Vladimir P. Budak and Julian B. Aizenberg
The Light Field and the Scope of Light Science

Stanislav Darula and Richard Kittler
The New Method to Calibrate ISO/CIE General Skies Modelled in Artificial Skies

Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
Review of the Features of Using Mini-spectrometers with CCD-Arrays in Applied Photometry

Sangita Sahana and Biswanath Roy
Effect of Сhromaticity of Surrounding Light Sources on Mesopic Adaptation Luminance

Anatoly V. Abramov, Alexander A. Bogdanov, Andrei V. Danilko, Peter B. Dmitriev, Alexander V. Karev, and Andrei V. Stepanov
Inrush Current Measurement Methodology of LED Lighting Fixtures

Adham I. Giyasov
Lightplanograph Simulating Insolation of Buildings and Developments of the Arctic Zone of Russia

Vladimir P. Budak and Julian B. Aizenberg
The Light Field and the Scope of Light Science

Stanislav Darula and Richard Kittler
The New Method to Calibrate ISO/CIE General Skies Modelled in Artificial Skies

Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
Review of the Features of Using Mini-spectrometers with CCD-Arrays in Applied Photometry

Sangita Sahana and Biswanath Roy
Effect of Сhromaticity of Surrounding Light Sources on Mesopic Adaptation Luminance

Anatoly V. Abramov, Alexander A. Bogdanov, Andrei V. Danilko, Peter B. Dmitriev, Alexander V. Karev, and Andrei V. Stepanov
Inrush Current Measurement Methodology of LED Lighting Fixtures

Adham I. Giyasov
Lightplanograph Simulating Insolation of Buildings and Developments of the Arctic Zone of Russia

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Recently sky luminance distributions under fifteen ISO/CIE sky types were standardised in relative terms, i.e. all elementary sky luminance are normalised by the zenith luminance in nature. However, these standard sky luminance patterns can be characterised also in their physical units, see in CIE215:20014 which can be reduced by suitable intensity scales to simulate the very high natural sky luminance in laboratory under artificial sky domes. For the design of the electric illumination system of the artificial sky the appropriate zenith luminance for each sky type has to be derived respecting the indicatrix and gradation functions of each sky type. Thus, the sky patterns simulated in the artificial sky can be calibrated either by luminance measurements or by analysing fish-eye photos taken from the sky centre showing the smoothness and gradual changes of homogeneous sky type luminance patterns. The sky luminance images can be utilised to proceed with the adjustment or dimming of the LED electrical system to the final calibration check containing zenith luminance and exterior illuminance in the second calibration step.

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10. Roy, G., Kittler, R., Darula, S. An implementation of the Method of Aperture Meridians for the ISO/CIE Standard General Sky// Lighting Research  Technology, 2007, V39, #3, pp. 253–264.
11. Kittler, R., Kocifaj, M., Darula, S. Daylight Science and Daylighting Technology. New York: Springer, 2012.
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13. Baxant, P. Common digital photography and its calibration to luminance measurement. Proc. of the European Lighting Conference Lux Europa 2005, Berlin. Berlin: Deutsche Lichttechnische Gesellschaft e.V., 2005, pp. 318–321.
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15. Škoda, J. (2014). Kalibrační protokol k přístroji Nikon D80 s fisheye objektivem, č. 11/2004-SAV (Protocol of the calibration Nikon D80 with fisheye lens No. 11/2004-SAV), Laboratoř světelné techniky, Brno: VUT, 2004.
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The article is devoted to the peculiarities of solving problems of applied photometry based on the spectroradiometric approach using modern matrix spectrometers. The spectral distribution of the characteristics of the radiation source is an objective physical basis for determining its light and colour parameters. In this case, the photometric characteristics of lighting devices and lighting systems are calculated on the basis of tabulated spectral light efficiencies and ordinates of CIE colour-matching functions. The main reason for the shift in emphasis towards spectral measurements is due to revolutionary introduction into the system of internal and external lighting and signalling LED sources of light with an emission spectrum that is different from the traditional natural and artificial continuous light sources spectra. Integral methods for measuring the light and colour characteristics of semiconductor light sources require the highest quality correction of photometric channels (heads) for spectral efficiencies and colour -matching curves or taking into account a correction factor, which in turn is impossible without measuring the relative spectral characteristics of emitters and receivers.
The article is a brief overview of the requirements for the CCD-array spectrometers for use in spectroradiometry and photometry.

