Applied Geography, 2018, # 90, pp. 239–247.
20. Chen, J., Gao, M., Cheng, S. China’s city-level carbon emissions during 1992–2017 based on the inter-calibration of night time light data // Scientific reports, 2021, Vol. 11, # 1, pp. 3323.
21. Wang, S., Fang, C., Wang, Y. Spatiotemporal variations of energy-related CO2 emissions in China and its influencing factors: an empirical analysis based on provincial panel data // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, # 55, pp. 505–515.
22. Grunewald, N., Jakob, M., Mouratiadou, I. Decomposing inequality in CO2 emissions: The role of primary energy carriers and economic sectors // Ecological Economics, 2014, Vol. 100, # 1, pp. 183–194.
23. Wang, S., Zhou, C., Li, G., Feng, K. CO2, economic growth, and energy consumption in China’s provinces: Investigating the spatiotemporal and econometric characteristics of China’s CO2 emissions // Ecological Economics, 2016, Vol. 69, # 1, pp. 184–195.
24. Wang, S., Fang, C., Guan, X., Pang, B., Ma, H. Urbanisation, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in China: A panel data analysis of China’s provinces // Applied Energy, 2014, # 136, pp. 738–749.
25. Cui, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, C., Streets, D. G., Xu, Y., Du, M., Lin, J. Spatiotemporal dynamics of CO2 emissions from central heating supply in the North China Plain over 2012–2016 due to natural gas usage //Applied Energy, 2019, # 241, pp. 245–256.
26. Cui, X., Lei, Y., Zhang, F., Zhang, X., Wu, F. Mapping spatiotemporal variations of CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions using night-time light data in Guangdong Province // Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2019, # 110, pp. 89–98.
27. Zheng, S., Shan, J., Singh, R. P., Wu, Y., Pan, J., Wang, Y., Lichtfouse, E. High spatiotemporal heterogeneity of carbon footprints in the Zhejiang Province, China, from 2005 to 2015: Implications for climate change policies // Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2020, Vol. 18, # 3, pp. 931–939.
28. Li, F., Abuzar, M., Ali, S. A., et al. A revaluation of carbon intensity factors through the carbon decomposition approach in a developing economy // Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 2023, Vol. 36, # 2, 2142829, 22 p.
29. Dong, K., Wang, J., Ren, X. Does Internet development have a spatial fluctuation spill over effect on green total factor productivity in China? A Spatial-SAR-ARCH model // Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 2023, Vol. 34, # 3, pp. 741–770.
30. Wu, Yizhen, et al. Developing Improved Time-Series DMSP-OLS-Like Data (1992–2019) in China by Integrating DMSP-OLS and SNPP-VIIRS // IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2021, Vol. 60, pp. 1–14.
31. Liu Xiaoping, et al. Estimating spatiotemporal variations of city-level energy-related CO2 emissions: An improved disaggregating model based on vegetation adjusted night-time light data // Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, Vol. 177, pp. 101–114.
32. Liu Z., Wang S., Fang C. Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing mechanism of ecosystem service value in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area // Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2023, Vol. 33, # 6, pp. 1226–1244.
33. Xiao, H., Ma, Z., Mi, Z., et al. Spatiotemporal simulation of energy consumption in China’s provinces based on satellite night-time light data //Applied Energy, 2018, Vol. 231, pp. 1070–1078.
34. Shi, K., Chen, Y., Yu, B. Modelling spatiotemporal CO2 (Carbon dioxide) emission dynamics in China from DMSP-OLS night-time stable light data using panel data analysis // Applied Energy, 2016, # 168, pp. 523–533.
35. Zhao, J., Chen, Y., Ji, G. Residential carbon dioxide emissions at the urban scale for county-level cities in China: A comparative study of night-time light data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, #180, pp. 198–209.
36. Elvidge, C. D., Baugh, K. E., Kihn, E.A. Relation between satellite observed visible-near infrared emissions, population, economic activity and electric power consumption // International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1997, Vol. 18, # 6, pp. 1373–1379.
37. Lv, Q., Liu, H., Wang, J. Multiscale analysis on spatiotemporal dynamics of energy consumption CO2 emissions in China: Utilizing the integrated of DMSPOLS and NPP-VIIRS night-time light datasets // Science of the Total Environment, 2020, Vol. 703, 134394.

1. Biricik, K. Temel Araç Bilgisi // Automotive Authorized Dealers Association-OYDER Yayınları‑3, 2015. Vol. 1, pp. 94–104.
2. Bauer, H. Automotive Electric / Electronic Systems Lighting Technology. Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, 1999, 52 p.
3. Derlofske, J.V., Bullough, J.D., Gribbin, C. Comfort and visibility characteristics of spectrally tuned high-intensity discharge forward lighting systems // European Journal of Scientific Research, 2007, Vol. 17, # 1, pp. 73–84.
4. Honeywill, T. Simulation sees // Automotive Engineer, 2007, pp. 32–33.
5. Wulf, J., Reich, A. Temperature loads in headlamps. SAE World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, 2002.
6. Moore, D.W. Headlamp history and harmonization. Michigan, Report No. UMTRI‑1998, 98–2.
7. Moore, W.I., Donovan, S.E., Powers, C.R. Thermal analysis of automotive lamps using the ADINA-F coupled specular radiation and natural convection model // Computers and Structure, 1999, Vol. 72, pp. 17–30.
8. Halogen lamps, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen_lamp (Date of access: 07.07.2023)
9. Hella Tech World, https://www.hella.com/techworld/tr/ (Date of access: 07.07.2023)
10. Sexton, J.A. NASA Contractor Report 187050-Vibration and Thermal Vacuum Qualification Test Results for a Low-Voltage Tungsten-Halogen Light, 1991.
11. Cengiz, M.S. Effects of luminaire angle and illumination topology on illumination parameters in road lighting // Light & Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 4, pp. 47–56.
12. Cengiz, M.S. Using electric lighting to support daylighting in architectural building designs // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 1, pp. 113–123.
13. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Trafik/TrafikKazalariOzeti.aspx
14. Highway Traffic Law No. 2918 (2918 sayılı Karayollari Trafik Kanunu), https://www.mev zuat.gov.tr/mevzuat? MevzuatNo=2918&MevzuatTur-=1&MevzuatTertip=5 (Date of access: 07.07.2023)
15. Traffic Speed Limits (Trafik Hız Sınırları), https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/ Trafik/HizSinirlari.aspx (Date of access: 07.07.2023)
16. Stopping Distances of Vehicles on Unsloped and Dry Asphalt Roads According to their Speed https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Trafik/DurmaIntikal.aspx
17. CIE:88–2004, Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses
18. İzbek, K. Tünel aydinlatma tasariminda «fren mesafesi» ve ülkemizdeki bazi yanliş uygulamalar, https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/b5cfc-2cb39ac654_ek.pdf
19. Cengiz, M.S. Simulation and design study for interior zone luminance in tunnel lighting // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 2, pp. 42–51.
20. Yavuz, C., Yanikoglu, E., Guler, O. Determination of Real Energy Saving Potential of Daylight Responsive Systems: A Case Study from Turkey // Light & Engineering. 2010, Vol. 18, 99 p.
21. Büyükkınacı, B., Onaygil, S., Güler, Ö., Yurtseven, M.B. Determining minimum visibility levels in different road lighting scenarios // Lighting Research Technology, 2018, Vol. 50, # 7, pp. 1045–1056.
22. Kıyak, İ., Oral, B., Topuz, V. Smart indoor LED lighting design powered by hybrid renewable energy systems // Energy and Buildings, 2017, Vol. 148, pp. 342–347.
23. Guler, O., Onaygil, S. The Effect of Luminance Uniformity on Visibility Level in Road Lighting // Lighting Research and Technology, 2003, Vol. 35, # 3, pp. 199–215.
24. Bora, Y., Önen, U.B., Umurkan, N. A review of electric vehicles and their impacts on grid // International Journal Science Technol. Res., 2017, Vol. 6, # 10, pp. 251–256.
25. Yavuz, C., Yanikoglu, E., Guler, O. Evaluation of Daylight Responsive Lighting Control Systems According to the Results of a Long-Term Experiment // Light & Engineering, 2012, Vol. 20, 75 p.
26. Cengiz, M.S. Lighting master plan application in living areas // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 6, pp. 124–132.
27. Onaygil, S., Guler, O. Determination of the Energy Saving by Daylight Responsive Lighting Control Systems with an Example from Istanbul // Building and Environment, 2003, Vol. 38, # 7, pp. 973–977.
28. Buyukkinaci, B., Onaygil, S., Güler, Ö., Yurtseven, M.B. Road lighting automation scenarios depending on traffic speed and volume // Lighting Research Technology, 2019, Vol. 51, # 6, pp. 910–921.
29. Cengiz, M.S., Cengiz, C. Numerical analysis of tunnel lighting maintenance factor // IIUM Engineering Journal, 2018, Vol. 19, # 2, pp. 154–163.

1. Korobko, A.A., Pyatigorsky, V.M., Chernyak, A.Sh., Shakhparunyants, A.G. The role of regulation and control in the high-quality outdoor lighting design // Svetotechnika, 2016, # 5, pp. 43–46 [Korobko A.A., Pyatigorskij V.M., Chernyak A.Sh., Shahparunyanc A.G. Rol’ normirovaniya i kontrolya v sozdanii kachestvennogo naruzhnogo osveshcheniya // Svetotekhnika. – 2016. – № 5. – S. 43–46].
2. Barr J. The glass tempering handbook, 2019 (https://www.mornglass.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ theglasstemperinghandbook.pdf).
3. Chemical Incompatibilities Affecting LEDs https://www.vossloh-schwabe.com/fileadmin/user_upload/chemical_incompatibility_en.pdf
4. Abul’hanov, S.R., Haritonov, S.I. Stand for Determining the Resistance of Optically Transparent Surfaces to the Influence of Natural and Technogenic Factors, 2015. UDC 683.3.05+ 62–408.8+ 621.9.019 (https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stend-dlya-opredeleniya-stoykosti-opticheski-prozrachnyh-poverhnostey-navozdeystvie-prirodnyh-i-tehnogennyh-faktorov‑1/viewer)
5. Yazdan Mehr, M., Bahrami, A., Van Driel, W. D., Fan, X. J., Davis, J. L., Zhang, G.Q. Degradation of optical materials in solid-state lighting systems // International Materials Reviews, 2020, Vol. 65, # 2, pp. 102–128.
6. The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA). https://darksky.org/
7. GOST 30698–2014 Tempered glass. Technical conditions.
8. Decree of housing and communal services of Moscow dated 02/09/2023 N 01–01–14–59/23 “On approval of regulations and technological maps for the technical operation of outdoor and architectural and artistic lighting systems, landscape lighting, city electric clocks, elements of holiday lighting and decorative design (illuminance) in the city of Moscow”.
9. Application Note. Guidelines to Prevent LED Damage Due to Contamination. APN‑002816 Rev 01 Luminus Devices, Inc., 2021 https://download.luminus.com/datasheets/APN‑002816_Rev01_Guidelines_to_Prevent_LED_Darkening_Due_to_Contamination.pdf
10. GOST R 59666–2021. Artificial lighting. Method for determining the maintenance factor lighting installations.
11. Measure and Report Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) in LED Luminaires for Street and Roadway Lighting Applications Final Report Prepared for the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, January 2016 (https://moodle.polymtl.ca/pluginfile.php/512391/mod_resource/content/3/RES‑1–16.pdf)
12. Davis, R.G., Wilkerson, A.M., Kinzey, B.R. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD): Field data from several exterior lighting projects // Leukos, 2019, Vol. 15, # 1, pp. 55–63.
13. Lorphèvre, R., Maghe, L., Dehon, J. LED tunnel luminaires: with or without a protector? // Conference Paper, CIE, Kuala Lumpur, 2014.
14. DOE SSL R&D Workshop LED Panel. Tampa, FL, January 29, 2014 https://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/maikowski_rethinking-luminaires_tampa2014.pdf
15. SP 52.13330.2016. Set of rules. Natural and artificial lighting. Updated version of SNiP 23–05–95*” (approved by Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated November 7, 2016 N 777/pr) (as amended on December 28, 2021)

The aim of the current study was to find the most effective spectral modes of irradiation of short-season plants (for example, radish) using a fluorescent LED irradiator with a variable spectrum. The research methodology was based on the species-specific response of plants to the spectral composition of light.
Photo-biological experiments were carried out to find effective spectral composition of PAR for cultivating radish communities under stable and variable irradiation modes of electrical lighting.
It was shown that under stable irradiation modes, the highest productivity of economically useful radish biomass had been achieved at spectral composition with a maximum of 60 % radiation in the (600–700) nm region in a variable spectral irradiation mode. The variable spectral irradiation mode turned out to be the most effective when the spectral composition with the dominance of red rays was changed to the spectral composition with the dominance of blue rays. There were no significant differences between the best production parameters for stable and variable modes of irradiation of radish plants, which indicates the expediency of choosing the stable spectral mode of irradiation of radish plants as a short-season crop under electrical illumination.
The results obtained can be used to select spectral irradiation modes for short-season plants grown under electrical lighting in northern regions and in isolated rooms in various climatic zones using “City-farm” technologies.

1. Zakgeim, A.L. LEDs and their effective use / Moscow, Editorial Office of the Journal (Svetotekhnika / Light & Engineering), 2021, 200 p. (in Russian)
2. Molokeev, M.S. High-power lamp with variable spectrum // Russian Patent No. 2792773. 2023. Bull. No. 9 (in Russian).
3. Tikhomirov, A.A., Ushakova, S.A., Shikhov, V.N., Shklavtsova, E.S. Conceptual approach to selecting radiation spectrum of lamps for plant cultivation // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, #6, Special Issue, pp. 24–30.
4. Prikupets, L.B., Boos, G.V. Irradiation installations in agriculture: Manual for university students / Moscow: Editorial Office of the Journal Svetotekhnika / Light & Engineering, 2023, 136 p. (in Russian).
5. Tikhomirov, A.A., Lisovsky, G.M., Sidko, F. Ya. Spectral composition of light and plant productivity / Novosibirsk: Nauka. Siberian Branch, 1991, 168 p. (in Russian).
6. Kusuma, P., Swan, B., Bugbee, B. Does green really mean go? Increasing the fraction of green photons promotes growth of tomato but not lettuce or cucumber // Plants, 2021, Vol. 10, Is. 4, 637. pp. 2–18.
7. Tikhomirov, A.A., Zolotukhin, I. G., Lisowski, M.G., Sidko, F.Y., Lisovsky, G.M., Prikupets, L.B. Method for growing of cucumbers / Copyright certificate of the USSR. № 1620062, Bulletin No. 2. 1991.
8. Wang, Y. and Folta, K.M. Contributions of green light to plant growth and development // American Journal of Botany, 2013, Vol. 100, Is. 1, pp. 70–78.
9. Pennisi, G., Blasioli, S., Cellini, A., Maia, L., Crepaldi, A., Braschi, I., Spinelli, F., Nicola, S., Fernandez, J.A., Stanghellini, C., Marcelis, L.F.M., Orsini, F. and Gianquinto, G. Unraveling the role of red: blue LED lights on resource use efficiency and nutritional properties of indoor grown sweet basil // Front. Plant Sci., 2019, Vol. 10, pp. 2–14.
10. Kim, H.H., Goins, G.D., Wheeler, R.M. Greenlight supplementation for enhanced lettuce growth under red- and blue-light-emitting diodes // American Society for Horticultural Science, 2004, V. 39, Is. 7, pp. 1617–1622.
11. Liu, H., Fu, Y., Hu, D., Yu, J., Liu, H. Effect of green, yellow and purple radiation on biomass, photosynthesis, morphology and soluble sugar content of leafy lettuce via spectral wavebands “knock out” // Scientia Horticulturae, 2018, Vol. 236, pp. 10–17.
12. Cope, K.R., Bugbee, B. Spectral effects of three types of white light-emitting diodes on plant growth and development: absolute versus relative amounts of blue light // HortScience, 2013, Vol. 48, pp. 504–509.
13. Craig, D.S., Runkle, E.S. An intermediate phytochrome photoequilibria from night interruption lighting optimally promotes flowering of several long-day plants // Environ Exp Bot, 2016, Vol. 121, pp. 132–138.
14. Kuleshova, T.E., Blashenkov, M.N., Kuleshov, D.O., Gall, N.P. Design of a laboratory growth chamber with the ability to vary the radiation spectrum and duration of daily exposure and its biological testing // Scientific Instrumentation (Nauchnoye priborostroyeniye), 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 35–43 (in Russian).
15. Aladov, A.V., Zakgeim, A.L., Mizerov, M.N., Chernyakov, A.E. Polychrome spectrally changeable illumination devices with light emitting diodes: experience of development and application // Light & Engineering Journal, 2014, Vol. 22, # 1, pp. 12–19.

