Stanislav Darula
Stanislav Darula Review of the Current State and Future Development in Standardizing Natural Lighting in Interiors

Alexander A. Kokhanovsky
A Simple Technique to Determine Snow Properties Using Light Reflectance Measurements

Leonid B. Prikupets, George V. Boos, Vladislav G. Terekhov, and Ivan G. Tarakanov
Research into Influence from Different Ranges of PAR Radiation on Efficiency and Biochemical Composition of Green Salad Foliage Biomass

Elena A. Zaeva-Burdonskaya and Juri V. Nazarov
On the Environmental Design Illumination: Teacher’s Attitude

Jingyi LIU and Zongyi YIN
The Experience of China’s LED Lighting Industry’s Development

George V. Boos and Elena Yu. Matveeva
The Relevance of Energy Service Contracts in the Budget Sphere

Stanislav Darula
Stanislav Darula Review of the Current State and Future Development in Standardizing Natural Lighting in Interiors

Alexander A. Kokhanovsky
A Simple Technique to Determine Snow Properties Using Light Reflectance Measurements

Leonid B. Prikupets, George V. Boos, Vladislav G. Terekhov, and Ivan G. Tarakanov
Research into Influence from Different Ranges of PAR Radiation on Efficiency and Biochemical Composition of Green Salad Foliage Biomass

Elena A. Zaeva-Burdonskaya and Juri V. Nazarov
On the Environmental Design Illumination: Teacher’s Attitude

Jingyi LIU and Zongyi YIN
The Experience of China’s LED Lighting Industry’s Development

George V. Boos and Elena Yu. Matveeva
The Relevance of Energy Service Contracts in the Budget Sphere

Three elements mainly wind, water and sun seemed to determine in ancient ages the basic phenomena of life on Earth. Architectural history documented the importance of sun influence on urban and building construction already in layouts of Mesopotamian and Greek houses. Not only sun radiation but especially daylight played a significant role in the creation of indoor environment. Later, in the 20th century, a search of interaction between human life in buildings and natural conditions were studied considering well­being and energy conscious design recently using computer tools in complex research and more detail interdisciplinary solutions. At the same time the restricted daytime availability of natural light was supplemented by more efficient and continually cheaper artificial lighting of interiors.
There are two main approaches to standardize the design and evaluation of indoor visual environment. The first is based on the determination of the minimum requirements respecting human health and visibility needs in all activities while the second emphasizes the behaviour and comfort of occupants in buildings considering year­around natural changes of physical quantities like light, temperature, noise and energy consumption.
The new current standardization basis for daylight evaluation and window design criteria stimulate the study of methodology principles that historically were based on the overcast type of sky luminance pattern avoiding yearly availability of sky illuminance levels. New trends to base the daylight standardization on yearly or long­term availability of daylight are using the averages or median sky illuminance levels to characterise local climatological conditions.
This paper offers the review and discussion about the principles of the natural light standardization with a short introduction to the history and current state, with a trial to focus on the possible development of lighting engineering and its standards in future.

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Results of the first photobiological studies of optimisation of LED phyto irradiators spectrum and irradiance level, when growing salad­greengrocers plants in greenhouses and plant factories in photoculture conditions, are presented in the article. The results are given as a series of producing capacity curves for salad and basil plants when irradiating by quasi­monochromatic spectrum for three PAR ranges: blue, green and red. In the experiment, levels of photosynthetic photon irradiance (70 ? 230) µmol/s·m2 and of irradiance (13 ? 60) W/m2 were varied within a wide range. “Rough” spectra of optical radiation action estimated over producing capacity of plants with different irradiance levels are given, and questions of additivity of different spectral radiation influence in forming vegetable biomass are considered.
Evaluations of efficiency of various PAR intervals for synthesis of biochemical combinations determining nutrition facts of the studied cultures are performed.

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As a special professional discipline the design of lighting is a part of learning program of the department of Environmental Design in Moscow State Stroganov Academy of Design and Applied Arts. The training of designers working with light and lighting equipment requires the special methodize, and the elaboration of such methodize becomes more and more urgent in modern school. We see solution in the combination of traditional art studies and environmental design with modern digital design technologies. All the factors of the lighting content of our environment such as lighting technique and technologies are considered during the learning process. Those branches of professional training are closely connected with the whole design culture and that gives us an opportunity to use a multidisciplinary approach.
The study in the lighting design takes one term. That’s enough for the concept of the fragment of urban environment including the elements of the lighting content. The basics of art and the skills of creative thinking also help to achieve a high level of final design and to develop aesthetic skills of students.
The new horizons of the lighting design are opened with the new profile of education on our department: a Multimedia Design providing an extensive digital ground for design process. All these means can help us to create a unique ground for the design education, for the contacts between students and possible customers, and also to attract some new, talented tutors.