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1. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry Based on Visual Performance. CIE Publication 191–2010, Vienna: CIE, 2010.
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At the time of the article preparation, there were no certified methods of objective measurement of the inrush current of LED luminaries, as well as a standardized definition of the concept of inrush current of LED luminaries in our country. The authors have developed and practically tested on the method of measuring transient processes at the switching on moment of the lighting devices (LD), allowing objectively characterizing its inrush current. The method for measuring the transient characteristics at the switching on moment, allowing us to define objectively its inrush current, was suggested. The corresponding terms and definitions were presented. Transient processes observed in the LD at the moment of its switching on are systematized and described. The requirements for test equipment for inrush current measurements were presented. The order of tests and the sequence of evaluating their results were written. Analysis features of inrush current pulses and the determined accuracy of the proposed test methodology were shown.
Particular attention is paid to the key element of the test setup, which ensures the activation of the start synchronizer unit at the moment of maximum values of the supply voltage. Such strict fixing of currently turning up moment allows us to minimize measurement errors and to ensure permissible reproducibility of results. It is concluded that after method certification and its inclusion in the list of recommendations for use as a standard document, it will become possible to identify the necessary parameters of LD inrush current pulses what is sufficient for the rational design of power supply systems for illumination installations (II). Thus, the today uncertain situation in the issue of measuring inrush currents will disappear. In addition, while maintaining uniformity in the approach, the technique will allow us to form statistics by real values of inrush currents in electrical systems of II supply on real objects and already on its basis to establish quality criteria for inrush currents values of certain types of II.

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The article is devoted to the actual problem of assessing the insolation of modern architectural construction and urban development objects, especially, the development of the “tablet type lightplanograph” insolation device. The device is intended for wide application in the Arctic zone during solving of problems relied on assessing the insolation and light conditions of buildings and urban areas and allows for light-climate certification for other geographical latitudes.
It is difficult to assess and analyse the insolation of a number of urban development sites using existing design methods and tools. To solve these problems, it is preferable to use an insolation device “tablet type lightplanograph”, which is based on the method of modelling graphically the conditions of insolation in a clear sky on a horizontal plane. This method makes it possible to comprehensively assess the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of insolation, illumination, and UV radiation.
The aim of the research was to develop theoretical and methodological provisions for the development of a lightplanograph and to issue recommendations for its use in architectural – construction and urban planning design.

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Artificial neural networks are attracting increasing attention in various applications. They can be used as ‘universal approximations’, which substitute computationally expensive algorithms by relatively simple sequences of functions, which simulate a reaction of a set of neurons to the incoming signal. In particular, neural networks have proved to be efficient for parameterization of the computationally expensive radiative transfer models (RTMs) in atmospheric remote sensing. Although a direct substitution of RTMs by neural networks can lead to the multiple performance enhancements, such an approach has certain drawbacks, such as loss of generality, robustness issues, etc. In this regard, the neural network is usually trained for a specific application, predefined atmospheric scenarios and a given spectrometer. In this paper a new concept of neural-network based RTMs is examined, in which the neural network substitutes not the whole RTM but rather a part of it (the eigenvalue solver), thereby reducing the computational time while maintaining its generality. The explicit dependencies on geometry of observation and optical thickness of the medium are excluded from training. It is shown that although the speedup factor due to this approach is modest (around 3 times against 103 speed up factor of other approaches reported in recent papers), the resulting neural network is flexible and easy to train. It can be used for arbitrary number of atmospheric layers. Moreover, this approach can be used in conjunction with any RTMs based on the discrete ordinate method. The neural network is applied for simulations of the radiances at the top of the atmosphere in the Huggins band.

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The system of intellectual lighting data transmission via visible light is developed and manufactured. Spectral characteristics of a downlink which uses the red crystal of a RGBW light emitting diode for data transfer were studied. The DALI protocol-based radiation chromaticity control system which allows us to set different lighting scenarios with constant data transmission rate was developed. The radiation chromaticity range covers almost the entire colour gamut in the colour space. The system of high-frequency matching of system component impedances was developed and frequency characteristics of the suggested scheme were studied for development of the system. Optimal parameters of the signal for visual light communication such as carrier frequency, modulation type and band were determined. Observation of the constellation diagram which represents different values of the complex amplitude of the keyed signal in the form of a complex number on a quadrature plane (cosine and sine components of the carrying signal) and of fixation of the amplitude of the error vector magnitude (EVM) was selected as a method of study of the transmission channel quality. The value of EVM in the visible light transmission channel was significantly lower for signals with amplitude modulation than for phase-manipulated signals. When implementing different lighting change scenarios, radiation of other crystals of the light emitting diode crystals not used for transmission did not lead to increase of EVM by more than one percent.