1. Methodological recommendations for the development and implementation of measures for the organization of traffic / M.: Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, 2018, 32 p.
2. Reference book on lighting engineering / Edited by Yu.B. Eisenberg and G.V. Boos. 4th ed., reprint. and additional / M.: Editorial board of the journal “Light & Engineering”, 2019, 892 p.
3. Korobko, A.A. Utilitarian outdoor lighting: A textbook for higher education. Head / M.: Editorial board of the journal “ Light & Engineering “, 2020, 124 p.
4. Handbook of road safety / Oslo-Moscow-Helsinki: MADI (TU), 2001, 774 p.
5. Website https://www.fedstat.ru
6. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1601‑r dated June 20, 2022, Moscow, 60 p.
7. STO Avtodor 2.36–2022. “Requirements for the device of stationary outdoor lighting and power supply on highways of the State company Avtodor / M.: Avtodor, 2022, 16 p.
8. Website https://zakupki.gov.ru
9. GOST R 58107.1–2018. Lighting of public roads. Norms and methods of calculation, Moscow: Standartinfo, 2018, 12 p.
10. ODM 218.8.006–2016 Rosavtodor. Lighting devices for highways. Classification. General requirements and test methods / M.: Rosavtodor, 2015, 27 p.
11. SP 52.13330.2016 “Natural and artificial lighting” by Order of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation dated November 7, 2016, No. 777/pr.
12. Website https://bl-g.ru/

1. Sysoeva, E. V. A Retrospective of Artificial Lighting from Ancient Times to the Present Day // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 77–84.
2. ‘Suggestions for observation of annular eclipse of the sun, 1858, March 14–15’, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 18 No 4 129; ‘Observations of the annular solar eclipse’, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 18 No 5 184.
3. Abney, W. 1896 The photographic values of moonlight and starlight compared with the light of a standard candle // 1896, Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, рр. 314–25.
4. Kartashevskaya, V.E. Eyes Spectral Sensitivity Determination [Opredeleniye Spektral’noy Chuvstvitel’nosti Glaza] // Proceedings of VNIIM named after D.I. Mendeleev “Research in the field of light measurements” [Trudy VNIIM im. D.I. Mendeleyeva “Issledovaniya v oblasti svetovykh izmereniy”], 1952 issue 17 (77), pp. 3–16.
5. Tikhodeev, P.M. Light measurements in light and engineering [Svetovyye izmereniya v svetotekhnikeve] / Moscow: Gosenergoizdat, 1962, 465 p.
6. Hyde, E.P. Photometry at the United States Bureau of Standards // Illum. Eng., 1908, № 1, рр. 761–770.
7. Cahan, D. The institutional revolution in German physics 1865–1914 // Hist. Stud. Phys. Biol. Sci., 1985, 15, 20.
8. Paterson, C. C. and Raynor, E.H. Photometry at the National Physical Laboratory // Illum. Eng., 1908, #1, pp. 845–854.
9. Lummer, E. and Brodhun, E. Photometrische Untersuchungen // Z. Instr. 1889, 9, рр. 41–50 and 461–465, quoted in Kangro H. Early History of Planck’s Radiation Law / (London) 152 р.
10. Kaiser, P.K. Photopic and mesopic photometry: yesterday, today, and tomorrow // Proceedings of Golden Jubilee of Colour in the CIE (Bradford), 1981, pp. 29–32.
11. Hyde E.P. A comparison of the unit of luminous intensity of the United States with those of Germany, England, and France // NBS publication, 1907, B 3, 65, S50.
12. Vautier, T. History of the CIE 1913–1988 / Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage 1989, Vienna.
13. Johnston, Sean F. A History of Light and Colour Measurement / University of Glasgow, IoP – Institute of Physics Publishing, 2001, 292 p.
14. Sharpe, L.T., Stockman, A., Jagla, W. and Jägle, H. A luminous efficiency function, V*(λ), for daylight adaptation // Journal of Vision, 2005, # 5, pp. 948–968.
15. Meshkov, V.V., Matveev, A.B. Fundamentals of lighting engineering [Osnovy svetotekhniki] / Energoatomizdat, 1989, 432 pp. 16. Khazanov, V.S. On the question of the possibility of using the method of discrimination acuity as a fundamental method for determining the visual efficiency of radiation [Khazanov V.S. K voprosu o vozmozhnosti ispol’zovaniya metoda ostroty razlicheniya v kachestve fundamental’nogo metoda opredeleniya zritel’noy effektivnosti izlucheniy] // Svetotekhnika, 1979, No. 9, pp. 13–15.
17. Wout van Bommel “Interior Lighting Fundamentals, Technology and Application” / ISBN 978-3-030-17194-0; ISBN 978-3-030-17195-7 (eBook), https://doi.org/10.1007/978–3–030–17195–7 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019, 481 p.
18. CIE S 017/E‑2020: International Lighting Vocabulary (numbered 17–23–034).
19. Blevin, W.R. Optical radiometry – one hundred years after Stefan and Boltzmann // New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry, IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol, 1989, pp. 1–9.
20. Blevin, W.R. Photometry and Radiometry: The Past and the Future // Proceedings of CIE 22nd Session, Melburn, 1991, Vol. 2, pp. 33–36.
21. Blevin, W.R. and Steiner B. Redefinition of the candela and the lumen // Metrologia, 1975, # 11, pp. 97–104.
22. 16e Conférerence Générale des Poids et Mesures, Comptes Rendus, 1979, 100 p.
23. BIPM: The International System of the Units (СИ) / 2019, 9th edition.
24. ISO/CIE DIS 23539–2021: Photometry – The CIE system of physical photometry
25. Stolyarevskaya, R.I. Applied Photometry: Review of Retrospective and Reality Part 1: Candela and Watt, from Incandescent Lamp to LED // Light & Engineering, 2023. Vol. 31, # 3, pp. 139–150.
26. Stolyarevskaya, R.I. Applied Photometry: Review of Retrospective and Reality Part 2: LED Challenge to Photometry // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 4, pp. 65–77.
27. CIE 191–2010: Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry based on Visual Performance. Vienna.
28. CIE TN 007–2017: Interim Recommendation for Practical Application of the CIE System for Mesopic Photometry in Outdoor Lighting.
29. CIE 170–2015 Fundamental Chromaticity Diagram with Physiological Axes – Part 2: Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions and Chromaticity Diagrams / Vienna: CIE, 2015.

Rear view cameras are widely used in the automotive industry. They are used in modern car navigation systems to improve the driver’s perception of the situation behind the car. Ultra-wide-angle fisheye lenses are installed on the car for maximum coverage. But such images are not comfortable for human perception. Therefore, one of the main problems in using such cameras is fast algorithms for converting fisheye images into a set of images corresponding to wide-angle and normal virtual cameras, as well as constructing a “top view”. This work examines two image transformation algorithms, both of which provide independent transformations along Cartesian coordinate axes. The first method uses ray tracing through a lens with specified parameters to determine transformation coefficients, the second method provides an empirical selection of coefficients using visual determination of the boundaries of the required fragment interactively. The algorithms are implemented in two versions: the first one is for a regular computer (integrated into the CATIA CAD system) and the second one is built directly into the car rear view camera control processor. The option for a regular computer is used for preliminary elaboration of algorithms, as well as for complete debugging and testing of the rear view camera – both to verify the operation of geometric transformation algorithms and to validate the camera light sensitivity

1. Whitted, T. An improved illumination model for shaded display // Communication of ACM, 1980, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 343–349.
2. CATIA – Solution for Product Design and Experience // https://www.3ds.com/products-services/catia/ (accessed01.11.2023).
3. Jedlička, J., and Potučková, M. Correction of radial distortion in digital images // Proceedings Technical Computing Prague, 2007.
4. Pranali, D., Kutty, K., and Bangadkar, S. A generic non-linear method for fisheye correction // International Journal of Computer Applications, 2012, Vol. 51, #10, pp. 58–65.
5. Brauer-Burchardt, C. and Voss, K. A new algorithm to correct fish-eye-and strong wide-angle-lens-distortion from single images Proceedings 2001 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No. 01CH37205), Vol. 1. IEEE, pp. 225–228.
6. Birukov, E.D. Алгоритм коррекции изображения с широкоугольной камеры заднего вида автомобиля // Proceedings of Seminar on New Information Technologies, Keldysh Institute of Applied Math, Apr. 16, 2015, pp. 4–10.
7. Barladyan, B. Kh., Shapiro, L.Z., Valiev, I.V., Voloboy, A.G. Interactive camera distortion correction // Conference Proceedings of 22d International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision GraphiCon‑2012, Lomonosov Moscow State University, October 01–05, pp. 12–16.
8. Feng, Mingchi, et al. Global calibration of multi-cameras based on refractive projection and ray tracing Sensors // Sensors, 2017, Vol. 17, Is. 11: 2494.
9. Ceyhan, Ufuk, et al. Measurements of aberrations of aspherical lenses using experimental ray tracing // Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection VII, Vol. 8082, SPIE, 2011, pp. 482–489.
10. Barladian, B., Birukov, E., Voloboy, A., Ershov, S., Shapiro, L. Simulation of rear camera for car navigation system // Keldysh Institute Preprints, 2016, Vol. 32, pp. 1–19, doi:10.20948/prepr-2016-32. (In Russian)
11. Valiev, I.V., Voloboy, A.G. Modelling Around View Monitor // Conference proceedings of 22d International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision GraphiCon‑2010, Sankt Petersburg, Russia. Sep. 20–24, pp. 269–272. (In Russian)
12. Scaramuzza, D., Martinelli, A. and Siegwart, R. A flexible technique for accurate omnidirectional camera calibration and structure from motion // Fourth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Systems (ICVS’06), IEEE, 2006.
13. Guo, X. et al. Research on design, calibration and real-time image expansion technology of unmanned system variable-scale panoramic vision system // Sensors, 2021, Vol. 21, #14: 4708.
14. Hao, S., Wang C., Wang B. Night vision pedestrian detection using a forward-looking infrared camera / 2011 International Workshop on Multi-Platform/Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing and Mapping, 2011.
15. Ahire, A.S. Night vision system in BMW // International Review of Applied Engineering Research. – 2014, Vol. 4, # 1, pp. 1–10.

The supply chain resilience and safety level of lighting industry chain are one of the key fields of domestic concern at present. Based on a literature review, the ideas and methods of measuring the supply chain resilience and safety level of lighting industry chain were put forward. Then, an evaluation index system of industry chain resilience and safety was established, which included five dimensions: the risk management level, integrity, control force, stability, and competitiveness of industry chain. Considering the resilience of China’s industry chain and the main safety difficulties faced, the evaluation system was used to measure and evaluate the supply chain resilience and safety level of China’s lighting industry chain on the basis of the specific connotations and core elements of industry chain safety. The evaluation results show that the total score of the supply chain resilience and safety level of China’s lighting industry chain is 0.92, indicating the relatively high supply chain resilience and safety level of China’s lighting industry chain. Suggestions are put forward to strengthen the management of technological innovation ability, low-carbon ability, and domestic self-sufficiency rate of input products, so as to boost the high-quality, sustainable, and rapid development of China’s lighting industry. The research results can provide a scientific decision basis for the supply chain resilience and safety level of China’s lighting industry chain.

1. Jæger, B., Menebo, M. M., Upadhyay, A. Identification of environmental supply chain bottlenecks: a case study of the Ethiopian healthcare supply chain // Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 2021, Vol. 32, #6, pp. 1233–1254.
2. Chen, R. H. from efficiency first to safety first: the transformation of global supply chain policy for key products in the United States // International Forums, 2021, Vol. 23, #5, pp. 125–139.
3. Fu, Z. P., Ye, Z.Y. The risk of global supply chain interruption and “spare tire” management under the game of great powers: Based on the case of Huawei company // Jiangsu Social Sciences, 2021, #4, pp. 111–119.
4. Yanhui, Y. Research on advanced manufacturing industry policies in the United States since the international financial crisis // Economic Forum, 2021, #1, pp. 16–21.
5. Lei, Y., Yunqing, B., Ping, Z., Zhijun, J. The international practices of policy mechanism and social consensus for reaching carbon neutrality and their key implications to China // Strategic Study of CAE, 2021, Vol. 23, #6, pp. 101–107.
6. Mohamed, A., Najafabadi, M. K., Wah, Y. B., Zaman, E. A. K., Maskat, R. The state of the art and taxonomy of big data analytics: view from new big data framework // Artificial Intelligence Review, 2020, Vol. 53, pp. 989–1037.
7. Yang, D., Wu, L., Wang, S., Jia, H., Li, K.X. How big data enriches maritime research–a critical review of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data applications // Transport Reviews, 2019, Vol. 39, #6, pp. 755–773.
8. Throne, O., Lăzăroiu, G. Internet of Things-enabled sustainability, industrial big data analytics, and deep learning-assisted smart process planning in cyber-physical manufacturing systems // Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 2020, Vol. 15, #4, pp. 49–58.
9. Poma, L., Shawwa, H. A., Maini, E. Industry 4.0 and big data: role of government in the advancement of enterprises in Italy and UAE // International Journal of Business Performance Management, 2020, Vol. 21, #3, pp. 261–289.
10. Van der Voort, H. G., Klievink, A. J., Arnaboldi, M., Meijer, A.J. Rationality and politics of algorithms. Will the promise of big data survive the dynamics of public decision making? // Government Information Quarterly, 2019, Vol. 36, #1, pp. 27–38.
11. Mari, S. I., Lee, Y. H., Memon, M. S., Park, Y. S., Kim, M. Adaptivity of complex network topologies for designing resilient supply chain networks // International Journal of Industrial Engineering, 2015, Vol. 22, #1, pp. 102–116
12. Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., Sokolov, B., Ivanova, M. Literature review on disruption recovery in the supply chain // International Journal of Production Research, 2017, Vol. 55, #20, pp. 6158–6174.
13. Altay, N., Gunasekaran, A., Dubey, R., Childe, S.J. Agility and resilience as antecedents of supply chain performance under moderating effects of organizational culture within the humanitarian setting: a dynamic capability view // Production Planning & Control, 2018, Vol. 29, #14, pp. 1158–1174.
14. Li, L., Zhang, Q., Tian, J., Wang, H. Characterizing information propagation patterns in emergencies: A case study with Yiliang Earthquake // International Journal of Information Management, 2018, Vol. 38, #1, pp. 34–41.
15. Ivanov, D. Revealing interfaces of supply chain resilience and sustainability: a simulation study // International Journal of Production Research, 2018, Vol. 56, #10, pp. 3507–3523.
16. [Elleuch, H., Dafaoui, E., Elmhamedi, A., Chabchoub, H. Resilience and vulnerability in supply chain: literature review // IFAC-PapersOnLine, 2016, Vol. 49, #12, pp. 1448–1453.
17. Ivanov, D. Disruption tails and revival policies: A simulation analysis of supply chain design and production-ordering systems in the recovery and postdisruption periods // Computers & Industrial Engineering, 2019, Vol. 127, pp. 558–570.
18. Gupta, V., He, B., Sethi, S.P. Contingent sourcing under supply disruption and competition // International Journal of Production Research, 2015, Vol. 53, #10, pp. 3006–3027.
19. Sawik, T. Integrated selection of suppliers and scheduling of customer orders in the presence of supply chain disruption risks // International Journal of Production Research, 2013, Vol. 51, #23–24, pp. 7006–7022.
20. Knudsen, E. S., Lien, L. B., Timmermans, B., Belik, I., Pandey, S. Stability in turbulent times? The effect of digitalization on the sustainability of competitive advantage // Journal of Business Research, 2021, Vol. 128, pp. 360–369.
21. Hlady-Rispal, M., Fayolle, A., Gartner, W.B. In search of creative qualitative methods to capture current entrepreneurship research challenges // Journal of Small Business Management, 2021, Vol. 59, #5, pp. 887–912.
22. Chareonpanich, M., Kongkachuichay, P., Donphai, W., Mungcharoen, T., Huisingh, D. Integrated transdisciplinary technologies for greener and more sustainable innovations and applications of Cleaner Production in the Asia–Pacific region // Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, Vol. 142, pp. 1131–1137.
23. Carriedo, A., Lock, K., Hawkins, B. Policy process and non-state actors’ influence on the 2014 Mexican soda tax // Health Policy and Planning, 2020, Vol. 35, #8, pp. 941–952.
24. Oliver, M.E. Pricing flexibility under rate-of-return regulation: Effects on network infrastructure investment // Economic Modelling, 2019, Vol. 78, pp. 150–161.
25. De Medeiros, J. F., Vidor, G., Ribeiro, J. L.D. Driving factors for the success of the green innovation market: A relationship system proposal // Journal of Business Ethics, 2018, Vol. 147, pp. 327–341.
26. Ghazali, E. M., Mutum, D. S., Javadi, H.H. The impact of the institutional environment and experience on social entrepreneurship: a multi-group analysis // International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 2021, Vol. 27, #5, pp. 1329–1350.
27. Pekovic, S., Grolleau, G., Mzoughi, N. Coopetition in innovation activities and firms’ economic performance: An empirical analysis // Creativity and Innovation Management, 2020, Vol. 29, #1, pp. 85–98.

