Optimisation of the irradiation dose and duration factors in conditions of lettuce-and-leaf vegetable photo-culture matches the goals of development of controllable plant cultivation systems for greenhouses and other protected-ground facilities. Based on the literature of the last years, it is specified that the DLI (Daily Light Integral) factor is paid great attention to in development of sustainable industrial phyto-technology with use of online meteorological and satellite-navigation data. The opportunities of control of the factors under consideration are demonstrated through the example of the author’s experiment in photo-culture conditions of two lettuce cultivars (Frisee and Adamant) made using an automated multi-layer City Farm installation in a room with controlled environment. During the experiment, the variable values of PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) in range (180–220) μmol/(m2s), daily photoperiod τф from 13 to 21 hours, vegetation duration t about 24 to 30 days were used with constant VLI, which is the new concept of vegetation light integral (VLI), was introduced similarly to DLI. It is found that the principle of reciprocity of irradiance parameters and time (the Bunsen-Roscoe law) is not met at constant dose. In terms of average producing capacity, it was possible to increase the level of biomass synthesis by 30 % for Frisee lettuce and by 36 % for Adamant lettuce. A series of partial dependences relating producing capacity of lettuce cultivars to DLI, photoperiod, and vegetation duration was obtained (the authors understand producing capacity as biomass over the vegetation period).
The experiment results may be used as input data for the Virtual Agronomist software developed for controlled plant cultivation.

1. Prikupets, L.B., Boos, G.V., Terekhov, V.G., Tarakanov, I.G. Studying of the Affects of Radiation in Different Ranges of PAR Region on Capacity and Biochemical Composition of Biomass of Lettuce and Leaf Vegetables [Issledovaniye vliyaniya izlucheniya v razlichnykh diapazonakh oblasti FAR na produktivnost i biokhimicheskiy sostav salatno-zelennykh kultur] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 5, pp. 6–12.
1.a. Prikupets, L.B., Boos, G.V., Terekhov, V.G., Tarakanov, I.G. Research into influence from different ranges of PAR radiation on efficiency and biochemical composition of green salad foliage biomass // Light & Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26, # 4, pp. 38–47.
2. Prikupets, L.B., Boos, G.V., Terekhov, V.G., Tarakanov, I.G. Optimisation of Light Engineering Parameters of Lettuce and Leaf Vegetables Photoculture Using LED Emitters [Optimizatsiya svetotekhnicheskikh parametrov pri svetokulture salatno-zelennykh rasteniy s ispolzovaniyem svetodiodnykh izluchateley] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, # 4, pp. 6–13.
2.а. Prikupets, L.B., Boos, G.V., Terekhov, V.G., Tarakanov, I.G. Optimisation of lighting parameters of irradiation in light culture of lettuce plants using LED emitters // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 5, pp. 43–54.
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12. Rakutko, S.A., Rakutko, E.N. The Dependence of the Leaf Area of Lactuca sativa L. on the Radiant Flux Dose and its Components [Zevisimost ploshchadi listyev salata Lactuca sativa L. ot dozy potoka opticheskogo izlucheniya i eyo sostavlyayushchikh] // Bulleting of the Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University, 2018.
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Vitality is one of the components affecting the desirability of urban space, the lack of attention has led to the decline of urban life. Historical areas in our country have been exposed to destruction or become unsafe and unsuitable spaces due to lack of attention. Illumination is one of the factors that can increase the presence of people in the area and thus increase the vitality of spaces at night. Correlated colour temperature (CCT) is one of the practical components in illumination, which can provide us with a variety of quality of space. It seems that changing CCT can be effective in the vitality of the urban area of the Karaj entrance bridge. The present study seeks to find a relationship between CCT and components affecting the vitality of the urban space of the entrance bridge of Karaj city. The entrance bridge of Karaj, dating back to the Seljuk era, is one of the important historical spaces that has become an unsafe and secluded place in recent years due to lack of proper attention. In this research, first, by descriptive-analytical method and using past experiences and the opinion of experts, vitality criteria concerning illumination have been extracted. Then, dual traits were inferred from the criteria and tested by semantic differentiation method using a questionnaire. To measure the effect of CCT, the images taken from the site were changed in SILKYPIX software, and dual traits were evaluated for each. SPSS software and mean test and one-sample T analysis method were used for statistical analysis of data and research reliability test. The results of data analysis showed that in all three images and nine modified modes, the average obtained from the software for the CCT mode of 4000 K is the best mode. Therefore, the results showed that with the decrease of CCT, the vitality criteria of urban spaces of Karaj Bridge also increased. These results can be used to improve the performance and quality of other urban areas.