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Nowadays, renewable energy resources play an important role in replacing conventional fossil fuel energy resources. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is a very promising renewable energy resource, which rapidly grew in the past few years. The main problem of the solar photovoltaic is with the variation of the operating conditions of the array, the voltage at which maximum power can be obtained from it likewise changes. In this paper, is first performed the modelling of a solar PV panel using MATLAB/Simulink. After that, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique based on artificial neural network (ANN) is applied in order to control the DC-DC boost converter. This MPPT controller technique is evaluated and compared to the “perturb and observe” technique (P&O). The simulation results show that the proposed MPPT technique based on ANN gives faster response than the conventional P&O technique, under rapid variations of operating conditions. This comparative study is made in terms of temporal variations of the duty cycle (D), the output power ( out P ), the output current ( out I ), the efficiency, and the reference current ( ref I ). The efficiency, D, out P , and out I are the output of the boost DC-DC, and ref I is itsinput. The different temporal variations of the efficiency, D, ref I , out P , and out I (for the two cases: the first case, when T = 25°C and G =1000 W/m2 and the second case, when T and G are variables), show negligible oscillations around the maximum power point. The used MPPT controller based on ANN has a convergence time better than conventional P&O technique.

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A software-based comparative simulation work was conducted about the luminance-based method of road lighting design with MATLAB and DIALux, giving due consideration to the design standards laid down in CIE140:2019 technical report. The outputs were obtained for a specified set of road lighting conditions in terms of luminaire mounting height, road width, spacing of lighting poles, overhang, and maintenance factor for four different CIE standard road surfaces R1, R2, R3, and R4, six different observer positions and three types of luminai rearrangements. MATLAB and DIALux outputs were quantified by three quality parameters, namely: average luminance, overall uniformity and longitudinal uniformity of luminance, and the linear correlation between the two was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.00001). DIALux, as a graphical lighting design tool, was found to be more convenient than the algorithm-reliant MATLAB programming approach for general road lighting simulation. However, MATLAB programming approachcould facilitate experimental road lighting simulation, and the developed MATLAB program could be used as a flexible tool to simulate road lighting with experimental luminaire distribution curve of luminous intensity (I) and road surface reduced luminance coefficient (r) tables. Further developments upon it could potentially integrate provisions for luminaires with custom tilt and curved road surfaces.

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For the measurement of linear low-pressure UV lamps radiant flux the method proposed by the IUVA, which is based on the Keitz method, has become widely used. For deriving the equation that connects the irradiance generated by a lamp at a close distance and its radiant flux, the authors of the method presume that the lamp is the cylinder of equal radiance. According to our estimates, this assumption leads to the inaccuracy of 3 % to 5 % with respect to goniophotometric measurements.
In this research, a general formula is derived that connects the irradiance generated by a linear emitter and its radiant flux. This formula does not impose restrictions on the radiant intensity curve in the longitudinal plane. The Keitz equation is its particularcase. To reduce the inaccuracy of the IUVA method, the angular distribution of the radiant intensity of the UV lamps is proposed to be approximated by a cosine polynomial.
In order to find the coefficients of the polynomial,clarify the Keitz formula, as well as to estimate the inaccuracy of the refined and classical versions of this formula, the series of goniophotometric measurements of the DB15, DB18, DB30 lamps at various distances was carried out.
It was found that at a scanning step Δθ = 5° the first 9 terms of the trigonometric expansion are sufficient to describe the radiant intensity curve with accuracy satisfactory for practical use. It was also shown that the Keitz method needs to be refined only on the basis of goniophotometric data obtained upon condition r / l ≥ 6 where r is the test distance, l is the lamp length.
It was identified that in the case of a differentiated approach, the approximation of the low-pressure UV lamps radiant intensity curve by a cosine polynomial makes it possible to provide an inaccuracy of simplified methods that does not exceed 1 % in relation to the goniophotometric method. It is in dicated that in order to find a universal factor applicable for the entire range of linear low-pressure UV lamps, the development and the analysis of statistical data is required.

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For the design of modern office environments, lighting is a central aspect. With regard to current practice, uniform illumination is most often applied in interiors. In this paper, however, further aspects of a more individual approach are investigated, that deliberately violate the usual demands for uniformity by explicitly considering task-related, emotional and psychological effects of lighting. For this purpose, two independent experiments were conducted in an office mock-up setting exploring the impact of spatially variable, non-uniform light distributions on the users’ illumination preferences for the accomplishment of a given task. In the first experiment, three predefined illumination settings wererated by a group of naïve observers. Although the respective light distributions differed in their spatial characteristics, no significant differences were found in the rating scores. In addition, these variations showed no significant effect on the users’ preferred position of task performance. In the second experiment, though, a clearly significant effect could be reported such that, once the users were granted control over the illumination settings, an explicit demand for locally increased illuminance levels at the position of task performance was observed. Furthermore, high rating scores of perceived lighting adequacy indicate the users’ general satisfaction with the degree of visual assistance provided by such a task-related illumination.

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