1. Standard, GOST R 55706–2013. Utilitarian outdoor lighting. Classification and norms [GOST R 55706–2013. Osveshchenie naruzhnoe utilitarnoe. Klassifikaciya i normy].
2. Standard, GOST R 55708–2013. Utilitarian outdoor lighting. Methods for calculating normalized parameters [GOST R 55708–2013 Osveshchenie naruzhnoe utilitarnoe. Metody ras-cheta normiruemyh parametrov].
3. Maghe, L. Characterization of Road Surface Using Mobile Gonio-Reflectometer. Proceedings of CIE of the International Symposium on Road Surface Photometric Characteristics: Measurement Systems and Results, Torino, 9–10 July 2008.
4. Patent on invention RF № 2789206. Lighting device. Boos G.V., Korobko A.A., Smirnov M.V., Pyatigorsky V.M. Date of publication 31.01.2023, Bull. № 4 [Patent na izobretenie RF № 2789206. Osvetitel’noe ustrojstvo. Pyatigorskij V.M., Boos G.V., Korobko A.A., Smirnov M.V. Opubl. 31.01.2023, Byul. № 4].
5. Publication: CIE 140:2015. Road lighting calculations and test data.
6. URL: https://www.light-in-night.com (date of application: 01.07.2023).
7. Publication: CIE 132–1999. Design methods for lighting of roads.
8. Ostrovsky, M.A. Technique of outdoor lighting of cities / Results of science and technology. Ser. “Lighting and infrared technology”, Moscow: VINITI, 1973, Vol. 3, pp. 5–147 [Ostrovskij M.A. Tekhnika naruzhnogo osveshcheniya gorodov. – Itogi nauki i tekhniki. Ser.: Svetotekhnika i infrakrasnaya tekhnika – M.: VINITI, 1973. – T. 3, S. 5–147].

With the upgrading of residents’ consumption and the diversification of the consumption structure, China’s urban night-time tour economy has developed rapidly and become a new bright spot of urban development. As an important constituent part of urban night landscapes, the lighting industry is closely related to the development of nighttime tour economy. To further explore the influence of the lighting industry on urban night-time tour economy, the short-term and long-term cointegration relationship between the lighting industry and urban night-time tour economy was analysed by the cointegration test, and the causal relationship between the two was explored through the Granger causality test. The ADF unit root test revealed that the lighting industry and urban night-time tour belonged to second-order single integration; the Johansen cointegration test exhibited a co-integration relationship between the lighting industrial and urban night-time tour; the regression coefficient of the lighting industry (independent variable) was 0.788, showing a significance level of 0.01 (t=22.470, P=0.000<0.01); the error correction coefficient was –0.489, showing a significance level of 0.01 (t= –3.912, P=0.001<0.01). When the short-term fluctuation of the night-time tour economy deviated from the long-term equilibrium, the lighting industry would pull the night-time tour economy from an unbalanced state back to an equilibrium state with the adjustment power of –0.489. The lighting industry was only the one-way Granger result of urban night-time tour. The research results have important reference value for figuring out how China’s lighting industry can promote the development of urban night-time tour economy, guiding it to achieve high-quality development, and enhancing the strong support from the lighting industry for development of night-time tour economy.

1. China Tourism Research Institute. 2019 Night Tourism Market Data Report. [March 15, 2019] / [August 16, 2021]. http://www.199it.com/archives/8461–52.html.
2. Jiang, B. Research on the Impact of Night Scene Lighting on Urban Night Economy // Technology Economy Market, 2019, Vol. 12, pp. 39–40.
3. Punzo, G., Trunfio, M., Castellano, R., Buonocore, M. A multi-modeling approach for assessing sustainable tourism // Social Indicators Research, 2022, Vol. 163, # 3, pp. 1399–1443.
4. Chen, N., Wang, Y., Li, J., Wei, Y., Yuan, Q. Examining structural relationships among night tourism experience, love marks, brand satisfaction, and brand loyalty on “cultural heritage night” in South Korea // Sustainability, 2020, Vol. 12, # 17, pp. 1–23.
5. Wei, J., Zhong, Y., Fan, J. Estimating the spatial heterogeneity and seasonal differences of the contribution of tourism industry activities to night light index by POI // Sustainability, 2022, Vol. 14, # 2, pp. 692.
6. Anand, A., Kim, D.H. Pandemic induced changes in economic activity around African protected areas captured through night-time light data // Remote Sensing, 2021, Vol. 13, # 2, pp. 314.
7. Guo, Q., Lin, M., Meng, J. H., Zhao, J.L. The development of urban night tourism based on the nightscape lighting projects: a Case Study of Guangzhou // Energy Procedia, 2011, Vol. 5, pp. 477–481.
8. Zhu, X., Li, M. Research on Tourist Satisfaction of Night Tourism Products in Tour Leisure Blocks based on Kano Improved Model: A Case Study of Grand Tang Mall in Xi’an // Journal of Xidian University(Social Science Edition), 2022, Vol. 32, # 2, pp. 1–15.
9. Roberts, M. From ‘creative city’ to ‘no-go areas’: The expansion of the night-time economy in British town and city centres // Cities, 2006, Vol. 23, # 5, pp. 331–338.
10. Gu, Y., Shao, Z., Huang, X., Cai, B. GDP Forecasting Model for China’s Provinces Using Night-time Light Remote Sensing Data // Remote Sensing, 2022, Vol. 14, # 15, pp. 3671.
11. Townsend, A. C., Bruce, D.A. The use of nighttime lights satellite imagery as a measure of Australia’s regional electricity consumption and population distribution // International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010, Vol. 31, # 16, pp. 4459–4480.
12. Ji, X., Li, X., He, Y., Liu, X. A simple method to improve estimates of county-level economics in China using night-time light data and GDP growth rate // ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2019, Vol. 8, # 9, pp. 419.
13. Li, F., Liu, J., Zhang, M., Liao, S., & Hu, W. Assessment of Economic Recovery in Hebei Province, China, under the COVID‑19 Pandemic Using Night-time Light Data // Remote Sensing, 2022, Vol. 15, #1, pp. 22.
14. Wang, J., Zhang, J., Gong, L., Li, Q., Zhou, D. Indirect seismic economic loss assessment and recovery evaluation using night-time light images–application for Wenchuan earthquake // Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2018, Vol. 18, #12, pp. 3253–3266.
15. Kim, K. The North Korean economy seen by satellite: Estimates of national performance, regional gaps based on night-time light // Journal of Asian Economics, 2022, Vol. 78, pp. 101405.
16. Wu, M., Ye, H., Niu, Z., Huang, W., Hao, P., Li, W., Yu, B. Operation Status Comparison Monitoring of China’s Southeast Asian Industrial Parks before and after COVID‑19 Using Night-time Lights Data // ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2022, Vol. 11, # 2, pp. 122.
17. Del Valle, A., de Janvry, A., Sadoulet, E. Rules for recovery: Impact of indexed disaster funds on shock coping in Mexico // American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2020, Vol. 12, # 4, pp. 164–195.
18. Liu, Z., He, C., Zhang, Q., Huang, Q., Yang, Y. Extracting the dynamics of urban expansion in China using DMSP-OLS night-time light data from 1992 to 2008 // Landscape and Urban Planning, 2012, Vol. 106, # 1, pp. 62–72.
19. Ma, T., Zhou, C., Pei, T., Haynie, S., Fan, J. Quantitative estimation of urbanization dynamics using time series of DMSP/OLS night-time light data: A comparative case study from China’s cities // Remote Sensing of Environment, 2012, Vol. 124, pp. 99–107.
20. Shi, K., Chen, Y., Yu, B., Xu, T., Chen, Z., Liu, R., Wu, J. Modeling spatiotemporal CO2 (carbon dioxide) emission dynamics in China from DMSP-OLS night-time stable light data using panel data analysis // Applied Energy, 2016, Vol. 168, pp. 523–533.
21. Li, D. H. W., Lou, S., Lam, J. C., et al. Determining solar irradiance on inclined planes from classified CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard skies // Energy, 2016, Vol. 101, pp. 462–470.
22. Kohko, S., Ayama, M., Discomfort glare of white LED lighting in pedestrian zones // Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan, 2016, Vol. 100, #10, pp. 449–454.
23. Park, S., Shin, Y., Oh, K., et al. Optical characteristics of LGP depending on the scattering pattern orientation for flattype LED lighting // Optical Review, 2016, Vol. 23, # 2, pp. 172–179.
24. Lehman, B., Wilkins, A.J. Designing tomitigate effects of flicker in LED lighting: reducing risks to health and safety // IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, 2014, Vol. 1, # 3, pp. 18–26.
25. Dickey, D. A., Fuller, W.A. Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root // Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1981, Vol. 49, pp. 1057–1072.
26. Granger, C.W. Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods // Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1969, Vol. 37, pp. 424–438.
27. Bhat, M. Y., Sofi, A.A. Sajith, S. Domino-effect of energy consumption and economic growth on environmental quality: role of green energy in G20 countries // Management of Environmental Quality, 2022, Vol. 33, # 3, pp. 756–77.
28. Johansen, S. Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors // Journal of economic dynamics and control, 1988, Vol. 12, # (2–3), pp. 231–254.
29. Sargan, J.D. Wages and prices in the United Kingdom: a study in econometric methodology // Econometric analysis for national economic planning, 1964, Vol. 16, pp. 25–54.

The work deals with the problem of energy efficiency of autonomous indication and lighting systems for unregulated ground pedestrian crossings equipped with a solar panel being significantly important in conditions of insufficient insolation and low temperatures. The scientific objectives of the work are considered to be as follows: analysis of the conditions affecting the uninterrupted functioning of autonomous indication and lighting systems of unregulated ground pedestrian crossings equipped with a solar panel; selection and justification of objective factors, considering which allow the implementation of battery charge saving modes by optimizing the functioning algorithm of autonomous indication and lighting systems for unregulated ground pedestrian crossings equipped with a solar panel.
The work presents the directions for possible technical implementation of increasing the energy efficiency of autonomous indication and lighting systems for ground pedestrian crossings equipped with a solar panel, based on obtaining optical information about vehicles moving in the direction of the pedestrian crossing and stabilizing the brightness contrast of the traffic light signal and the background where it is observed by vehicle drivers.

1. Pedestrian crossing set “STGM”: official. Website: URL: https://geliomaster.com (accessed: 22 May 2023).
2. STANDRD: GOST 32944–2014. Public roads. Pedestrian crossings. Classification. General requirements / Moscow, 2016, 16 p.
3. Vovchina, P. I., Marusin, V.S., Maslakov, O.V., Pushkarchik, D.A. Autonomous complex for arranging a pedestrian crossing with telemetry based on a GSM/GPRS module // Russian Patent No. 2541591, 2013, Bul. No 5.
4. Road and automotive lighting equipment “Elintel”. LED flashing road traffic light of T.7 type: official website / URL: http://www.elintel.ru/t7_soler.html (accessed: 22 May 2023).
5. Astakhova, T.S., Astakhov, S.P., Yakimenko, I.V. Autonomous adaptive complex for arranging a pedestrian crossing // Russian Patent No. № 2786775, 2022, Bul. No 36.
6. Astakhova, T. S., Astakhov, S. P., Myasina, O. S., Mikhalev, V. V., Yakimenko, I.V. Autonomous complex for arranging a pedestrian crossing // Patent of Russia No 2753831, 2021, Bul. No 24.
7. Astakhova, T.S. Stabilization of the brightness contrast between the glow of a traffic light and the background in an autonomous complex for arranging a pedestrian crossing // Information technologies, power engineering and economics, Proceedings of the 20th International Scientific Technical Conference for students and postgraduates, Smolensk: “Universum”, Moscow Power Engineering Institute National Research University in Smolensk, 2023. Vol. 2, pp. 114–117.
8. Astakhova, T.S. Astakhov, S.P., Yakimenko, I.V. Implementation of the operating mode for pedestrian crossing indicators based on information about vehicles / Power engineering, computer science, innovation, 2021, Proceedings of the 11th International Scientific Technical Conference. – Smolensk: “Universum”, Moscow Power Engineering Institute National Research University in Smolensk, 2021, Vol. 1, pp. 342–346.
9. Astakhova, T. S. A method for implementing an energy-saving operating mode for the pedestrian crossing lighting set // Information technologies, power engineering and economics, Proceedings of the 18th International Scientific Technical Conference for students and postgraduates. – Smolensk: “Universum”, Moscow Power Engineering Institute National Research University in Smolensk, 2021, Vol. 2, pp. 18–21.

Currently, virtual prototyping, i.e. preliminary modelling of processes on a computer has become ubiquitous. It is also applied to modern automobile paints in order to correctly reproduce the colour of the paint. The most practically important task is colour matching: calculation of the paint composition necessary to obtain a given colour. The complexity of modelling the propagation of light in paint is due to its complex structure and the wide variety of pigments, including diffuse ones. This problem can be solved by simulation of the light scattering by the dispersed pigment particles. To do this we need the optical properties of pigments, which are often unknown. In this paper, we propose several different methods for extraction of the pigment properties by measuring the light scattering of specially prepared samples. All methods are based on minimizing the difference between measured and calculated scattering values as a function of pigment properties. The methods differ in the types of paint samples that must be prepared and measured to obtain the pigment data. We describe the operation of the methods and test their robustness. As a result, one method has proven to be much more robust to the measurement errors. The colour of the real sample was also compared with the calculated colour of the paint, in the modelling of which the obtained properties of the pigments were used.

1. Rump, M. et al. Photo‐realistic rendering of metallic car paint from image‐based measurements // Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 27, # 2, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 527–536.
2. Kneiphof, T. and Reinhard K. Real-time image-based lighting of metallic and pearlescent car paints // Computers & Graphics, 2022, #105, pp. 36–45; doi:10.1016/j.cag.2022.04.009.
3. Kim, Duck Bong et al. Acquisition and representation of pearlescent paints using an image-based goniospectrophotometer // Optical engineering, 2010, Vol. 49, # 4, pp. 043604–043604; doi:10.1117/1.3407431.
4. Gurevich, M. Über eine rationelle klassifikation der lichtenstreuenden medien // Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1930, # 31, pp. 753–763.
5. Kubelka, P. and Munk, F. An article on optics of paint layers // Z. Tech. Phys, 1931, Vol. 12, # 593–601, pp. 259–274.
6. Kubelka, P. New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials. Part I. // JOSA, 1948, Vol. 38, # 5, pp. 448–457.
7. Ershov, S., Kolchin, K. and Myszkowski, K. Rendering pearlescent appearance based on paint‐composition modelling // Computer Graphics Forum, 2001, Vol. 20, No. 3. Oxford, UK and Boston, USA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
8. Wenzel, J. et al. A comprehensive framework for rendering layered materials // ACM Transactions on Graphics (ToG), 2014, Vol. 33, # 4, pp. 1–14; doi:10.1145/2601097.2601139.
9. Laurent, B. Efficient rendering of layered materials using an atomic decomposition with statistical operators // ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2018, Vol. 37, # 4, pp. 1; doi:10.1145/3197517.3201289.
10. Guo, Jie et al. A Physically‐based Appearance Model for Special Effect Pigments // Computer Graphics Forum, 2018, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 67–76.
11. Ergun, Serkan, Sermet Önel, and Aydin Öztürk. A General Micro-flake Model for Predicting the Appearance of Car Paint // EGSR (EI&I), 2016, pp. 65–71.
12. Golla, T. and Klein, R. Interactive interpolation of metallic effect car paints // Proceedings of the conference on vision, modelling, and visualization, 2018, pp. 11–20; doi:10.2312/vmv.20181248.
13. Wu, H., Dorsey, J. and Rushmeier, H. Physically-based interactive bi-scale material design // ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 2011, Vol. 30, # 6, pp. 1–10; doi:10.1145/2070781.2024179.
14. Bati Mégane, Pascal Barla, and Pacanowski, R. An inverse method for the exploration of layered material appearance // ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 2021, Vol. 40, # 4, pp. 176(1–15); doi:10.1145/3450626.3459857
15. Ershov, Sergey, et al. “Reverse engineering approach to appearance-based design of metallic and pearlescent paints.” The Visual Computer 20 (2004): 586–600.
16. Voloboy, A., Ershov S. and Pozdnyakov, S. Interactive modelling automotive paint [Interaktivnoye modelirovaniye avtomobil’noy kraski] // Proceeding of the 22nd conference on computer graphics and vision Graphicon‑2012, 2012, pp. 242–247. (In Russian)
17. Sokolov, V. et al. BSDF Reconstruction of Inks and Paints for Light Guiding Plates // Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision, CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3027, 2021, Vol. 31, pp. 135–149; doi:10.20948/graphicon-2021-3027-135-149.
18. Sokolov, V.G. et al. Optimization based on reconstruction of volume scattering medium parameters // Illumination Optics V, 2018, Vol. 10693, SPIE, pp. 247–254; doi:10.1117/12.2312724
19. Pozdnyakov, S.V., S.V. Ershov, S.V., and A.G. Voloboy, A.G. Hybrid approach to design of the composition of automotive paint to match the desired colour based on neural networks and lighting simulation // The Keldysh institute preprints 87, 2022, pp. 1–17; doi:10.20948/prepr-2022-87.
20. Pozdnyakov, S. et al. Reconstruction of volumetric scattering parameters based on measurements of real samples // The Keldysh institute preprints 67, 2019, pp. 1–16; doi:10.20948/prepr-2019-67.
21. Kokhanovsky, A.A. Aerosol optics: light absorption and scattering by particles in the atmosphere // Springer Science & Business Media, 2008; doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49909-1.
22. King, M.D. Determination of the scaled optical thickness of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements // Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1987, Vol. 44, #13, pp. 1734–1751.
23. Chandrasekhar, S. Radiative Transfer // Oxford University Press, UK, 1950.
24. Prahl, Scott A. The adding-doubling method // Optical-thermal response of laser-irradiated tissue. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995, pp. 101–129, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6092-7_5.
25. The Henyey-Greenstein phase function. URL: https://www.astro.umd.edu/~jph/HG_note.pdf. (accessed 09.09.2023).