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An efficiency of the singular value decomposition (SVD) method and ordinary differential equation (ODE) solvers in finding the reflection matrix are compared. A reflection matrix can be found by solving the one-dimensional radiative transfer equation. The latter’s solution based on the discrete ordinate method leads to the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. Alternative approach consists in transforming the original problem into a matrix Riccati equation written specifically for the reflection matrix. The matrix Riccati equation is solved using numerical integration techniques for ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It is found that for a single layer case, the SVD approach is faster than the ODE solvers by an order of magnitude. Yet as the number of layers increases, the ODE solvers become more efficient than the SVD approach. In addition, they outperform the SVD method when a solution for a set of optical thicknesses of the medium should be found or when retrieval of optical thickness should be performed. The comparison between different ODE solvers is performed, as well.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the shading effect on a novel architecture of photovoltaic generator (PVG) proposed in this paper. This architecture consists of three photovoltaic (PV) modules in series connected. Two of them consist of amorphous silicon cells in series connected. The third module consists of monocrystalline silicon cells in series connected. This architecture is conceived as a PV concentrator, where the two amorphous PV modules are located in the lower position, and the third one is located in the upper position precisely in the focus. The role of the upper module is to absorb the solar rays, which are reflected by the two other modules to gain the maximum of solar energy. This novel architecture is aimed at solving the problems existing with the architecture of tandem solar cells proposed in literature. Those problems are the mismatch between cells and the tunnel junction costs and fabrication. In this work, we use MATLAB/Simulink for modelling this architecture and studying its characteristics (I–V and P–V) in case of partial shading. Through this study, it was found that the maximum PV power is affected by the partial shading. To solve this problem, we have implemented in this work a solar tracker.

1. Zhang, L.P., Liu, W.Z., Guo, W.W., Bao, J., Zhang, X.Y., Liu, J.N., Wang, D.L., Meng, F.Y., Liu, Z.X. Interface processing of amorphous–crystalline silicon heterojunction prior to the formation of amorphous-to-nanocrystalline transition phase // IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2016, Vol. 6, # 3.
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Associated with aging, elderly suffer from various visual impairments that require specialized illumination conditions. Elderly should be supported by a well-balanced visual environment in residential care facilities to ensure active living and visual comfort. Although literature focused on age related eye diseases, significance of illumination to elderly and satisfaction level evaluations are detailed, translations to lighting design are mostly limited to illuminance-related guidelines. The aim of this study is to identify lighting design cues that enable visual comfort conditions through a systematic literature review. Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar are searched from January 2000 to February 2022 and finally 11 papers that meet inclusive criteria are included. This study highlights illumination related problems of elderly and proposes spatial design recommendations to overcome visual discomforts. The reviewed papers’ results have been presented under categories as daylighting, colour rendering index, correlated colour temperature, night illumination, illumination distribution, illumination control, illumination layout, glare, adaptation, and interior design. Presented design recommendations can be applied to existing or future residential care facilities to reduce various visual challenges that elderly have been experiencing.