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1. Pode, R. Solution to enhance the acceptability of solar­powered LED lighting technology. Renewable and sustainable energy Reviews, 2010. V14, #3, pp. 1096–1103.
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The problematic aspects related to the implementation of energy saving policy in the budget sphere are examined in the article. The factors hindering the mass and effective implementation of energysaving measures are highlighted in the article. Among these factors, there is the technical complexity of energysaving projects, the presence of innovative and investment risks, problems with the financial provision of costs in the face of increasing debt burden in most public budgets. The article concludes that in these circumstances only the energy service contract is a tool that allows implementing energy­saving measures without the first participation of budgetary funds in financing and allows transferring the risks of making technically inefficient decisions directly to the investor. In the article, the authors substantiate the importance of the institutional development of energy services directly in the public sector and analyze the measures of the comprehensive plan to improve the energy efficiency of the economy of the Russian Federation aimed at expanding the scope of energy service contracts in the public sector.

1. Federal Law No. 261FZ of 23 November 2009. “On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation.”
2. “Turn off the light!”: Dmitry Medvedev urged to reduce energy consumption in the public sector // Russian newspaper № 7404(238) from 19.10.2017.
3. The order of the Russian Federation Government No. 703R from 19.04.2018 “On approval of the comprehensive plan of measures to improve the energy efficiency of the Russian economy.”
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Negative climate change processes on our planet, along with rapid development of macroeconomics, stipulate the necessity of the energy sector transformation. Constant increase in energy consumption due to the growing needs of industry and population, including electric lighting, which according to OECD and IEA is going to increase by 80 % by 2050, accentuates the need to address issues related to energy conservation and energy efficiency on a global scale. At the same time, steady economic growth of any state is closely related to the availability of sufficient electricity volume. Given the current trends in the development of digital economy, which depends entirely on reliable and efficient electricity supply, the transition to low­carbohydrate power systems is a matter of concern for the vast majority of countries interested, on the one hand, in a favourable environment, and on the other hand, in stable and sustained economic growth. The given study is devoted to the interrelationship between improving energy efficiency and solving environmental problems, which, under the national idea of developing digital economy and joining the Paris Agreement on climate, is extremely relevant for Russia.

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3. 9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are taking action // World Health Organization. [Official website]. URL: http://www.who. int/news­room/detail/02–05–2018–9­out­of­10­peopleworldwide­breathe­polluted­air­but­more­countries­aretaking­action (Date of treatment: 24.05.2018).
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8. Bhattacharji, A., Mazumdar, S. A Study of the Suitability 0f LED Light Sources over Conventional Light Sources in a Museum Environment// Light & Engineering, 2016, No. 1, pp. 36–40.
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The article describes the issues of strategic planning and legal regulation of activities aimed at energy saving and energy efficiency in the Russian Federation. The authors set the goal to determine the directions for strategic planning of the energy saving policy of the Russian Federation based on a comparative legal analysis in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development of an energy­saving economy. The article considers advanced technologies designed to ensure the most effective implementation of the provisions of legal acts adopted in the last decade in Russia.
The methodology of this scientific research is the use of hermeneutics, interpreting legal texts and application of formal logical instruments within the system analysis of current Russian strategic planning acts for long­term (medium­term) period to coordinate the activities of economic entities and public authorities in the appropriate direction. Besides, it includes normative acts that establish the legal, economic and organizational basis for stimulating energy conservation and improving energy efficiency as well as legal documents of other countries that determine their policies in this area.
The authors come to the conclusion that it is required to consult various specialists, including ophthalmologists, when creating norms of Russian legislation in the field of energy saving; to account for technical and technological characteristics of LED (light emitting diode) modules, chips, other light sources; to take into consideration the possibility of their use in various fields in order to achieve energy efficiency.