1. Strategy for the development of the construction industry and housing and communal services of the Russian Federation until 2030 with a forecast for the period up to 2035 [Strategiya razvitiya stroitel’noy otrasli i zhilishchno-kommunal’nogo khozyaystva Rossiyskoy Federatsii do 2030 goda s prognozom na period do 2035 goda] / M.: Minstroy RF, 2019. 82 p.
2. Ananiev, A.I., Lobov, O.I. Ceramic brick and its place in the construction of modern buildings [Keramicheskiy kirpich i yego mesto v stroitel’stve sovremennykh zdaniy] / Design and construction in Siberia, 2013, 241 p.
3. GOST 530–2012: Brick and ceramic stone. General specifications / M.: VNIISTROM “Scientific Centre of Ceramics”, 2013, 49 p.
4. Shapiro, L., Stockman, J. Computer vision, 2nd ed. (el.) / M.: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2013, 752 p. 5. Meshkov, V.V. Fundamentals of lighting engineering: Part 1 / Moscow, Energy, 1979, 368 p.
6. Meshkov, V.V., Matveev, A.B. Fundamentals of lighting engineering: Part 2. Physiological optics and colourimetry / Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1989, 432 p.
7. Kataev, M. Yu., Karpov, R.K., Laminsky, K.A. Software system for detecting brick defects based on computer vision methods // Doklady TUSUR, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 62–67.
8. Shakhrova, M.M. Colour photograph / Kyiv: “Vyscha school”, 1988, 231 p.
9. Vizilter, Yu.V., Zheltov, S. Yu., Bondarenko, A.V. Processing and analysis of images in tasks of machine vision / M.: Fizmatkniga, 2010, 672 p.
10. Pons, J. Computer vision. Modern approach / M.: ID Williams, 2004, 465 p.
11. Colour in industry / Ed. R. McDonald / M.: Logos, 2002, 596 p.
12. Sulla, S., Shishkin, M.I. Practice of colour measurement // World of measurements, 2003, # 8, pp. 27–34.
13. Ezersky, V.A. Quantitative assessment of the colour of ceramic face products / Building materials, 2015, # 8, pp. 76–80.
14. GOST R 52489–2005 Colourimetry. Part 1. Basic provisions / M.: Publishing house of standards, 2005.
15. Yustova, E.N. Colour measurements (Colourimetry) / St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg. Univ., 2000, 397 p.
16. Jiang, J., Liu, D., Gu, J., Susstrunk, S. What is the space of spectral sensitivity functions for digital colour cameras? // In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), Clearwater Beach, FL, USA, 15–17 January 2013, pp. 4321–4328.
17. Gorbacheva, M.M., Efankina, A.N. Rationing of colour difference using instrumental and visual assessments // Lakokrasochnye materialy i ikh primenenie, 1987, # 3, pp. 36–38.
18. GOST R 52662–2006 Colourimetry. Part 2. Colour measurement / M.: Publishing house of standards, 2006.
19. Non-destructive testing and diagnostics: reference book / V.V. Klyuev, F.R. Sosnin, A.V. Kovalev et al.; ed. V.V. Klyuev / M.: Mashinostroenie, 2005, 656 p.

The article is dedicated to the development of a new method for the sulphur-containing compound impurities analysis in mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons and corresponding oil fractions, based on the quenching of CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots photoluminescence effect. The control of quantitative content of such impurities in oil samples is very important for the organization of the processes of its further processing and subsequent wide practical application.
The work uses specially developed methods for the synthesis of CdSe/CDs/ZnS quantum dots, containing a semiconductor core, coated with a composite shell consisting of semiconductor and dielectric layers, as well as a fluorinated polymer porous layer. This technique made it possible to achieve a high quantum yield of photoluminescence (80–90) %, high temporal stability of luminescence in the range of (580–650) nm, as well as good compatibility of quantum dots with liquid hydrocarbon media. For the analysis, a special luminescent sensor was manufactured, which allows measuring the presence of organic sulphur-containing impurities with high sensitivity: (10–5 – 10–4) mg/kg.
The technique is low-cost, allows the use of compact equipment and can be used to conduct operational analysis in real time.

1. Astakhov, A.V. Determination of sulphur compounds in petroleum products [Opredeleniye soyedineniy sery v nefteproduktakh] // Analytics [Analitika], 2022, Vol. 12, # 2, pp. 144–149.
2. Ivanova, L.V., Safieva, R.Z., Koshelev, V.N. IR spectroscopy in the analysis of petroleum and petroleum products // Vestn. Bashkir University [Vestnik Bashkirskogo Universiteta], 2008, Vol. 13, # 4, pp. 869–874.
3. Goganov, A.D. X-ray fluorescence energy dispersive analyzers of light elements based on gas proportional counters [Rentgenofluorestsentnyye energodispersionnyye analizatory legkikh elementov na baze gazovykh proportsional’nykh schetchikov] / Abstracts of the Candidate of Sciences. Diss., St. Petersburg, 2008.
4. Novikov, E.A. Determination of sulphur in petroleum products. Overview of analytical methods // The world of petroleum products, Bulletin of Oil Companies, 2008, # 1–5, pp. 1–39.
5. Kismetova, A. L., Gumarov, M. H., Nurtayeva, J.T. Gilmutdinov, A.T. Methods for the determination of sulphur-containing compounds in oil and petroleum products // Scientific Review [Naychnoe obozrenie], 2012, # 1, pp. 39–43.
6. Goganov, A.D., Korolev, V.V., Kotovich, I.V., Kovalev, V.A., Letyagin, Yu.I., Mistibovskaya L.E., Plotnikov, R.I. Measurement of the mass fraction of sulphur in oil and petroleum products [Izmereniye massovoy doli sery v nefti i nefteproduktakh] / Moscow: World of Measurements, 2004, 39 p.
7. Antipov, E.M., Koryakin, S.L., Maksimova, E. Yu., Pavlov, S.A., Sherstneva, N.E. Features of the formation of the chromaticity of radiation dispersions of cadmium selenide quantum dots/disks/ZNS in multicomponent systems // Light and Engineering, 2017, Vol. 25, # 3, pp. 244–249.
8. Pavlov, S.A., Krikushenko, V.V., Antipov, E.M., Voronets, N.B., Maksimova, E. Yu., Sherstneva, N.E., Koryakin, S.L. Light output and fluorescence efficiency of polymer layers containing colloidal semiconductor phosphors based on cadmium selenide quantum dots/disks/ CNS // Optics and spectroscopy [Optika i spectroskopiya], 2015, Vol. 119, # 2, pp. 153–157.
9. Pavlov, S.A., Pavlov, A.S., Maksimova, E. Yu., Alekseenko, A.V., Pavlov, A.V., Antipov, E.M. Analysis of the luminous field in fluorescent optical layers with quantum dots based on CdSe/CdS/ZnS // Light and Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 5, pp. 82–87.
10. William, Y. V.V., Qu, L., Guo, V., Peng, H. Experimental determination of the extinction coefficient of CdTe, CdSe and CdS nanocr ystals // Chemistry Mater., 2003, Vol. 15, # 14 pp. 2854–2863.
11. Colour in industry / Edited by R. MacDonald, M.: Logos, 2002.
12. Krause, M.M., Musk, T.G., Dzhekhti, L., Moniodis, A., Mooney, J.D., Kambhampati, P. Disclosure of photoluminescence quenching pathways in semiconductor nanocrystals // Chemistry, Physics Lett., 2015, Vol. 633, pp. 65–76.
13. Keizer, J. Nonlinear fluorescence quenching and the origin of positive curvature on Stern-Vollmer graphs // Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1983, Vol. 105, # 6, pp. 1494–1498.

This paper highlights the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in electric lighting for enhancing smart agriculture. The use of electric lighting in greenhouses is widely practiced in the present time, as sunlight is poorly available in some parts of the world. Different plants have different growth in different spectrum of light. The spectrum of light in which the plant grows maximum is coined as optimum growth spectrum (OGS). Hence, this study aims to choose artificial intelligence in assessing the optimum spectrum of light for a given plant. RGB based LEDs are used and its luminous efficacy is interpreted, considering different blend of mechanisms and the yield current and temperature. Rapid light fluctuations offered by pulse amplitude modulation causes a loss in the output of the LEDs. Hence, there lies a finite gap in the light provided and the light reaching the plant. Since, LEDs are the source of light here, hence, light sources complying with higher CRI should be deployed, as used in this experiment. The overall system was so designed such that when a plant is cultivated, using image processing, AI identifies the specific plant and implements all the available data, like the optimum growth spectrum, temperature, humidity, etc. The experiment clearly emphasizes on the results which were impressive. The OGS of the given plant has been figured out and trained the system through AI to execute the growth functions for the given plant. More

1. Schwarz, D., Thompson, A.J., Kläring, H-P. Guidelines to use tomato in experiments with a controlled environment // Frontiers in Plant Science, 2014, Vol. 5, # 625.
2. Li, Q., Kubota, C. Effects of supplemental light quality on growth and phyto-chemicals of baby leaf lettuce // Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2009, Vol. 67, # 59, 64 p.
3. Zwinkels, J. Light, Electromagnetic Spectrum, 2015.
4. Pinho, P., Halonen, L. Agricultural and horticultural lighting / In: Karlicek R, Sun CC, Zissis G, Ma R (eds) Handbook of advanced lighting technology, Springer, Switzerland, 2014, pp. 1–14.
5. Crawford, M.L., Williamson, P.S., Waliczek, T.M., Lemke, D.E., Hardy, T.B. Effects of Photosynthetically Active Radiation on Vegetative Growth of Texas Wild Rice and Consequences for Population Augmentation // HortScience horts, 2020, Vol. 55, # 7, pp. 1000–1004.
6. RohácŽek, K., Bertrand, M., Moreau, B., Jacquette, B., Caplat, C., Morant-Manceau, A., Schoefs, B. Relaxation of the non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in diatoms: kinetics, components and mechanisms // Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 2014, # 369, 20130241 p.
7. Möglich, A., Yang, X., Ayers, R.A., Moffat, K. Structure and function of plant photoreceptors // Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2010, # 61.
8. Smith, H. Light quality, photo-perception, and plant strategy // Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1982, Vol. 33, pp. 1882–8.
9. Kitsinelis, S. Light sources: technologies and applications / CRC Press, Florida, 2011.
10. Shur, M.S., Žukauskas, A. Solid-state lighting: toward superior illumination // Proc Inst ElectrElectron Eng, 2005, Vol. 93, # 10, pp. 1691–1703.
11. Mitchell, C.A., Both, A.J., Bourget, C.M., Burr, J.F., Kubota, C., Lopez, R.G., Morrow, R.C. Runkle ESLEDs: the future of greenhouse lighting! // Chron Hortic, 2012, Vol. 52, pp. 6–10.
12. Schwend, T., Prucker, D., Peisl, S., Nitsopoulos, A., Mempel, H. The rosmarinic acid content of basil and borage correlates with the ratio of red and far-red light // Eur. J. Hortic. Sci., 2016, Vol. 81, # 5, pp. 243–247.
13. Nájera, C., Gallegos-Cedillo, V.M., Ros, M., Pascual, J.A. LED Lighting in Vertical Farming Systems Enhances Bioactive Compounds and Productivity of Vegetables Crops // Biology and Life Sciences Forum, 2022, Vol. 16, # 1, 24 p.
14. Franklin, K.A. Whitelam, G.C. Red: far-red ratio perception and shade avoidance. // Light and plant development. Annual plant reviews, 2007, Vol. 30, pp. 211–234.
15. Dutta Gupta, S., Jatothu, B. Fundamentals and applications of light emitting-diodes (LEDs)in vitro plant growth and morphogenesis // Plant Biotechnol. Rep., 2013, Vol. 7, pp. 211–220.
16. Siemens, C.W. On the influence of electric light upon vegetation, and on certain physical principles involved // Proc R Soc London, 1880, Vol. 30, pp. 210–219.
17. Kim, H.H., Wheeler, R.M., Sager, J.C., Yorio, N.C., Goins, G.D. Light-emitting diodes as an illumination source for plants: a review of research at Kennedy Space Centre // Habitat (Elmsford), 2005, Vol. 10, pp. 71–78.
18. Bantis, F., Ouzounis, T., Radoglou, K. Artificial LED lighting enhances growth characteristics and total phenolic content of Ocimum basilicum, but variably affects transplant success // Scientia Horticulturae, 2016, Vol. 198, # 26, pp. 277–283.
19. Jagdale, S., Nimbalkar, P. Infiltration studies of different soil under different soil conditions and comparison of infiltration models with field data // International Journal of Engineering & Technology Sciences, 2012, Vol. 3, pp. 154–157.
20. Abhishek, S., Anil, K., Ravindra, S., Abhishek, T., Saumya, N., Abhishek, Y., Ashish, K.S. Effect on Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Productivity Parameters and Quality Traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh // International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 2022, # 12, pp. 1197–1202.
21. Surukite Opeolu, O., Mautin Lawrence, O., Yemaren, A., Toluwalase, O., Oluwabusayo, A., Ene-Ezehi, S. Comparative Effects of Different Organic Manure on the Growth, Proximate, Mineral and Phytochemical Compositions of Launaea taraxacifolia (Wild.) Amin Ex. C Jeffrey (African Lettuce) // Journal of Plant Sciences, 2022, Vol. 17, pp. 144–155.
22. Van den berg, A., Berg, M. Health benefits of plants and green space: Establishing the evidence base // Acta Horticulturae, 2015, # 1093, pp. 19–30.
23. Shuping, D., Eloff, J. The Use of Plants to Protect Plants and Food Against Fungal Pathogens: A Review // African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines, 2017, Vol. 14, pp. 120–127.
24. Shashi, P., Parshotam, K.A., Kuldeep, S.B., Shopat, R. Multi criteria decision making analysis to identify micronutrient deficiencies in Kinnow (Citrus reticulata Blanco) // Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2022.
25. Hari, R., Harwinder, K., Rajeev, S. Need-based nitrogen management of wheat through use of green seeker and leaf colour chart for enhancing grain yield and quality // Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2022, Vol. 45, # 17, pp. 2655–2671.
26. Meskini, F. Re: How can I convert light intensity in lux to micro moles per square meter per second of PAR? Retrieved from in 2014: https://www.researchgate.net/post/How-can-I-convert-light-intensity-inlux-to-micro-moles-per-square-meter-per-second-of-PAR/54636162d3df3e00698b4623/

Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
One Hundred Years of Relative Spectral Luminous Efficiency Curve – CIE V() Function

Vladimir M. Pyatigorsky, George V. Boos, Alexei A. Korobko, Svetlana V. Petrova, and Mikhail V. Smirnov
Installation for Measuring the Luminance Coefficient of Road Surfaces

George A. Benuni
Optimization of Highways and Roads Lighting

Cigdem Cengiz
Relationship of Braking Distance and Rear Headlight on Highways

Tatyana S. Astakhova, Sergey P. Astakhov, and Igor V. Yakimenko
Increasing Energy Efficiency of Autonomous Indication and Lighting Systems for Unregulated Ground Pedestrian Crossings

Andrey V. Danilko, Alexander V. Karev, Ivan S. Lagov, Stanislav A. Lyapunov, and Vadim A. Pavlov
Protective Glass in the Design of Outdoor Luminaires

Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
One Hundred Years of Relative Spectral Luminous Efficiency Curve – CIE V() Function

Vladimir M. Pyatigorsky, George V. Boos, Alexei A. Korobko, Svetlana V. Petrova, and Mikhail V. Smirnov
Installation for Measuring the Luminance Coefficient of Road Surfaces

George A. Benuni
Optimization of Highways and Roads Lighting

Cigdem Cengiz
Relationship of Braking Distance and Rear Headlight on Highways

Tatyana S. Astakhova, Sergey P. Astakhov, and Igor V. Yakimenko
Increasing Energy Efficiency of Autonomous Indication and Lighting Systems for Unregulated Ground Pedestrian Crossings

Andrey V. Danilko, Alexander V. Karev, Ivan S. Lagov, Stanislav A. Lyapunov, and Vadim A. Pavlov
Protective Glass in the Design of Outdoor Luminaires

The vertical enclosing structures of modern buildings are complex multilayer systems with inhomogeneous inclusions, which are “cold bridges” through which heat loss occurs from the building, significantly reducing its energy efficiency. In buildings with a steel frame, powerful “cold bridges” in the external fencing system are steel beams of balconies that extend beyond the warm contour of the building. This article presents the results of a study of the thermal efficiency of a multi-layer building enclosure based on a steel frame with a balcony. A fragment of the structure of a wall made of aerated concrete blocks and a hinged ventilated facade with cladding made of porcelain tiles at the location of the balcony console is examined. In the attachment point of the cantilever beam to the steel frame, a load-bearing heat-insulating connecting element developed by the authors is used. The assessment of the thermal properties of the wall structure under study was carried out based on a numerical calculation in a three-dimensional temperature field using the TEPL computational package. The analysis of 3D temperature fields allows to determine the temperature on the inner surface of the envelope and take account of its design features and heat-conducting inclusions, in the locations of which condensation may occur. Based on the results of numerical calculations in the TEPL computational package, the temperature distribution pattern in the structure was identified and the value of heat transfer resistance was obtained, considering heat loss on the selected heat exchange surfaces. It has been established that the use of a load-bearing thermal insulation structure in the “console-column” assembly makes it possible to eliminate the “cold bridge” in the wall and reduce the overall heat loss through the fence by (17–20) %.