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2. Leung, M.Y., Yu, J., Chong, MLAA. Impact of facilities management on the quality of life for the elderly in care and attention homes – Cross-validation by quantitative and qualitative studies // Indoor Built Environ [Internet], 2017, Vol. 26, # 8, pp. 1070–90.
3. Ma, Y., Zou, G., Wai, K., Siu, M., Lan, H. Do Older Chinese Citizens Want to Live in and Get Elderly Services from Embedded Community Elderly Centers? A
Study on Older Persons’ Preferences in the Northeast of China // In: UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress. Seoul, 2017, pp. 1–6.
4. Xie, H., Zhong, B., Liu, C. Sound environment quality in nursing units in Chinese nursing homes: A pilot study // Build Acoust., 2020, Vol. 27, # 4, pp. 283–98.
5. Andersson, M., Lindahl, G., Malmqvist, I. Use and Usability of Assisted Living Facilities for the Elderly: An Observation Study in Gothenburg Sweden // J Hous Elderly, 2011, Vol. 25, # 4, pp. 380–400.
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7. Victoria Maria P., Lee, Y., So-Mi, A. User Benefits on the First Dementia Friendly Universal Home Guidelines of Ireland – Focused on Four Main Dimensions of User Benefit Criteria // J Korean Hous Assoc., 2018, Vol. 29, # 3, pp. 43–54.
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9. Lee, K., Jeong, S., Hirate, K. An Investigation into Midnight Lighting for the Elderly // J Asian Archit Build Eng., 2009, Vol. 8, # 1, pp. 237–41.
10. Wang, Z. Cross-National Comparison of Environmental Factors Important to Facility-Based Senior Living. Heal Environ Res Des J [Internet], 2020, Vol. 13, # 2, pp. 186–99.
11. Ozkul, M., Kalayci, I. Turkiye’de Yaslilik Calismalari // Istanbul J Sociol. Stud., 2015, Vol. 0, # 52, pp. 259–90.
12. Kim, D., Chang, C., Margrett, J. Understanding Older Adults’ Perception and Usage of Indoor Lighting in Independent Senior Living // Heal Environ Res Des J., 2021, Vol. 14, # 3, pp. 215–28.
13. Cheng, Y., Rosenberg, M.W., Wang, W., Yang, L., Li, H. Aging, health and place in residential care facilities in Beijing, China // Soc Sci Med [Internet], 2011, Vol. 72, # 3, pp. 365–72.
14. Lega, I.C., Kapur, A., Leung, F., Zahedi, A. Type 2 Diabetes in Older Adults in Long-Term Care Homes: An Educational Intervention to Improve Diabetes Care // J Diabetes [Internet], 2020, Vol. 44, # 5, pp. 407–413.e3.
15. Pinto, M., Lanzinha, J., Viegas, J., Infante, C., Freire, T. Quality of the indoor environment in elderly care centers in two cities in central Portugal: Viseu and Covilha // Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, Vol. 16, # 20.
16. Tao, Y., Gou, Z., Yu, Z., Fu, J., Chen, X. The challenge of creating age-friendly indoor environments in a high-density city: Case study of Hong Kong’s care and attention homes // J Build Eng [Internet], 2020, Vol. 30, # November 2019, pp. 101280.
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22. Leung, M. yung, Wang, C., Chan, IYSS. A qualitative and quantitative investigation of effects of indoor built environment for people with dementia in care and attention homes // Build Environ [Internet], 2019, Vol. 157, # January, pp. 89–100.
23. White, M.D., Ancoli-Israel, S., Wilson, R.R., Ancoli, SI. Senior Living Environments: Evidence-Based Lighting Design Strategies // Meta-Analysis [Internet], 2013 [cited 2017 Jun 1], Vol. 7, # 1, pp. 60–78.
24. Joseph, A., Choi, Y.S., Quan, X. Impact of the Physical Environment of Residential Health, Care, and Support Facilities, (RHCSF) on Staff and Residents: A Systematic Review of the Literature // Environ Behav., 2016, Vol. 48, # 10, pp. 1203–41.
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26. Wang, Z. Cross-National Comparison of Environmental Factors Important to Facility-Based Senior Living // Heal Environ Res Des J., 2020, Vol. 13, # 2, pp. 186–99.
27. Leung, M.Y., Famakin, I.O., Olomolaiye, P. Effect of facilities management components on the quality of life of Chinese elderly in care and attention homes // Facilities, 2017, Vol. 35, # (5–6), pp. 270–85.
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29. He, G., Cerin, E., Huang, W.Y., Wong, S.H. Understanding neighbourhood environment related to Hong Kong children’s physical activity: A qualitative study using nominal group technique // PLoS One, 2014, Vol. 9, # 9.
30. Guerry, E., Galatanu, C.D., Canale, L., Zissis, G. Luminance Contrast Assessment for Elderly Visual Comfort Using Imaging Measurements // Procedia Manuf [Internet], 2019, Vol. 32, pp. 474–9.
31. Brawley, E., Noell-Waggoner, E. Lighting: Partner in Quality Care Environments // In: CMS/Pioneer Network Creating Home National Symposium, 2010, pp. 1–23.
32. Michael, A.B., Price, V. Visual disorders in older people with falls // Eur Geriatr Med [Internet]. 2014, Vol. 5, # September, pp. S163–4.