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3. BP Statistical Review of World Energy. June 2017. // URL: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp­country/de_ch/PDF/bp­statistical­review­of­world­energy­2017­full­report.pdf (reference date: 03.06.2018).
4. Vovnenko G.I., Shkradyuk I.E. Energy efficiency of the modern Russian economy // Social and humanitarian knowledge, 2015, No. 2, pp. 95–106.
5. Press release: Electricity consumption in the UES of Russia in 2017 increased by 1.3 % compared to 2016 [Electronic resource] // URL: http://so­ups.ru/ index.php?id=press_release_view&tx_ttnews%5Btt_ news%5D=12027 (reference date: 01.06. 2018).
6. Eisenberg Yu. B., Malakhova O.V. Energy­efficient lighting. Problems and solutions // Energosvet, 2010, No. 6 (11) // URL; http://www.energosovet.ru/bul_stat. php?idd=73 (reference date May 30, 2018).
7. Koryunov N.V . Energy saving in lighting // Management of economic systems: an electronic scientific journal, 2013, No. 4 (52), pp. 25–38.
8. Federal Law 23.11.2009 N261­FZ “On Energy Saving, Improvement of Energy Efficiency and on Amendment of Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” (rev. July 29, 2017, as amended and supplemented, entered into force dd. 01/01/2018) // Collection of legislation acts of the Russian Federation, 2009, No. 48, Art. 5711.
9. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1­r 08.01.2009 “On the main directions of the state policy in the sphere of increasing the energy efficiency of the electric power industry on the basis of the use of renewable energy sources for the period until 2024” (rev. March 31, 2018) // Collected legislation of the Russian Federation. Federation, 2009, No. 4, Art. 515.
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One of the key problems in the state of the Russian energy sector is the creation of effective energy­saving technologies for both organizations and ordinary consumers. The forecast of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, mentions low volumes of energy saving in the sphere of final consumption as one of the threats to Russia’s economic development.
In 2009, the Federal Law No. 261­FZ “On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency” was adopted. The corresponding Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 961 of September 20, 2014 prescribes the creation of a database on the most effective technologies used in apartment houses, administrative and public buildings.
Federal Law No. 184­FZ of December 27, 2002 (as amended on July 29, 2017) “On Technical Regulation” establishes an imperative order, according to which technical and legal regulation in the field of application of energy efficiency requirements, requirements for lighting devices, electric lamps, used for lighting purposes, should be implemented at the level of the federal law approving the relevant normative legal act.
However, as of today this federal law has not been adopted. The technical and legal regulation of lighting products is carried out fragmentarily, at the level of national standards. The adoption of a federal law that establishes a technical regulation for lighting products will effectively respond to the challenge outlined in Presidential Decree No. 208 of May 13, 2017 “On the Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation for the Period until 2030” regarding the development of energy­saving technologies and reducing the material consumption.

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3. Aizenberg J.B. Energy saving and technical po­ licy in the field of lighting // Svetotekhnika, 2005, № 6, pp. 4–10.
4. Federal Law No. 261­FZ of 23.11.2009 (as amended on 23.04.2018) “On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 226, 27.11. .2009.
5. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 13.11.2009 N1715­r “On the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period until 2030” / / “Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation”, 30.11.2009, N48, art. 5836.
6. The order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation of June 17, 2009 No. 529 “On the approval of the Strategy for ensuring the uniformity of measurements in Russia until 2015” // The document was not published. The text of the normative act is placed in the ATP “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Analysis of the market of lighting products in the countries of the participants of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) / Prepared in 2015 by the leading lighting consulting company Lighting Business Consulting LLC in the framework of the UNDP / GEF / Ministry of Energy’s international project “Transformation of the market for promoting energy­efficient lighting” commissioned by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia and the Ministry of Energy of Russia. – M.– 2015.– 82 p. // https://minenergo.gov.ru/view­pdf/3815/26254.
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9. Panova A.S. About technical regulation as a legal category and its influence on modern economic relations // Entrepreneurial law. –2017. – No. 3. – pp. 30–36.
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11. Belykh V.S., Panova A.S. Technical regulation in Russia: current state and development prospects // Journal of Russian Law.– 2017. – N5. – P. 178–188. (The text of the article is posted in ATP “ConsultantPlus”).
12. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 10.11.2017 N1356 “On approval of requirements for lighting devices and electric lamps used in alternating current circuits for lighting purposes” // “Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation”, November 20, 2017, No. 47, Article 6992.
13. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 20.07.2011 N602 “On approval of requirements for lighting devices and electric lamps used in alternating current circuits for lighting purposes” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 165, 29.07.2011.
14. Federal Law No. 162­FZ of June 29, 2015 (as amended on 03.07.2016) “On Standardization in the Russian Federation” // “Meeting of the Legislation of the Russian Federation”, 06.07.2015, N27, art. 3953.