1. Egorova, T.S., Tscherkas, V.E. Increase the buildings energy efficiency by removing thermal bridges and by insulation of projecting construction parts // Vestnik MGSU, 2011, # (3–1), pp. 421–428 [Povysheniye energoeffektivnosti zdaniy blagodarya ustraneniyu kriticheskikh mostikov kholoda i nepreryvnoy izolyatsii vystupayushchikh stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy // Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy zhurnal Vestnik MGSU. 2011, # (3–1), pp. 421–428].
2. Kozlov, P., Karakesekov, D., Danilov, V. An effective method for eliminating cold bridges using Schöck Isokorb elements // Science and technology of Kazakhstana, 2015, # 3, pp. 58–62 [Effektivnyy metod ustraneniya mostikov kholoda s pomoshch’yu elementov Schöck Isokorb // Nauka i tekhnika Kazakhstana, 2015, # 3, pp. 58–62].
3. Tusnina, V., Tusnin, A., Alekperov, R. Experimental and theoretical studies of the thermal efficiency of multilayer non-uniform building enclosures // Journal of Building Engineering, 2022, Vol. 45, 103439 p.
4. Аbass, F., Ismail, L.H., Wahab, I.A., Elgadi, A.A. Development of a Model for OTTV and RTTV based on BIMVPL to Optimize the Envelope Thermal Performance // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, Vol. 713, # 1, 012009 p.
5. Schukina, T., Kurasov, I., Drapaliuk, D., Popov, P. Improving the energy efficiency of buildings based on the use of integrated solar wall panels // E3S Web of Conferences, 2021, # 244, 05009 p.
6. M’ziane, M.C., Grine, A., Younsi, Z., Touhami, M.S.K. Modelling and Numerical Simulation of a Passive Wall Incorporating a Phase Change Material // Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 2021, Vol. 79, # 1, pp. 169–181.
7. Tusnina О.А., Emelyanov А.А., Tusnina V.M. Thermal properties of various structural systems of suspended ventilated facades // Civil Engineering Magazine, 2013, # 8, pp. 54–63 [Teplotekhnicheskiye svoystva razlichnykh konstruktivnykh sistem navesnykh ventiliruyemykh fasadov // Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyy zhurnal, 2013, # 8, pp. 54–63].
8. Zhang, F., Ju, Y., Santibanez Gonzalez, E.D.R., Wang, A., Dong, P., Giannakis, M. A new framework to select energy-efficient retrofit schemes of external walls: A case study 2021 // Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, # 289, 125718 p.
9. Krause, P., Nowoświat, A., Pawłowski, K. The impact of internal insulation on heat transport through the wall: Case study // Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 2020, Vol. 10, # 21, 7484, pp. 1–18.
10. Salandin, A., Soler, D., Bevivino, M. An Integer Linear Programming approach to minimize the cost of the refurbishment of a façade to improve the energy efficiency of a façade to improve the energy efficiency of a building // Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 2020, Vol. 43, # 14, pp. 8067–8088.
11. Melnikov, V., Dorofeev, V., Gavrilov, M., Medvedev, M. Energy-saving solutions in the construction and housing and utilities sectors of Russia // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, Vol. 896, # 1,012121 p.
12. Švajlenka, J., Kozlovská, M., Vranay, F., Pošiváková, T., Jámborová, M. Comparison of laboratory and computational models of selected thermal-technical properties of constructions systems based on wood // Energies, 2020, Vol. 13, # 12, 3127 p.
13. Tusnina, V.M., Fayzov, D. Sh. To the Issue of Thermo-technical Calculation of Non-uniform Enclosing Structures of Buildings // Industrial and civil engineering, 2017, # 4, pp. 19–24 [K voprosu teplotekhnicheskogo rascheta neodnorodnykh ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsiy zdaniy // Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo, 2017, # 4, pp. 19–24].
14. Tusnina, V.M. Numerical Analysis of Thermal Efficiency of External Walls with Heat-Conducting Inclusions
// International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering, 2023, Vol. 19, # 1, pp. 155–167.
15. Tusnin, A.R., Tusnina, O.A. Software complex for heat engineering calculation of building structures // Industrial and civil engineering, 2014, # 4, pp. 76–79 [Programmnyy kompleks dlya teplotekhnicheskogo rascheta stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy // Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitel’stvo, 2014, # 4, pp. 76–79].

1. Sabadi, P.R. Sunny house [Solnechnyy dom] / Translation from English by N.B. Gladkova; M.: Stroyizdat, 1981, 113 p.
2. Kazantsev, P.A., Knyazhev, V.V., Loschenkov, V.V., Kirik, N.S. Study of the traditional architectural model of passive solar heating using the example of an experimental individual residential building Solar-Sb [Issledovaniye traditsionnoy arkhitekturnoy modeli passivnogo solnechnogo otopleniya na primere eksperimental’nogo individual’nogo zhilogo doma Solar-Sb] // Bulletin of the FEFU Engineering School, 2016, # 2 (27), pp. 116–127.
3. SP 50.13330.2012 (Updated version of SNiP 23–02–2003) Thermal protection of buildings. [SP 50.13330.2012 (Obnovlennaya redaktsiya SNiP 23–02–2003) Teplovaya zashchita zdaniy] / M.: Ministry of Regional Development of Russia, 2012.
4. Shcheglov, S. Fundamentals of designing an energy-efficient building [Osnovy proyektirovaniya energoeffektivnogo zdaniya] / M.: TechnoNIKOL Construction Systems LLC, 2021, 114 p.
5. Tsygankov, V.M. Energy efficiency and energy saving during major renovation of buildings [Energoeffektivnost’ i energosberezheniye pri kapital’nom remonte zdaniy] // Energy Council, 2016, Vol. 1(43), pp. 12–16.
6. SP 230.1325800.2015 Building enclosing structures. Characteristics of thermal inhomogeneities [SP 230.1325800.2015 Konstruktsii ograzhdayushchiye stroitel’nyye. Kharakteristiki teplovykh neodnorodnostey] / M.: Ministry of Construction of Russia, 2015.
7. Gorshkov, A.S., Rymkevich, P.P., Vatin, N.I. On the thermal homogeneity of a two-layer wall structure // Ventilation, heating, air conditioning, heat supply and building thermos-physics [O teplovoy odnorodnosti dvukhsloynoy konstruktsii steny. // [Ventilyatsiya, otopleniye, konditsionirovaniye, teplosnabzheniye i stroitel’naya teplofizika] 2014, No. 7, pp. 58–63.
8. Matveev, L.T. General meteorology course. Atmospheric physics: a textbook for university students [Kurs obshchey meteorologii. Fizika atmosfery: Uchebnik dlya studentov vuzov.] / 2nd ed., rev. and added, L., 1994, 751 p.
9. Kosarev, V.P., Andryushchenko, T.T. Forest meteorology with the basics of climatology: a textbook [Lesnaya meteorologiya s osnovami klimatologii]: Uchebnik] / 2nd ed., revised, M.: Publishing House “Lan”, 2007, 288 p.
10. Guralnik, I.I., Dubinsky, G.P., Larin, V.V., Mamikonova, S.V. Meteorology. [Meteorologiya] / 2nd ed., revised, L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1982, 440 p.
11. Khromov, S.P., Petrosyants, M.A. Meteorology and climatology: textbook. [Meteorologiya i klimatologiya: Uchebnik] / 8th ed., M.: Moscow University Publishing House, 2013, 584 p.
12. Kotlov, K.V. Passive solar heat supply systems for buildings in the climatic conditions of the Mari El Republic using the example of the “Tromba collector wall” [Passivnyye sistemy solnechnogo teplosnabzheniya zdaniy v klimaticheskikh usloviyakh Respubliki Mariy El na primere “Kollektornoy steny Tromby”] // Izvestia KazGASU, 2009, # 2, (12), pp. 201–205.
13. Gabriel, I., Ladener, H. Reconstruction of buildings according to energy-efficient house standards [Rekonstruktsiya zdaniy po standartam energoeffektivnogo doma] / St. Petersburg: BHV-Petersburg, 2011, 480 p.
14. Pokotilov, V.V., Rutkovsky, M.A. Using solar energy to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings [Ispol’zovaniye solnechnoy energii dlya povysheniya energoeffektivnosti zhilykh zdaniy] / Minsk: 2015, 64 p.
15. Shchukina, T.V. Absorbing capacity of external fences of buildings for passive use of solar radiation [Pogloshchayushchaya sposobnost’ naruzhnykh ograzhdeniy zdaniy pri passivnom ispol’zovanii solnechnoy radiatsii] // Industrial and civil engineering, 2012, # 9, pp. 66–68.
16. Bryzgalin, V.V., Soloviev, A.K. The use of passive solar heating systems as an element of a passive house [Ispol’zovaniye passivnykh solnechnykh sistem otopleniya kak element passivnogo doma] // Bulletin of MGSU, 2018, Vol. 13, # 4 (115), pp. 472–481.
17. Tsatsura, E.I., Golovanova, L.A. Atrium spaces as a direction for energy saving in buildings [Atriumnyye prostranstva kak napravleniye energosberezheniya v zdaniyakh] // Mat. 15th International Scientific Conference “New ideas of the new century – 2015” Vol. 3, Khabarovsk: Pacific Publishing House, State Univ., 2015, pp. 323–330.
18. Solovyov, A.K. Solar Energy Use for Premises Heating in Spring and Autumn Periods in Southern Regions of Russia [Ispol’zovaniye solnechnoy energii dlya otopleniya pomeshcheniy v vesenniy i osenniy periody v yuzhnykh regionakh Rossii] // Light &Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 6–11.
19. Solovyov, A.K. Solar Architecture [Solnechnaya arkhitektura] // Beautiful Houses, 2000, # 1, pp. 29–31.

1. https://www.glassian.org/sitemap.html (access date: 15.10.23)
2. S. Reich @ Co. GLASBAUSTEINE Patent Falconnier, WIEN, 1, 1900.
3. Adlerhütten Catalog · Glasbausteine Falconnier. Penzig, Schlesien. 1905.
4. https://translated.turbopages.org/proxy_u/en-ru.ru.edd822bc‑652bb338‑e3c8ee4e‑74722d776562/patrimoine-histoire.fr/Patrimoine/Paris/Paris-Saint-Antoine-des-Quinze-Vingts. htm (access date: 15.10.23)
5. https://www.chateaudenyon.ch/media/musee_historique/document/0/dp-falconnier-web.pdf (access date: 15.10.23)
6. Ledeneva, G.L. Civil architecture of the Russian province of the late XIX – early XX centuries (using the example of the development of the city of Tambov): textbook. Allowance, Tambov [Ledeneva, G.L. Grazhdanskaya arkhitektura rossiyskoy provintsii kontsa XIX – nachala XX vekov (na primere zastroyki goroda Tambova): ucheb. razresheniye. Tambov, 2003 g.].
7. Giyasova, I.V. Translucent skylights from Falconnier’s glass blocks // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 43–48.

The light distribution nature determines the quality of luminous environment created by the daylight in the room. How the daylight flux received through the window will be distributed throughout the room depends on the reflectivity of the enclosing surfaces. However, the efficiency of using the reflectivity of the material is determined not only by the value of the reflection coefficient, but is a complex function depending on the geometric parameters of the room, the configuration and characteristics of the light openings, the ratio of the reflection coefficients of various surfaces of the room. According to the accepted rationing system, the effect of reflections inside the room is taken into account with help of the coefficient r0. This coefficient is determined by the tables given in the standards of the Russian Federation. In this article, the Author examine the properties of the illuminance, created by the reflection part and how it influences the light quality in the room with daylighting. The conclusions were made according to the results of the reflection influence research of daylight factor and cylindrical illuminance. The importance of the reflected component share, which is creating by the multiple reflections, is illustrated. Also conclusions about the importance of taking into account the configuration of rooms, as well as the ratio of reflection coefficients of all surfaces of the room for maximum use of the reflection effect are given.

1. Solovyov, A.K. Theory of the light field and improvement of visual working conditions with three-dimensional objects of discrimination [Teoriya svetovogo polya i uluchsheniye usloviy zritel’noy raboty s trekhmernymi ob”yektami razlichiya] //Moscow, Academia, Architecture and construction, 2009, # 5, pp. 470–475.
2. Korkina, E.V. Improvement of methods for determining the light transmission of window blocks to ensure natural lighting of buildings [Sovershenstvovaniye metodov opredeleniya svetopropuskaniya okonnykh blokov dlya obespecheniya yestestvennogo osveshcheniya zdaniy] / Diss. Candidate of Technical Sciences: 05.23.03, Moscow, 2015, 169pp.
3. Kireev, H.H. Development of theoretical methods for determining the reflected component of natural lighting of premises [Razrabotka teoreticheskikh metodov opredeleniya otrazhennoy sostavlyayushchey yestestvennogo osveshcheniya pomeshcheniy] // Svetotekhnika, 1982, # 2, pp. 4–6.
4. Obedkov, V.A., Solovyov, A.K., Kondratenkov, A.N. et al. Laboratory workshop on construction physics [Laboratornyy praktikum po stroitel’noy fizike] / Textbook for builders. Speciality, universities / Moscow, Higher School, 1979, 221 p.
5. Reference book on light and engineering [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike] / edited by J.B. Aizenberg, 3rd ed., reprint and added, Moscow, Publishing house “Sign”, 2006, 972p.
6. Ivanchenko, V.T. Assessment of daylighting of buildings by qualitative characteristics of the light field [Otsenka yestestvennogo osveshcheniya zdaniy na osnove kachestvennykh kharakteristik svetovogo polya] / Diss. Candidate of Technical Sciences: 05.23.10, Moscow, 1978, 269 p.
7. Molchina, N.A., Magera, T.N. Daylight Quality Assessment of Rooms with Lateral Daylighting by the Room Light Saturation Criterion // Light and Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 6, pp. 23–34.
8. Lazarev, D.N. The relationship between the spatial characteristics of lighting and horizontal illuminance [Svyaz’ mezhdu prostranstvennymi kharakteristikami osveshcheniya i gorizontal’noy osveshchennost’yu] // Svetotekhnika, 1977, # 11, pp. 13–15.
9. Larionova, K.O., Stetsky, S.V. The influence of multi-storey surrounding development on a daylighting of interiors in top-lit premises an experimental study // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 30–38.
10. Epaneshnikov, M.M., Sidorova, T.N. Estimation of the light saturation of the premises of the public buildings [Otsenka osveshchennosti pomeshcheniy obshchestvennykh zdaniy] // Svetotekhnika, 1971, # 8, pp. 11–15.
11. Bakharev, D. V. et al. On visualization of calculation of light fields [O vizualizatsii raschetov svetovykh poley] // Lighting equipment, 1999, # 5, pp. 25–32.

1. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 367.1325800.2017 Residential and Public Buildings. Rules of Natural and Integral lighting’ design [Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 367.1325800.2017 Zdaniya zhilyye i obshchestvennyye. Pravila proyektirovaniya yestestvennogo i sovmeshchennogo osveshcheniya] // Moscow, 2017.
2. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 23.102.2003 Daylighting of residential and public buildings .[Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 23.102.2003 Estestvennoe osveshchenie zhilyh i obshchestvennyh zdanij] // Moscow, 2003.
3. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 52.13330.2011 Daylighting ana artifical lighting .[Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 52.13330.2011 Estestvennoe i iskusstvennoe osveshchenie] // Moscow, 2011.
4. Gusev, N.M. Fundamentals of Building Physics [Osnovy stroitel’noy fiziki] // Moscow, Storoyizdat, 1975, 440 p.
5. Solovyov, A.K. Physics of the environment [Fizika sredy] // Moscow: ASV, 2014, 341 p.
6. Solovyov, A.K. Accounting the influence of reflected light in design of natural lighting in industrial buildings with systems of roof lights under non-uniform light distribution [Uchet vliyaniya otrazhennogo sveta pri proyektirovanii yestestvennogo osveshcheniya promyshlennykh zdaniy s sistemami kryshnykh svetil’nikov] // A digest of scientific works of Architectural Chair of Moscow Civil Engineering institute, 1974, pp. 73–82.
7. Solovyov, A.K. Evaluation of the light environment of industrial premises in the conditions of a clear sky [Otsenka svetovoy sredy proizvodstvennykh pomeshcheniy v usloviyakh yasnogo neba] // Svetotekhnika, 1987, # 7, p.14–16.
8. Solovyov, A.K. Hollow tubular light conductors and their use for natural lighting of buildings [Polye trubchatye svetovody i ih primenenie dlya estestvennogo osveshcheniya zdanij] // Industrial and civil construction, 2007, # 2, pp. 53–55.
9. Zemtsov, V.A. Issues of design and calculation of natural lighting of premises through mine-type rocket lights [Voprosy proektirovaniyA i rascHeta estestvennogo osveshcheniya pomeshchenij cherez zenitnye fonari shahtnogo tipa] // Svetotekhnika, 1990, # 10, pp. 25–28.
10. Zemtsov, V.A. Methods of calculation of natural lighting areas with light air-conditioning on the basis of spatial characteristics of lights [Metody rascheta estestvennogo osveshcheniya pomeshchenij so svetovymi kondicionerami na osnove primeneniya prostranstvennyh harakteristik fonarej] // Construction and reconstruction, 2015, # 4 (60), pp. 92–99.
11. Stetsky, S.V. Guanglong, Ch. Optimal design, planning and geometric solutions for light wells of multi-storey industrial buildings [Optimal’nye konstruktivnye, planirovochnye i geometricheskie resheniya svetovyh kolodcev dlya mnogoetazhnyh proizvodstvennyh zdanij] // Industrial and Civil Construction, 2013, # 12, pp. 84–86.
12. Stetsky, S.V., Guanglong, Ch. Structural and planning decisions of multi-story industrial buildings with natural light supply through the light wells [Konstruktivnyye i planirovochnyye resheniya mnogoetazhnykh proizvodstvennykh zdaniy pri obespechenii v nikh yestestvennogo osveshcheniya cherez svetovyye kolodtsy] // Industrial and Civil Engineering, 2014, #3, pp. 70–72.
13. Stetsky, S.V. Light tubes as a factor of light environment quality increase in high-rise buildings [Svetovye kolodcy kak faktor povysheniya kachestva svetovoj sredy v mnogoetazhnyh zdaniyah] // Scientific Review, 2016, # 15, pp. 59–64.
14. Stetsky, S.V. Sun protection of premises in industrial buildings with natural lighting through the system of lighting wells [Solncezaschita pomeschenii proizvodstvennih zdanii s estestvennim osvescheniem cherez sistemu svetovih kolodcev] // Industrial and Civil Engineering, 2016, #. 4, pp. 72–76.
15. Brotash, L. Wilson, M. The Average Total Daylight Factor // Light & Engineering, 2008, Vol. 16, # 2. pp. 52–57.
16. Mokhelnikova, J. Daylighting and Skylights // Light & Engineering, 2008, Vol. 16, # 2, pp. 58–68.

1. Bertolotti, M. History of the laser: Scientific publication / M. Bertolotti – Dolgoprudny: Publishing House “Intelligence”, 2011, 336 p. [Istoriya lazera: Nauchnoe izdanie / Intellekt, 2011, 336 p.]
2. Dubpernell, G. Evidence of the use of primitive batteries in antiquity // Selected Topics in the History of Electrochemistry, The Electrochemical Society, Princeton, 1978, I‑22.
3. Haughton, B. The Baghdad battery // Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries. Career Press, 2007, pp. 129–132.
4. Verzhbitsky, Zh.M. Architectural culture: the art of architecture as a means of humanizing “second nature” / Verzhbitsky Zh. M. St. Petersburg: “ARDIS”, 2010, 136p. [Arxitekturnaya kul’tura: iskusstvo arxitektury’ kak sredstvo gumanizacii “vtoroj prirody’” / Verzhbitsky Zh. M. St. Petersburg: “ARDIS”, 2010, 136 p.]
5. Parker, R.A. Egyptian Astronomy, Astrology, and Calendrical Reckoning // Dictionary of Scientific Biography: journal, Vol. 15, pp. 706–727.
6. Shestakov, A.A., Nasybullina, R.A. Metaphysics of light and its reception in architecture // Journal BULLETIN OF TVER STATE UNIVERSITY. SERIES: PHILOSOPHY, Tver, 2015, # 2, pp. 73–84 [Metafizika sveta i eyo recepciya v arxitekture // Journal BULLETIN OF TVER STATE UNIVERSITY. SERIES: PHILOSOPHY, Tver, 2015, # 2, pp. 73–84].
7. Grosseteste, R. About light, or about the beginning of forms // Questions of philosophy, 1995, # 6, 125 p. [O svete, ili o nachale form // Questions of philosophy, 1995, # 6, 125 p.]
8. Eco, U. Art and beauty in medieval aesthetics / St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2003, 256 p. [Iskusstvo i krasota v srednevekovoj e’stetike / St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2003, 256 p.]
9. Shishkov, A.M. Metaphysics of Light. Essay on history / M: Aletheia, 2012, 366 p. [Metafizika Sveta. Ocherk istorii / M: Aletheia, 2012, 366 p.]
10. Voronin, N.N. Vladimir-Suzdal architecture // Architecture of Eastern Europe. Middle Ages Edited by Yu. S. Yaralov (executive editor), N.N. Voronin, P.N. Maksimov, Yu. A. Nelgovsky, 1966, Vol. 3, pp. 598–639 [Vladimiro-suzdal’skaya arxitektura // Arxitektura Vostochnoj Evropy’. Srednie veka Edited by Yu.S. Yaralov (executive editor), N.N. Voronin, P.N. Maksimov, Yu.A. Nelgovsky, Tom 3, pp. 598–639].

This article discusses the problems associated with physical and hygienic studies aimed at determining the influence of insolation – an important climatic factor – on the light, radiation and thermal regime of buildings, and territories in urban development. The article proposes the design of an insolation device of a flatbed type, known as a Svetoplanograph‑2, which can be widely used in solving architectural, construction, urban planning, and energy problems in summer in regions with a warm climate. A method of step-by-step assessment of the insolation-light-thermal regime of buildings and territories with a complex morphological structure of buildings, which is a model of the energy characteristics of insolation, has also been developed. The use of a tablet-type device makes it possible to solve practical urban planning tasks, providing an opportunity to calculate and evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the insolation regime in order to improve the environmental and climatic situation in urban buildings and development in the summer. The developed method of forecasting the insolation regime using a tablet-type device is the basis for modelling the energy state of insolation in a human environment in buildings and territories of cities with a hot climate.

1. Dunaev, B.A. Insolation of the home [Insolyatsyya v dome] / M.: Stroiizdat, 1980, 65 p.
2. Tvorovsky, M. The sun in architecture (translation from Polish) [Solntse v architecture] / M.: Stroyizdat, 1977, 288 p.
3. Maslennikov, D.S. Graphic study of insolation standards adopted in the USSR and other European countries [Graficheskoye issledovaniye norm insolyatsii, prinyatykh v SSSR i drugikh stranakh Yevropy] // Study on the microclimate and noise regime of populated areas, Collection 3, M.: Stroyizdat, 1965, pp. 5–19.
4. Sukhanov, I.S. Radiant energy of the sun and architecture [Luchistaya energiya solntsa i arkhitektury] / Tashkent, Fan, 1973, 224 p.
5. Obolensky, N.V. Architecture and sun [Architectura i Solntse] / M.: Stroyizdat, 1988, 207 p.
6. Olgyay, V, Olgyay, A. Solar control and shading devices / Princeton University Press, Prinseten, New Jersey, 1957, 201 р.
7. Gusev, N.M. Natural lighting of buildings [Estestvennoe osveschenie zdany] / M.: Gosstroyizdat, 1961, 234 p.
8. Giyasov, A.I. The role insolation tablet to assess insolation modes of urban areas and buildings // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 2, pp. 111–116.
9. Bakharev, D.V., Orlova, L.N. On rationing and calculation of insolation [O normirovanii i rascheotah insolyatsii] // Svetotekhnika, 2006, # 1. pp. 18–27.
10.Lyubimov A. BIM – new features of the Revit platform (Lyubimov A. BIM – novyye vozmozhnosti platformy Revit) // CAD and graphics, 2007, # 10, 7 p.
11.CITYS: Solaris 5.20. Calculation of insolation, KEO and noise vibrations. The user’s guide. URL: http://www.sitis.ru/ documentation/sitis-solaris.pdf (date accessed: 10.08.2019).
12. Soloviev A.K., Nguyen F.T. Kh. Method for calculating light climate parameters based on the luminous efficiency of solar radiation [Metod dlya rascheotov parametrov svetovogo climate na osnove svetovoy effektivnosti solnechnogo izlucheniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 5, рр. 21–24.
13. Spiridonov, A.V., Shubin, I.L. Development of translucent structures in Russia [Razvitie poluprozrachnyx struktur v Rossii] // Svetotekhnika, 2014, # 3, pр. 46–51.
14. Giyasov, A.I. The Role of the Solar Irradiation Plate for Estimation of the Insolation Regime // Light & Engineering, Volume 27, Number 2, 2019, рр.111–117.
15. Kupriyanov, V.N., Sedova, F.R. Energy method of standardization and calculation of insolation of residential premises [Energeticheskiy metod normirovaniya i rascheta insolyatsii zhilykh pomeshcheniy] / Kazan, 2016, 38 p.
16. Calculations of heat input into a building from penetrating solar radiation during the heating period [Raschety postupleniya tepla v zdaniye ot pronikayushchey solnechnoy radiatsii v otopitel’nyy period] / Methodological manual. Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation, M.: 2017, 112 p.
17.SP 50.13330. 2012 Thermal performance of the buildings [SP 50.13330. 2012 Teplovyye kharakteristiki zdaniy] // Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 2012.
18. Reference book on lighting engineering (3rd edition, revised and expanded) [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotehnike] Under the general editorship of Aizenberg J.B. / Moscow, Znak, 2006, 972 p.
19. Giyasov, A.I., Mirzoe S.M. Heat transfer model of curtain wall facade systems under insolation // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 22–29.
20. SanPiN 1.2.3685–21 Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors to humans [SanPiN 1.2.3685–21 Gigiyenicheskiye normativy i trebovaniya po obespecheniyu bezopasnosti i (ili) bezvrednosti faktorov okruzhayushchey sredy dlya cheloveka] //Аpproved resolution Chief State sanitary doctor, Russian Federation, Мocow, 2021.
21. SP 42.13330.2016 Urban development. Urban and rural planning and development [SP 42.13330.2016 Gorodskogo razvitiya. Gorodskoye i sel’skoye planirovaniye i razvitiye] // Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation, Мoscow, 2016.
22. SP 54.13330.2016 Multicompartment residential buildings [SP 54.13330.2016 Mnogokvartirnyye zhilyye doma] // Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation, Мoscow, 2016.
23. SP 118.13330.2012 Public buildings and works [SP 118.13330.2012 Obshchestvennyye zdaniya i sooruzheniya] // Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, Мoscow, 2012.
24. SP 370.1325800.2017 Solar Shading devices in buildings. Design rules [SP 370.1325800.2017 Ustroystva solnechnoy zashchity v zdaniyakh. Pravila dizayna] // Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services, Мoscow, 2017.
25. DIN 5034–1–2011 Daylight in interiors – Part 1: General requirements // Federal Information Standards Foundation, Мoscow, 2011.
26. BS 8206–2:2008. Lighting for buildings // London, W4 4AL, Great Britain.

The article considers the process of development of the main means of engineering support of buildings – lighting, heating, and ventilation. How over time and the development of science and technology improved ways to create a comfortable environment. The first artificial source of light and heat was the hearth. With the advent of torches and oil lamps, these functions separated and developed in parallel. At the same time, up to the 19th century, both heating (hypocausts, fireplaces, steam and water heating, etc.) and lighting (candles, gas lighting, etc.) were impossible without fire. Ventilation remained natural until the invention of the centrifugal fan in the nineteenth century. In parallel with the issue of heating, the issue of thermal insulation arose. When choosing building materials and structures, their availability in a given region, thermal characteristics and work in a given climate played an important role. The required level of thermal insulation was achieved by increasing the thickness of the wall, the size of the openings and their filling.
In the era of the “Enlightenment” (17th – 18th centuries), there is a turning point in the understanding of the world. The “classical” sciences are developing actively and universities and engineering schools are opening. If earlier science and practice existed in parallel, now the inventions of scientists began to be implemented much faster.
In the 19th century, electricity appears. This is another important point in the development of engineering. In the 21st century, it has almost completely replaced fire in human life (LEDs, LED, infrared and radiant heat, ventilation and air conditioning systems, etc.). A person no longer depends on nature. If in ancient times people sought to subdue it to himself then in the 21st century, the goal is to live in harmony with nature, which preservation and replenishment of the used resources is the search for environmentally friendly solutions without harm to humans and the environment.