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36. Barrick, A.L., Sloane, P.D., Williams, C.S., Mitchell, C.M., Connell, B.R., Wood, W., et al. Impact of ambient bright light on agitation in dementia // Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2010, Vol. 25, # 10, pp. 1013–21.
37. Van Hoof, J., Aarts, M.P.J., Rense, C.G., Schoutens, A.M.C. Ambient bright light in dementia: Effects on behaviour and circadian rhythmicity // Build Environ [Internet], 2009 [cited 2017 May 30], Vol. 44, # 1, pp. 146–55.
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39. Chaudhury, H., Keller, H., Pfisterer, K., Hung, L. Development of a Physical Environmental Observational Tool for Dining Environments in Long-Term Care Settings // Gerontologist, 2017, Vol. 57, # 6, pp. 95–101.
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42. Brawley, E.C. Enriching lighting design // NeuroRehabilitation, 2009, Vol. 25, # 3, pp. 189–99.
43. Sinoo, M.M. Light Conditions in Nursing Homes: Visual Comfort and Visual Functioning of Residents // Eindhoven University of Technology, 2016.
44. Leung, M. Yung, Famakin, I.O., Wang, C. Developing an integrated indoor built environment–quality of life model for the elderly in public and subsidized housing // Eng Constr Archit Manag, 2019, Vol. 26, # 7, pp. 1498–517.
45. Hegde, A.L., Rhodes, R. Assessment of lighting in independent living facilities and residents’ perceptions // J Appl. Gerontol, 2010, Vol. 29, # 3, pp. 381–90.
46. Edrees, A.M., Kamel, S., Sabry, H., Nessim, A. Visual Comfort in Elder Care Facilities: Promoting Environmental Gerontology Theory // In: Towards Implementation of Sustainability Concepts in Developing Countries, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, 2021, p. 227–41.
47. Ellis, E.V., Gonzalez, E.W., McEachron, D.L. Chronobioengineering indoor lighting to enhance facilities for ageing and Alzheimer’s disorder // Intell Build Int., 2013, Vol. 5, #SUPPL1, pp. 48–60.
48. Neylon, S., Bulsara, C., Hill, A.M. Improving Australian Residential Aged Care Facilities: A Review of Minor Refurbishment Elements // J Hous Elderly, 2019, Vol. 33, # 3, pp. 227–43.
49. Torrington, J.M., Tregenza, P.R., Noell-Waggoner, L.C. Lighting for people with dementia // Light Res Technol., 2007, Vol. 39, # 1, pp. 81–97.
50. Afifi, M., Al-Hussein, M., Bouferguene, A. Geriatric bathroom design to minimize risk of falling for older adults- A systematic review // Eur Geriatr Med [Internet], 2015, Vol. 6, # 6, pp. 598–603.
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57. Lee, K., Jeong, S., Hirate, K. An investigation into midnight lighting for the elderly -focusing on residence type// J Asian Archit Build Eng., 2009, Vol. 8, # 1, pp. 237–41.
58. White, M.D.M.D., Wilson, R.R., Ancoli, S.I., Ancoli-Israel, S., Wilson, R.R., Ancoli, S.I., et al. Senior Living Environments: Evidence-Based Lighting Design Strategies // Meta-Analysis [Internet], 2013 [cited 2017 Jun 1], Vol. 7, # 1, pp. 60–78.
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The article describes the method of abstract modelling of architectural plasticity. It includes the identification of its general compositional principles and artistic characteristics, united by the concepts of “natural” and “free” and correlated with the stylistic systems of modernism and postmodernism. The demonstration of how various electrical lighting techniques influence the architecture perception is also provided. The authors of this paper reveal peculiarities of the operation of lighting parameters and optical effects in relation to each type of model, including the interaction of external and internal spaces. They also formulate principles of creating dramaturgy and scenario of lighting solutions, and test methods of assessing the emotional perception of illuminated objects.
The methodological material presented in this article provides the solution of such tasks as: the perception of architecture as an integral composition, acquaintance with the features of architectural plasticity of different times, the role of light in the perception of an architectural object, the evolution of the use of lighting techniques as a material for creating a work of art. It also describes how some masters work with electrical lighting and daylighting, as well what methods they use to create the dramaturgy of electrical light in experimental lighting solutions and to assess the emotional perception of objects under electrical lighting.
The presented methodological approach allows the student to form a professional skill of working with lighting objects and spaces based on the formative properties of composition construction. This, in its turn, increases the quality of designing the architectural environment and reproducing its artistic features by means of electrical lighting.