The legal regime of official works has a complex dichotomous construction. The issues connected with the creation of an official work are subject to the labour law, while the issues of official work usage are governed by copyright. The protection issues of lighting design works have their own characteristics due to technical, artistic creativity and use of special technologies. These objects are subject to copying, and because of this fact a lot of legal issues in the field of not only copyright, but contract law arise.
The authors of the article aim to determine the signs of creativity for the recognition of a lighting design work as an object of copyright; to develop the criteria for assessing the identity of a design work, created under a contract, and the result of creative activity, the rights to which are transferred to the customer; to identify subjects of copyright for lighting design works. The article uses special legal methods (comparative legal method, formal­legal method and system analysis of legal phenomena method).
On the assumption of Article 1295 provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, it can be concluded that it is possible to conclude an agreement on granting the employer the exclusive right to official lighting works, which were not yet created at the time of concluding such an agreement. The absence of a direct prohibition on the transfer or alienation of the exclusive right in respect of a future work may lead to the probability of recognizing such a contract as not concluded due to the inconsistency of its subject matter. In foreign jurisdictions, there is a ban on inclusion in the agreement of the condition on the result of intellectual activity not yet created (future works). At the same time, in advance to accurately identify the official work, which is to be created by the employee during his labour activity, should not deprive of legal force the contract on the use of official works by the employer. The article proves that the lack of definiteness of the subject, provided that such a subject can be classified as definable, does not entail recognition of this contract as not concluded, and its subject matter is not harmonized.

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A new concept of the architecture of hybrid lighting systems for installations of combined lighting is considered. The cascade principle of constructing the optical path of such complexes is described, in which the design contains two stages of the cascade: the upper and lower stages. The upper (input) structure is made on the basis of the corresponding modification of the hollow tube “Solatube®” (daylight), and the lower one, based on the “Solatube®” fibre of a larger diameter, is combined with LED artificial light block and is designed to transmit mixed light (daylight and artificial light). The results of studies on the efficiency of light transmission made it possible to optimize the solution of the new modification of the hybrid lighting complex “Solar LED”, lower stage of the cascade, and to develop the nomenclature of the production line “S”. The description of the first experience of using this complex in the pilot combined illumination system of the “meeting room” in the shopping centre “IKEA Belaya Dacha” headquarters is given. A completely autonomous power supply system for a lighting installation based on solar panels has been implemented.

1. Ovcharov A. T., Farmer J.N., Antsupov V.J. Complex Hybrid lighting systems combined lighting: concept, status, problems, experience of application // Svetotekhnika, 2018, № 1, pp. 28–34.
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1. Zabidi A., Yassin I M., Hassan H A. Detection of asphyxia in infants using deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on Mel frequency cepstrum coefficient (MFCC) features extracted from cry sounds. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 2017, V9, #3S, pp.768–778.
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The article provides the results of the experimental research into the influence of different types of photo detectors of digital optical mini­sticks on their transformation function – the useful mini­stick signal as a function of the mini­stick control lever deviation value. The set problem was solved using experimental research methods. Circuits with a photo diode (PIN photodiode PD15– 21B/TR8 manufactured by Everlight company) and circuits with a phototransistor (phototransistor KP2012P3C manufactured by Kingbright company) were studied. An automated test bench was used for the research. The test bench allows setting the mini­stick rotation angle and the value of mini­stick lever deviation from the central position to the left or to the right. The influence on mini­sticks was set by the test bench software. Based on the test results the test bench software plotted a ray path diagram. The mini­stick signal quality was assessed in terms of resolution, accuracy, non­linearity and hysteresis. The following results were obtained in the research. The mini­stick using a photo transistor as a photo detector ensures the output signal amplitude and resolution which exceed those of mini­stick with a photodiode by factor of 3.5 to 4. It allows using mini­sticks with a phototransistor for high­precision control of complex robotic systems, manipulators and aircraft, and for designing joysticks and unified human­machine interfaces on their basis. The indices of precision, non­linearity and hystere
sis of both mini­stick types are comparable and meet the basic requirements applied to control devices. Thus, mini­sticks based on phototransistors can be regarded as the best in terms of the signal quality. Taking into consideration the circuitry, overall dimensions and the cost of hardware components which are identical for both photo detectors, mini­sticks based on phototransistors shall be considered to be more advanced switching devices.