1. Zabalueva, T.R. General history of architecture and construction equipment: textbook: in 2 parts [Vseobshchaya istoriya arhitektury i stroitel’noj tekhniki: uchebnik: v 2 chastyah] / Moscow: MISI–MGSU, [b. G.], Part 2: Architecture and construction of the Middle Ages, 2017, 363 p.
2. Lyubomirov, D.E. History of the development of science and technology: textbook [Istoriya razvitiya nauki i tekhniki: uchebnoe posobie] / St. Petersburg: SPbGLTU, 2020, 116 p.
3. Poluektova, N.A. Babylonian-Assyrian civilization as one of the sources of bioclimatic architecture [Vavilono-assirijskaya civilizaciya kak odin iz istochnikov vozniknoveniya bioklimaticheskoj arhitektury] // APRIORI. Series: Humanities, 2017, # 1, p. 14.
4. Lyalkina, G.B. The history of artificial lighting [Istoriya iskusstvennogo osveshcheniya] // Bulletin of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Security and risk management, 2015, #2, pp. 183–194.
5. Demina M. By candlelight [Pri svechah] // Chemistry and life, 2013, #11.
6. Trofimov, B. Ya. Ancient building material saman in the XXI century [Drevnij stroitel’nyj material saman v XXI veke] // Scientific search: materials of the eighth scientific conference of graduate and doctoral students, Chelyabinsk, February 03–05, 2016, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Publishing Center of SUSU, 2016, pp. 12–16.
7. Pipunyrov, P.V. Prerequisites for the emergence of bioclimatic architecture [Predposylki vozniknoveniya bioklimaticheskoj arhitektury] // Bulletin of the Saratov State Technical University, 2010, Vol. 3, #1 (46), pp. 175–180.
8. Parygina, M.N. Historical aspects of the development of construction production in the world [Istoricheskie aspekty razvitiya stroitel’nogo proizvodstva v mire] // Proceedings of the 59th student scientific and technical conference of the Civil Engineering Institute of TOGU, TOGU, April 10–23, 2019, Pacific State University, 2019, pp. 378–382.
9. Al-Nahari, M. H. A.M. Characteristics of clay architecture in ancient Shibam and Sana’a cities in Yemen [Harakteristiki glinistoj arhitektury v drevnih SHibam i Sana gorodah v Jemene] // The concept of accounting and tax system for forming the cost of an innovative product: Collection materials of the international scientific and practical conference, Orel, June 25–26, 2018, Orel: Oryol State University named after I.S. Turgenev, 2018, pp. 171–175.
10. Ponomarev, S.V. Brief history of ventilation [Kratkaya istoriya ventilyacii] // Plumbing, Heating, Air conditioning [Santekhnika, Otoplenie, Kondicionirovanie], 2014, #10(154), pp. 77–80.
11. Lyalkina, G.B. The role of glass in the history of security [Rol’ stekla v istorii bezopasnosti] // Bulletin of the Perm University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Computer science, 2011, #3(7), pp. 74–81.
12. Kozhnikova, E.A. History of the development of ventilation as a science [Istoriya razvitiya ventilyacii kak nauki] // Scientific journal. Engineering systems and structures, 2015, #2(19), pp. 19–21.
13. Ashe, B.M. Heating and ventilation. Volume 1 [Otoplenie i ventilyaciya. Tom 1] / Gosstroyizdat, Leningrad, Moscow, 1939.
14. Filatova, Yu. D. Glass in architecture: application, history, advantages. Facade glazing [Steklo v arhitekture: primenenie, istoriya, preimushchestva. Fasadnoe osteklenie] // Trends in the development of science and education, 2017, #30–2, pp. 46–48.
15. Knyazhitskaya, T.V. Windows to the past. Old Russian windows are a forgotten legacy of a bygone culture [Okna v proshloe. Drevnerusskie okonnicy – zabytoe nasledie ushedshej kul’tury] // The world of the museum [Mir muzeya], 2011, pp. 50–54.
16. Savelyeva, O.O. Weather in the house … [Pogoda v dome…] // Energy: economics, technology, ecology [Energiya: ekonomika, tekhnika, ekologiya], 2016, #9, pp. 70–75.
17. Lyalkina, G.B. From the history of safe heating [Iz istorii bezopasnogo otopleniya] // Bulletin of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Security and risk management, 2016, #4, pp. 138–146.
18. Makhlina, S.T. The specifics of the Spanish traditional dwelling [Specifika ispanskogo tradicionnogo zhilishcha] // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts, 2011, #3(8), pp. 64–68.
19. Lyubimtsev, I.A. The ups and downs of Roman architectural and construction traditions in Britain [Vzlety i padeniya rimskih arhitekturno-stroitel’nyh tradicii v Britanii] // International forum for Multiple Academic Disciplines: Conference Proceedings, Dresden, Germany, 15 May 2017, Dresden, Germany, Scientific public organization “Professional science”, 2017, 96 p.
20. Rumyantseva, O.S. Glass [Steklo] // Great Russian Encyclopedia: scientific and educational portal [Bol’shaya rossijskaya enciklopediya: nauchno-obrazov atel’nyj portal], URL: https://bigenc.ru/c/steklo‑3f164c/?v=6793146, Publication date: 01/18/2023, Update date: 04/16/2023 (Date of access: 05/11/2023)
21. Orlova, L.N. Evolution of the development of artificial lighting of architectural spaces [Evolyuciya razvitiya iskusstvennogo osveshcheniya arhitekturnyh prostranstv] // Privolzhsky scientific journal, 2016, #1 (37), pp. 155–157.
22. History of the furnace [Istoriya pechi], URL: https:// trubochist-yuga.ru/article/istoriya-pechi (date of access: 05/13/2023).
23. Polikarpov, V.S. History of science and technology (textbook) [Istoriya nauki i tekhniki (uchebnoe posobie)], Rostov-on-Don, “Phoenix” Publishing House, 1998, 352p.
24. Voronova, L.A. Heat and gas supply and ventilation: textbook [Teplo-gazosnabzhenie i ventilyaciya: uchebnoe posobie] / Moscow, RUT (MIIT), 2020, 232p.
25. Matvienko, N.N. Fireplaces and stoves in Moscow and the Moscow province: some aspects of the typology of the XIX – early XX centuries [Kaminy i pechi Moskvy i Moskovskoj gubernii: nekotorye aspekty tipologii XIX – nachala XX vekov] // Decorative art and object-spatial environment, Vestnik RGHPU them. S.G. Stroganov, 2014, #3, pp. 230–239.
26. Solovyov, K.A. History of architecture and construction [Istoriya arhitektury i stroitel’stva] 3rd ed., erased / St. Petersburg, 2022, 612 p.
27. Savitsky, N.V. Time to return to the construction of adobe [Vremya vernut’sya k stroitel’stvu iz samana] // Bulletin of the Prydniprovska State Academy of Life and Architecture [Vіsnik Pridnіprovs’koї derzhavnoї akademії budіvnictva ta arhіtekturi], 2011, #10 (163), pp. 4–8.
28. Medakova, D. S., Analysis of the development of technologies for the creation of building materials [Analiz razvitiya tekhnologij sozdaniya stroitel’nyh materialov] // Forum of Young Scientists, 2021, #9(61), pp. 93–97.
29. Dorofeeva, A.A. History of the development of glass production [Istoriya razvitiya proizvodstva stekla] // Youth and scientific and technological progress: IX international scientific and practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists: in 4 volumes, Gubkin, April 14, 2016. Volume 3, Gubkin, Limited Liability Company “Assistant Plus” [Assistent plyus], 2016, pp. 52–54.
30. Bagina, E. Fire and home – part of life [Ogon’ i dom – so-chast’e bytiya] // Project Baikal, 2022, volum 19, # 73, pp. 128–135.
31. Kanaev, A.A. Fire safety: textbook [Pozharnaya bezopasnost’: uchebnoe posobie] / Murmansk, MSTU, 2020, 324 p.
32. Orlov, A.I. Russian heating and ventilation equipment: Monograph [Pozharnaya bezopasnost’: uchebnoe posobie] / Moscow, Publishing House “Aqua-Term”, 2010, 224 p.
33. Yakovlev, V.I. From the history of industrial mechanics [Iz istorii industrial’noj mekhaniki] // Bulletin of the Perm University. Series: Mathematics. Mechanics. Computer science, 2018, #4, pp. 87–92.
34. Maksimenko, A.T. Mineral wool process from appearance to improvement [Mineral’naya vata process ot poyavleniya do usovershenstvovaniya] // Modern technologies: topical issues, achievements and innovations: collection of articles of the XIII International Scientific and Practical Conference: in 2 parts, Penza, January 27, 2018. Volume Part 1, Penza, “Science and Education” (IP Gulyaev G. Yu.), 2018, pp. 63–65.
35. Rakhimov, R.Z. Thermal insulation from stone wool: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty 270106 “Production of building materials products and structures” direction 270100 “Construction” [Teploizolyaciya iz kamennoj vaty: Uchebnoe posobie dlya studentov vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij, obuchayushchihsya po special’nosti 270106 “Proizvodstvo stroitel’nyh materialov izdelij i konstrukcij” napravleniya 270100 “Stroitel’stvo”] / Moscow, DIA, 2010.
36. Bochkareva, A.S. On the issue of formation and development of the gas industry in the Russian Empire [K voprosu stanovleniya i razvitiya gazovoj otrasli v Rossijskoj imperii] // Scientific works of the Kuban State Technological University, 2015, #13, pp. 49–60.
37. Babushkin, S. Yablochkov’s lamp [Lampochka YAblochkova] // Living water, 2014, #5, pp. 28–30.
38. Belkind, L. Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov [Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov] / Moscow, 1962.
39. Renkel, A. Russian light of Pavel Yablochkov [Russkij svet Pavla YAblochkova] // Intellectual property. Copyright and related rights, 2018, #10, pp. 57–66.
40. Panteleev, A.V. Modern tools for the development of energy-efficient light sources and lighting systems [Sovremennyj instrumentarij dlya razrabotki energoeffektivnyh istochnikov sveta i sistem osveshcheniya] // Educational experiment in education, 2012, #3, pp. 78–81.
41. Vilisov, A. A. LEDs and lighting devices: textbook [Svetodiody i svetotekhnicheskie ustrojstva: Uchebnoe posobie] / Moscow, TUSUR, 2020, 112 p.
42. Muminov, A.A. Main trends in the development of thermal insulation materials [Osnovnye tendencii razvitiya teploizolyacionnyh materialov] // Science as a vocation: theory and practice: Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary scientific and practical conference with international participation, Moscow, February 21, 2023, Moscow, Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief, 2023, pp. 219–223.
43. Priss, O.G. Modern trends in the market of thermal insulation materials: prospects, efficiency and their production potential [Sovremennye tendencii rynka teploizolyacionnyh materialov: perspektivy, effektivnost’ i ih proizvodstvennyj potencial] // Scientific Bulletin of the State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Nevinnomyssk State Humanitarian and Technical Institute”, 2022, #3, pp. 14–20.
44. Manoshkina, G.V. The use of heat-saving technologies is a way to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and structures [Ispol’zovanie teplosberegayushchih tekhnologij – put’ povysheniya energeticheskoj effektivnosti zdanij i sooruzhenij] // New technologies in the educational process and production: Proceedings of the XVII International Scientific and Technical Conference, Ryazan, April 17–19, 2019, Ryazan, Limited Liability Company “Ryazanproekt” [Ryazan’proekt], 2019, pp. 110–112.
45. Abieva, G. S., Abdumomyn B.D., Zhakypova G.M. Energy saving methods for engineering systems of the microclimate of buildings [Sposoby energosberezheniya inzhenernyh sistem mikroklimata zdanij] // Eurasian Union of Scientists. Series: technical and physical and mathematical sciences, 2023, #1 (104), pp. 3–7.

The origin of the common type of overlap of the Armenian monastic fore-churches or narthex (zhamatun or gavit) – a stone muqarnas tent with a light oculus at the top – has not yet been fully disclosed. Denying the absolute autochthonous nature of this architectural idea, the author of the article develops a point of view about the transformation by Armenian architects of the form of a brick tent, known from the mausoleums of Muslim rulers, which were built since the 11th century in Mesopotamia and Syria. At the same time, the rich local context of the early forms of the high tent with an oculus and the architectural compositions associated with it are analysed anew. At the same time, in 1038 in the Horomos monastery the king Hovhannes Smbat Bagratuni has constructed the multi-column zhamatun with eight-side tent and an oculus. Intended for the repose of the king, this zhamatun could embody in its architecture both the forms of a residential building and, to a greater extent, the idea represented in Rotunda of the Holy Sepulchre. Since the second half of the 12th century, when many monastic vestibules were built, about a dozen such structures with a stalactite tent were also erected. It seems acceptable that in the process of creative processing of the idea of Muslim tents, Armenian architects embodied their formal features in the stone structure of the false vault, preserving the traditional light oculus for the local culture. Identified with the divine light, the stream looked spectacular against the background of a stalactite sculptural form resembling a cave. The key role in the creation of a new type of tent in the monastic buildings could be played by the masters of the Ani school of architecture.

1. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p., pp. 110–130, fig. 100–102.
2. Tokarskiy, N.M. Architecture of Armenia of the 4th‑14th centuries [Tokarskiy N.M. Arkhitektura Armenii IV–XIV vv.] / Yerevan: Armgosizdat, 1961, 388 p., p. 306.
3. Khmelnitsskiy, S. Between Arabs and Turks. Architecture of the Middle Asia of the 9th‑10th centuries [Khmelnitsskiy S. Mejdu arabami i turkami] / Berlin; Riga, 1992, 344 p., pp. 72–78.
4. Shukurov, Sh. M. Khorasan. Territory of the Art [Shukurov Sh.M. Khorasan. Territoriia iskusstva] / Moscow: Progress-Traditsia, 2016, 400 p., pp. 279–280.
5. Zakaryan, H., Hakobyan, R. On the Armenian Origin of Muqarnas Ceilings // Journal of Armenian Studies, 2016, # 2 (11), pp. 41–57.
6. Toramanian, T. Materials of the history of Armenian architecture [Toramanian T. Niuter haikakan tchartarapetutian patmutian] / Yerevan: ARMFAN, 1942, Vol. 1. 403 p., pp. 89–90.
7. Khalpakhchian, O. Kh. Civil architecture of Armenia [Khalpakhchian O. Kh. Grazhdanskoe zodchestvo Armenii] / Moscow: Literatura po iskusstvu, Publ., 1971, 248 p., pp. 67–69.
8. Khmelnitsskiy, S. Between Arabs and Turks. Architecture of the Middle Asia of the 9th‑10th centuries [Khmelnitsskiy S. Mejdu arabami i turkami] / Berlin; Riga, 1992, 344 p., p. 248.
9. Khmelnitsskiy, S. Between Kushans and Arabs. Architecture of the Middle Asia of the 5th‑8th centuries [Khmelnitsskiy S. Mejdu kushanami i arabami] / Berlin; Riga: Gamajun, 2000, 292 p., pp. 46–47, 117.
10. Tabbaa, Ya. The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning // Muqarnas, 1985, 3, pp. 61–74. doi:10.2307/1523084. ISSN 0732-2992
11. Ghazaryan, A., Ousterhout, R.A. Muqarnas Drawing from Thirteenth-Century Armenia and the Use of Architectural Drawings during the Middle Ages // Muqarnas, Vol. 18, 2001, pp. 141–154.
12. Kazaryan, A. Yu. Armenian-Muslim architectural correlations in the light of the medieval experience of architectural designing [Kazaryan A. Yu. Armiano-musulmanskie arkhitekturnye vzaimosviazi v svete srednevekovoi praktiki arkhitekturnogo proektirovaniia] // Questions of the general history of architecture [Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury], Vol. 2. Moscow: URSS, 2004, pp. 46–54.
13. Kazaryan, A. Yu. New data on the cupolas of Ani’s churches. Part three. Stratigraphy of the tholobate of the Redeemer church [Kazaryan A. Yu. Novye dannye o kupolakh khramov Ani. Stratigrafiia barabana tserkvi Spasitelia] // Questions of the general history of architecture [Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury], 2020, vol. 14, pp. 57–80.
14. Donabédian, P. Ani Multicultural Milieu and New Trends in Armenian Architecture during Queen Tamar’s Period // International conference “Ani at the Crossroads”, Ed. by Z. Skhirtladze (Tbilisi, 17–18 November, 2017), Tbilisi: Ivane Javakhishvili State University, 2019, pp. 121–152.
15. Donabédian, P. Armenia – Georgia – Islam. A Need to Break Taboos in the Study of Medieval Architecture // Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LA3M, Aixen-Provence, France, 2020, pp. 63–112.
15. Alkadi, R.M., Gonzalo, J.C.P. Muqarnas Domes and Cornices in the Maghreb and Andalusia // Nexus Network Journal, 2018, no. 20 (1), pp. 95–123. doi:10.1007/s00004-017-0367-3. ISSN 1522-4600.
16. Fukami, N. The Use of Muqarnas in the Transitional Zone of Domes in Egyptian Islamic Architecture: From the Fatimid to the End of the Mamluk Era // ORIENT, 2017, Vol. 52, pp. 93–119.
17. Khalpakhchian, O. Kh. Civil architecture of Armenia [Khalpakhchian O. Kh. Grazhdanskoe zodchestvo Armenii] // Moscow: Literatura po iskusstvu Publ., 1971, 248 p., pp. 56–71, 92–95.
18. Bixio, R., Caloi, V., Castellani, V., Traverso, M. Ani 2004: Survey on the Underground Settlements / Oxford: Hadrian Books, 2009. 82 p.
19. Baeva O., Kazaryan A. On the ‘Glkhatun’ Type Cave Dwelling of Ani: Preliminary Research // Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2022) (Athena Transactions in Social Sciences and Humanities, Volume 2). Athena Publ., 2023, pp. 95–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55060/s.atssh.221230.013.
20. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p., pp. 30–36.
21. Kazaryan, A. The Zhamatun of Horomos: The Shaping of an Unprecedented Type of Fore-church Hall // E-journal on Visual and Art History. Sektion Funun – Transkulturelle Perspektiven. Architectural Models, Mobility, and Building Techniques: Modes of Transfer in Medieval Anatolia, Byzantium, and the Caucasus, Edit. P. Blessing. 14 p., il.: URL: http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/kunsttexte/2014–3/kazaryan-armen‑4/PDF/kazaryan.pdf (date of addressing is 15.07.2017).
22. Kazaryan, A. The Architecture of Horomos Monastery // Horomos Monastery: Art and History, Ed. by E. Vardanyan, Paris: ACHCByz Publ., 2015, pp. 55–205.
23. Vardanyan, E. The żamatun of Horomos and the żamatun/gawit’ structures in Armenian architecture // Horomos Monastery: Art and History / Ed. by E. Vardanyan. Paris: ACHCByz Publ., 2015, pp. 207–236.
24. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p.
25. Hillenbrand, R. Islamic Architecture / New-York: Columbia University press, 1994, pp. 308–311.
26. Muradov, R.G. Toward the question of form regarding the covering on the Argavand mausoleum, Armenia [Muradov R.G. K voprosu o forme pokrytiia mavzoleia v Argavande, Armeniia] // Questions of the general history of architecture [Voprosy vseobshchei istorii arkhitektury], 2017, Vol. 8, pp. 117–133, p. 128.
27. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p., pp. 29–30.
28. Cuneo, P. Architettura Armena dal quarto al diciannovesimo secolo / Con testi e contribute di T. Breccia Fratadocchi, M. Hasrat’yan, M.A. Lala Comneno, A. Zarian. Roma: De Luca Editore, 1988, Vol. 1–2, 926 p., pp. 646–647.
29. Kazaryan, A. The Architecture of Horomos Monastery // Horomos Monastery: Art and History / Ed. by E. Vardanyan. Paris: ACHCByz Publ., 2015, pp. 184–105.
30. Mnatsakanian, S. Kh. Architecture of Armenian Fore-Churches [Mnatsakanian S. Kh. Arkhitektura armianskikh pritvorov] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR Publ., 1952, 144 p., p. 102.