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The article presents a technique for creating a plastic and design-plastic light-spatial model based on the layout of the urban environment fragment. It also describes how this model corresponds to electrical lighting parameters. The paper formulates the tasks and potential of plastic and design-plastic light modelling and their role in the concept-based search and educational design of lighting solutions. In terms of this article, the plastic model is understood as a layout that exaggeratedly or generically reveals the spatial characteristics of an urban fragment. The design-plastic model is more detailed; it reveals the features of functioning of the latter both in daylight and in electrical lighting. The final stage of educational light modelling is the creation of a computer model of electrical lighting of an environmental situation.
The authors of this paper studied the tools of electrical lighting and their role in identifying the device of the environmental fragment, in light routes creation and in scenario of the visual form of urban space. Conclusions are given on the further development of the methodology in the field of lighting design, including the assessment of the emotional perception of the architectural environment objects under electrical lighting. The results of this research were then applied as the basis for the practical project work of students who won the competition “Russian Lighting Design” in 2018.

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4. Fotios, S., Liachenko, Monteiro A., Uttley, J. Evaluation of pedestrian reassurance gained by higher illuminances in residential streets using the day–dark approach // Lighting Res. Technol, 2019, Vol. 51, pp. 557–575. URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1477153518775464 (accessed: 30.03.2021).
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7. Karpenko, V.E. Educational complex of light-coloured modelling of urban environment // SHS Web of Conferences. The 4th International Research-to-Practice Conference Lighting Design – 2017 (LD‑2017) (St. Petersburg, Russia, October 12–13, 2017) (Lighting Design 2017), Vol. 43, 2018, 9 p. URL: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184301013 (accessed: 30.03.2021).
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11. Matveev, A.B. Principles of modelling in lighting engineering: Theses of Technical Sciences Candidate Dissertation, M., 1953, 12 p.