1. Nikitin V. S., Belov R.B., Robotic System For Forest Fire Extinguishing, Research, Development and Manufacturing enterprise “Tensosensor” LLC, MATERIALS OF THE XIII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE, October 30 – November 7, 2017, p. 24 Robotics, http://www.rusnauka.com/ books/2017–10–28­A4­tom­3.pdf.
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3. Golubin S. A., Lomanov A.N., Nikitin V.S., Komarov V.M., Semenov E.I. Research into the influence of the lighting circuit of optical mini­sticks on their characteristics // Svetotekhnika, 2016, No. 6, pp. 34–38.
4. Golubin S. A., Lomanov A.N., Nikitin V.S., Komarov V.M., Semenov E.I. Research into characteristics of optical mini­stick with VCSEL laser // Svetotekhnika, 2017, No. 1, pp. 24–27.
5. Golubin Sergei A., Lomanov Alexei N., Nikitin Vladimir S. and Komarov Valery M. Experimental research on the performance of optical mini­sticks with a common receiver // Light & Engineering, 2015, Volume 23, Number 4, pp. 81–87.
6. Golubin Sergei A., Lomanov Alexei N., Nikitin Vladimir S., Komarov Valery M., and Semenov Ernst I. Experimental study of how lighting patterns affect optical mini­sticks characteristics // Light & Engineering, 2016, Volume 24, Number 4, pp. 105–110.
7. Golubin Sergei A., Lomanov Alexei N., Nikitin Vladimir S., Komarov Valery M., and Semenov Ernst I.. Study of Characteristics of VCSEL­based Optical Mini­sticks// Light & Engineering, 2016, Volume 24, Number 4, pp. 111–116.
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10. Optical mini­stick [Text]: patent No. 2594992, Russian Federation: MPK G06F 3/033/ Nikitin V.S. (RF), Pechyonkin A.A. (RF); applicant: Research, Development and Manufacturing enterprise “Tensosensor” Limited Liability Company (RU); appl. 26/01/2015; published on 10/08/2016, Bull. 22 (RF)).
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1. Zhang J R., Luo Y Q. Design and Research on University Classroom Energy Saving System Based on Microcomputer Control. Modern Computer, 2018, V28, #10, pp.100–108.
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7. Cui X., Yang D., Liu C. Research on the Support System of Green Entrepreneurship Based on the Case Study about Photovoltaic, Energy Saving Lighting, and New Energy Vehicles. Science & Technology Management Research, 2016, V2, #2, pp.47–53.
8. Zhang, WP., Yang, JZ., Fang, YL., Chen, HY., Mao, YH., Kumar, M. Analytical fuzzy approach to biological data analysis, Saudi journal of biological sciences, 2017, V2, #3, pp.563–573.
9. Aderibigbe, A., Ogunjuyigbe, A., Ayodele, R., Samuel, I. The performance of a 3­Phase Induction Machine under Unbalance Voltage Regime. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 2017, V10, #5, pp.136–143.

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The concept of Artificial Window is being applied in indoor lighting design since couple of years and is easily available in market, but the main drawback of these artificial windows is their constant CCT (Correlated Colour Temperature) light output. The developed artificial window is a CCT changing system, which follows the preset pattern of daylight CCT throughout the day. It will very effective for those, who stay in a window­less room or a closed room. It is known that light not only has the visual effects but also has photo­biological effects. A dynamic light is very helpful in well being, positive mood, increased concentration, alertness consequently increased productivity. The developed system is solar powered at daytime; this window is powered by the SPV module directly without using battery. A small battery is being charged simultaneously which powers the system at night time. The window is made using two types of coloured LEDs: Red and Blue and Warm White LED. The new concept of dynamic lighting provides a very wide CCT range from 2300 K to 10800 K.

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1. Xu Z., Department S., University N M. Investigation and Attribution Analysis on the Physical Exercise Behavior of College Students in the Advanced Stage Based on the Stages of Change Model. Wushu Science, 2018, V11, #8, pp.27–28.
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