1. Pronin, E.N. How man taught natural gas // Alternative fuel transport, 2016, Vol. 5, # 53, pp. 66–67 [Kak chelovek priuchal prirodnyj gaz // Transport na al’ternativnom toplive, 2016, Vol. 5, # 53, pp. 66–67].
2. Gas worship. URL: https://gazprominfo.ru/articles/worship-of-gas (access date 20.08.23).
3. Mammad-Zade, K.M. Construction art of Azerbaijan (from ancient times to the 19th century) / Baku ELM Publishing House, 1983, 336 p. [Stroitel’noe iskusstvo Azerbajdzhana (s drevnejshih vremen do 19 v.) / Baku: ELM, 1983. – 336 s.]
4. Kuhn, O. Ancient Chineese Drilling (URL: http://csegrecorder.com/articles/view /ancient-chinesedrilling (access date: 25.08.23)).
5. Tomory, L. Progressive Enlightment: The Origins of the Gaslight Industry 1780–1820 (URL: https://www.academia.edu/418708/Progressive Enlightenment (access date: 27.08.23)).
6. Kosov, A.S., Gogolevskij, A.V. Use of gas in the Russian Empire // Internauka, 2021, # 29–1(204), pp. 16–17 [Ispol’zovanie gaza v Rossijskoj imperii // Internauka, 2021, # 29–1(204), pp. 16–17].
7. Potapova, N.V. Lights of Moscow – a museum of the history of urban lighting // Russia and the modern world, 2006, Vol. 4, # 43, pp. 254–258 [Ogni Moskvy – muzej istorii gorodskogo osveshcheniya // Rossiya i sovremennyj mir, 2006, #4 (43), pp. 254–258].
8. Sokolova, I.V. Revitalization of historical structures of gas tanks // Innovation and investment, 2022, # 2, pp. 229–233 [Revitalizaciya istoricheskih sooruzhenij gazgol’derov // Innovacii i investicii, 2022, # 2, pp. 229–233].
9. The Development of Gas Lighting Burners – originally written for the Historic Gas Times in 2017 (URL: http://williamsugghistory.o.uk/the-development-of-gaslighting-burners-originally- written-for-the-historic-gastimes-in‑2017 (access date: 29.08.23)).
10. Gasbeleuchtung (URL: http://echnik.de-academic.com/8992/Gasbeleuchtung (access date: 29.08.23)).
11. Paigt, L. Sweet the Sociology of Gaslighting // American Sociological Review. Vol. 84, # 5. (URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0003122419874843 (access date: 25.08.23)).
12. Sullivan, A., Flint, K. Introduction: Technologies of Fire in Nineteenth-Century British Culture / Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century 25, 2017 (URL: https://19.bbk.ac.uk/article/id/1792/ (access date: 26.08.23)).
13. Grigoriev, N.D. Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin // Electricity, 2012, # 10, pp. 2–6 [Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin // Elektrichestvo, 2012, # 10, pp. 2–6].
14. Venslauskene, E., Vozniak, E., Zavarikin, S. Street lighting St. Petersburg from 1703 to 1917 // E3S Web of Conferences, Vol. 164, # 05017.
15. Natural Gas Street Lighting a Catalyst for Economic Development (URL: https://energy5.com/naturalgas-street-lighting-a-catalyst-for-economic-development (access date: 29.08.23)).

The temperature and humidity state of the foundations and foundations in the climatic conditions of the Russian Federation is decisive in their design,it affects the bearing capacity, operational reliability, and durability of the foundations and the entire building.
When designing foundations and foundations, they solve a set of tasks that are subordinated to one idea, so that the soil (base) he carried the load from the building or structure proposed to him, and the foundation structure itself would ensure reliable operation of the building or structure for the entire life cycle, since the foundations belong to permanent structures, and their repair is associated with large material costs.
Existing modern calculation methods assume that the heat transfer process is stationary and do not consider real processes – seasonal and daily fluctuations in outdoor air temperature, heating on and off modes, temperature changes in the depth of the soil, wet structures due to accidents of heating plants, the absence (or destruction) of a blind area, etc. Freezing of soils, as a rule, occurs in autumn-winter period, when the soil is saturated with moisture. Thawing of the soil occurs in the spring-summer period. These processes are non-stationary in nature, which is influenced by many factors, including solar radiation. The work is devoted to modelling and calculation of these real processes. The process of freezing and thawing of the foundation soils is influenced by many factors: the composition of the soil, water, ice, snow, solar radiation, fluctuations in outdoor temperature. The paper provides general information about some of the physical properties of water, ice, and snow, necessary for understanding the processes under consideration.

1. Tsytovich, N.A. Mechanics of frozen soils. Textbook / M.: “Higher school”, 1973 [Mekhanika merzlyh gruntov. Uchebnoe posobie. – M.: “Vysshaya shkola”, 1973].
2. SP 25.13330.2020 (SNiP 2.02.04–88) Foundations and foundations on permafrost soils. Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated 12/30/2020 No. 915.
3. Gagarin, V.G. Theory of the state and transfer of moisture in building materials and heat-protective properties of building enclosing structures: Dis. doct. technical Sciences / NIISF. – M.: – 2000 [Teoriya sostoyaniya i perenosa vlagi v stroitel’nyh materialah i teplozashchitnye svojstva ograzhdayushchih konstrukcij zdanij: Dis. dokt. tekhn. nauk / NIISF. – M.: – 2000].
4. Tsytovich, N.A. Construction in permafrost conditions. Abstracts of reports at the conference of the SOPS of the USSR Academy of Sciences / Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1941 [Stroitel’stvo v usloviyah vechnoj merzloty. Tezisy dokladov na konferencii SOPS AN SSSR. Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1941].
5. Andrianov, P.I. Freezing temperature of soils / SOPS OF THE USSR Academy of Sciences, 1936 [Temperatura zamerzaniya gruntov. SOPS AN SSSR, 1936].
6. Bozhenova, A.P. Supercooling of water during freezing in soils and soils. Materials on lab. research frozen soils under the hands of N.A. Tsytovich, collection 1 / Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953 [Pereohlazhdenie vody pri zamerzanii v pochvah i gruntah. Materialy po lab. issled. merzlyh gruntov pod ruk. N.A. Cytovicha, sb. 1. Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1953].
7. Tsytovich, N.A. A new principle of mechanics of frozen soils // USSR Academy of Sciences “Permafrost”, 1946, Vol. 1, # 1 [Novyj princip mekhaniki merzlyh gruntov // AN SSSR “Merzlotovedenie”. – 1946. – T. 1. – № 1].
8. Tsytovich, N.A. Mechanics of frozen soils. Textbook / M.: “Higher school”, 1973, 448 p. [Mekhanika merzlyh gruntov. Uchebnoe posobie. – M.: “Vysshaya shkola”. – 1973. – 448 s.]
9. Lykov, A.V. Theoretical foundations of building thermophysics / Minsk: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, 1961, 520 p. [Teoreticheskie osnovy stroitel’noj teplofiziki. – Minsk: Izd. AN BSSR, 1961. – 520 s.]
10. Lykov, A.V., Mikhailov, Yu.A. Theory of heat and mass transfer / M.-L.: Gosenergoizdat, 1963, 536 p. [Teoriya teplo- i massoperenosa. –M.-L.: Gosenergoizdat, 1963. – 536 s.]
11. Lykov, A.V. Theory of thermal conductivity / Moscow:Higher School, 1967, 600 p. [Teoriya teploprovodnosti. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1967. – 600 s.]
12. Komarov, V.D. Hydrological analysis and forecast of spring flood of lowland rivers / L.: Hydrometeorological publishing house, 1955, 304 p. [Gidrologicheskij analiz i prognoz vesennego polovod’ya ravninnyh rek. – L.: Gidrometioizdat, 1955, – 304 s.]
13. Shultz, V.L. Snow melting in the mountains of Central Asia / Publishing house of Akad.sciences Uz. SSR, 1956, 352 p. [Tayanie snegov v gorah Srednej Azii. Izd-vo Akad.nauk Uz. SSR,1956. – 352 s.]
14. Kuzmin, P.P. The process of melting snow cover / L.: Hydrometeorological publishing house, 1961, 348 p. [Process tayaniya snezhnogo pokrova. – L.: Gidrometioizdat, 1961, – 348 s.]
15. Abels, G.F. The daily course of temperature and the determination of the relationship between the thermal conductivity of snow and its density / SPb.; type. Imp. Academy of Sciences, 1983, 65 p. [Sutochnyj hod temperatury i opredelenie zavisimosti mezhdu teploprovodnost’yu snega i ego plotnost’yu. – SPb.; tip. Imp. Akad.nauk, 1983. – 65 s.]
16. Voeykov, A.I. Snow cover and its influence on soil, climate and weather and methods of research. [Op.] D.chl. A.I. Voeikov; edited by N. Mushketov. – 2nd ed., ispr. And significantly additional / SPb.: Type. Imp. Academy of Sciences, 1889, 213 p. [Snezhnyj pokrov i ego vliyaniena pochvu, klimat i pogodj i sposoby issledovaniya. [Soch.] D.chl. A.I. Voejkova; pod red. N. Mushketova. – 2‑e izd., ispr. I znachitel’no dop. –SPb.: Tip. Imp. Akad nauk. 1889. – 213 s.]
17. Dunin, A.K. In the kingdom of snow / Novosibirsk: Nauka.; Siberian Branch, 1983, 161 p. [V carstve snega. – Novosibirsk: Nauka.; Sib otd-nie, 1983. – 161 s.]

Part 1 provides general information about some of the physical properties of water, ice, and snow necessary to understand the non-stationary processes of freezing and thawing of enclosing structures of wet foundation soils.
Part 2 presents the physical and mathematical formulation of the problem of freezing of wet soil, the solution of Lyame and Clapeyron, the solution of Stefan, the physical and mathematical formulation of the problem of freezing of the ribbon foundation. The following are considered: description of the process of freezing of a single-layer enclosing structure considering the phase transformations of moisture in the material of the structure according to V.N. Bogoslovsky and the process of freezing of an unlimited plate considering the phase transformations of moisture in the material of the structure according to A.V. Lykov. Mathematical model of non-stationary heat transfer process in wet layered media. Based on the method of small-time intervals, solutions of boundary value problems for frozen and thawed zones in the region of large and small Fourier numbers are given. Prospects for the application of the proposed mathematical models to describe the processes of freezing and enclosing structures and foundation soils are outlined.

1. Lykov, A.V. Theory of thermal conductivity / Moscow: Higher School, 1967, 600 p. [Teoriya teploprovodnosti. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1967. – 600 s.]
2. Leibenzon, L.S. Guide to oilfield mechanics / M. -L.: ONTI NKTP USSR, 1934 [Rukovodstvo po neftepromyslovoj mekhanike. – M. – L.: ONTI NKTP SSSR. – 1934].
3. Leibenzon, L.S. On the dynamic temperature condition of the formation of folds on the surface of the globe and during cooling / Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, REL., series geogr. and geo-phys, 1939, # 6, 625 p. [O dinamicheskom temperaturnom uslovii obrazovaniya skladchatosti na poverhnosti zemnogo shara i pri ohlazhdenii. Izd. AN SSSR, OTN, seriya geogr. i geofiz. – № 6, 1939. – S. 625].
4. Lukyanov, V.S., Golovko, M.D. Calculation of soil freezing / Moscow, 1957 [Raschet promerzaniya gruntov. – M.: 1957].
5. Porkhaev, G.V. Thermal interaction of buildings and structures with permafrost soils / M.: Publishing house “Science”, 1970.SP 25.13330.2020 (SNiP 2.02.04–88) Foundations and foundations on permafrost soils. The order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated 12/30/2020 No. 915 [Teplovoe vzaimodejstvie zdanij i sooruzhenij s vechnomerzlymi gruntami. – M.: Izd-vo “Nauka”, 1970.SP 25.13330.2020 (SNiP 2.02.04–88) Osnovaniya i fundamenty na vechnomerzlyh gruntah. Prikaz Minstroya Rossii ot 30.12.2020 № 915].
6. Tsytovich, N.A. A new principle of mechanics of frozen soils // USSR Academy of Sciences “Permafrost”, 1946, Vol. 1, # 1 [Novyj princip mekhaniki merzlyh gruntov // AN SSSR “Merzlotovedenie”. – 1946. – T. 1. – № 1].
7. Tsytovich, N.A. Mechanics of frozen soils. Textbook / M.: “Higher school”, 1973, 448 p.
8. SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings. Approved By Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated June 30, 2012, # 265 [Mekhanika merzlyh gruntov. Uchebnoe posobie. – M.: “Vysshaya shkola”. – 1973. – 448 s.]
9. Bogoslovsky, V.N. Construction thermophysics. (Thermophysical fundamentals of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning): Textbook for universities / 2nd ed., reprint. and additional- M.: Higher.school, 1982, 415 p. [Stroitel’naya teplofizika. (Teplofizicheskie osnovy otopleniya, ventilyacii i kondicioni-rovaniya vozduha): Uchebnik dlya vuzov. –2e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: Vyssh. shkola, 1982. – 415 s.]
10. Fedosov, S.V., Gnedina, L. Yu. Unsteady heat transfer in a multilayer enclosing structure. / In the book. Problems of construction thermophysics of microclimate and energy saving systems in buildings: Collection of dokl. The fourth scientific and practical conference on April 27–29, 1999 / Moscow: NIISF, 1999, pp. 343–348 [Nestacionarnyj teploperenos v mnogoslojnoj ograzhdayushchej konstrukcii. / V kn. Problemy stroitel’noj teplofiziki sistem obespecheniya mikroklimata i energosberezheniya v zdaniyah: Sb. dokl. chetvertoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii 27–29 aprelya 1999 g. – M.: NIISF, 1999. – S. 343–348].
11. Rebinder, P.A. Physico-chemical mechanics, series IV, No. 39140 / M.: ed. “Knowledge, 1958 [Fiziko-himicheskaya mekhanika, seriya IV, № 39140. – M.: izd. “Znanie”. – 1958].
12. Tsytovich, N.A. Construction in permafrost conditions. Abstracts of reports at the conference of the SOPS of the USSR Academy of Sciences / Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1941 [Stroitel’stvo v usloviyah vechnoj merzloty. Tezisy dokladov na konferencii SOPS AN SSSR. Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1941].
13. Lykov, A.V., Mikhailov, Yu.A. Theory of heat and mass transfer / M.-L.: Gosenergoiz-dat, 1963, 536 p. [Teoriya teplo- i massoperenosa. – M.-L.: Gosenergoiz dat, 1963. – 536 s.]
14. Tsytovich, N.A. Mechanics of frozen soils. Textbook / M.: “Higher School”, 1973 [Mekhanika merzlyh gruntov. Uchebnoe posobie. – M.: “Vysshaya shkola”, 1973].
15. Gagarin, V.G. Theory of the state and transfer of moisture in building materials and heat-protective properties of building enclosing structures: Dis. doct. Technical sciences / NIISF. – M.: – 2000 [Teoriya sostoyaniya i perenosa vlagi v stroitel’nyh materialah i teplozashchitnye svojstva ograzhdayushchih konstrukcij zdanij: Dis. dokt. tekhn. nauk / NIISF. – M.: – 2000].
16. Machinsky, V.D. Thermal engineering fundamentals of civil engineering / M.: Go-sizdat, 1928, 262 p. [Teplotekhnicheskie osnovy grazhdanskogo stroitel’stva. – M.: Gosizdat, 1928. – 262 s.]
17. Fedosov, S.V. Processes of heat treatment of dispersed materials with phase and chemical transformations. Dis. doct. Technical Sciences / Leningrad Instituteof Technology named after Lensoveta. – L.: 1987 [Processy termicheskoj obrabotki dispersnyh materialov s fazovymi i himicheskimi pre-vrashcheniyami. Dis. dokt. tekhn. nauk/ Leningradskij tekhnologicheskij institut im. Lensoveta. – L.: 1987].
18. Romankov, P.G., Frolov, V.F. Mass transfer processes of chemical technology (systems with a dispersed and solid phase) / L.: Chemistry, 1990, 384 p. [Massoobmennye processy himicheskoj tekhnologii (sistemy s dispersnoj i tverdoj fazoj). – L.: Himiya, 1990. – 384 s.]