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The article is devoted to the research of changes in lighting terminology on the example of one of the main properties of colour – lightness.
The article substantiates the importance of the qualitative definition of terms for the professional understanding of various aspects of colorimetry and possibility of usage colour appearance models (CAM).
Examples and comparisons of the wording of theterms of the CIECAM02 system are given based on variants from International Lighting Vocabularies (ILV) different years of release.
The next is an example of the history of the development of the terms associated with different conditions of perception and definition of brightness, in particular, such as “lightness” and “subjective brightness”. The importance of the clear agreement between the terms and their definitions for the understanding, use, and development of the modern models and systems of colour perception is substantiated.
The English-language and the Russian-language scientific sources are considered. The analysis of which demonstrates the dynamics of changes in the understanding of the term “Lightness”.
Special attention is paid to the fate of the term in the Russian-language lighting literature, discrepancies in the interpretation of the term in various sources are shown, which can lead to a misunderstanding of modern colour appearance models.
The comparison of the interpretation of the term“Lightness” is reviewing based on the English-language and the Russian-language scientific sources. The comparison helps to identify the reasons that led to the problems of definitions and understanding of this term.
In the conclusion, the authors invite experts to discuss lighting terminology and harmonize Russian-language lighting literature with English-language literature.
Also substantiates the importance of the participation of lighting engineering scientists in translations of different scientific literary sources devoted to colour perception.
It is proposed to continue work on improving, and possibly a special reprinting of translations for the better understanding in the Russian lighting engineering literature.

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The article reveals the specifics of the modern development of computer systems in the urban environment, within which augmented reality and virtual reality (AR and VR) technologies can be applied using special observation and perception devices, tablets, smartphones, sensors. An analysis of scientific research shows that AR and VR technologies have many opportunities to change various parameters of the night-time urban environment in an imitation, artificial form, as well as to influence the social and visual psychology of a person for a long time. At the same time, virtual and augmented reality technologies are an effective tool for modelling light-colour figures, checking light-composition parameters, light-urban and figurative light-colour concepts under artificial lighting, which is a practical tool in lighting design. The experience of using virtual and augmented reality in the light forms of the urban environment, installations and various media is considered. Emphasis is placed on the use of shadows as a decorative and semantic means, a component of immersion in light installations and forms.

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George V. Boos, Leonid B. Prikupets, and Vladislav G. Terekhov
The Effect of the Irradiation Dose and Time Factors on Producing Capacity of Lettuce and Leaf Vegetables in Photo-Culture Conditions

Vladimir P. Budak, Nikolay S. Epikhov, and Pavel A. Smirnov
Definition Problems of the Term “Lightness” in the History of its Development

Ivan A. Chuprov, Daniil N. Konstantinov, Dmitry S. Efremenko, Vyacheslav V. Zemlyakov, and Jiexing Gao
Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation for Vertically Inhomogeneous Media by Numerical Integration Solvers: Comparative Analysis

Vladimir V. Shipko, Vitold E. Pozhar, Alexander S. Machikhin, Ivan A. Balandin, Sergey M. Borzov, Alexander V. Lushchik, and Alexander V. Kiselev
Development of a Hyperspectral System with Controlled Spectral, Spatial, and Radiometric Resolution

Roland Brémond
Stimulus Range Effect in Discomfort Glare Studies

George V. Boos, Leonid B. Prikupets, and Vladislav G. Terekhov
The Effect of the Irradiation Dose and Time Factors on Producing Capacity of Lettuce and Leaf Vegetables in Photo-Culture Conditions

Vladimir P. Budak, Nikolay S. Epikhov, and Pavel A. Smirnov
Definition Problems of the Term “Lightness” in the History of its Development

Ivan A. Chuprov, Daniil N. Konstantinov, Dmitry S. Efremenko, Vyacheslav V. Zemlyakov, and Jiexing Gao
Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation for Vertically Inhomogeneous Media by Numerical Integration Solvers: Comparative Analysis

Vladimir V. Shipko, Vitold E. Pozhar, Alexander S. Machikhin, Ivan A. Balandin, Sergey M. Borzov, Alexander V. Lushchik, and Alexander V. Kiselev
Development of a Hyperspectral System with Controlled Spectral, Spatial, and Radiometric Resolution

Roland Brémond
Stimulus Range Effect in Discomfort Glare Studies