Windows are both components that open to the outside and gates that bring the outside elements inside as well. The visible view through windows affects users’ perception of the indoor environment. Visual comfort is a key concern to create qualified interior spaces. Glazing type in naturally lit environments becomes very substantial for comfort. As glazing technologies develop, the options available for users have also increased. This study aims to find out how different glazing and view types impact user perception and satisfaction in the interior and to create design ideas for the spaces to be completed in the future. A room with various glazing transmittance (20 %, 50 %, and 90 %), colours (blue and yellow), and view types (street and landscape) are modelled virtually in Relux. A survey composed of these rendered scenes from these variations includes four questions. 40 people participated in the survey. Statistical analyses are made using Stata and EViews. Illuminance and luminance are calculated via Relux to discuss quantifiable values and subjective one together. According to the results, as transmittance increase, the rate of people finding the room pleasant and the quality of the view decrease, but a brighter environment shows up. When using tinted glazing, users mark the rooms as interesting, while pleasantness and view quality decrease. A landscape view instead of a street view in the rooms results is a more interesting, pleasant indoor environment, and higher view satisfaction.

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The choice and justification of optimal wavelengths of spectral radiance density registration for the task of monitoring methane emissions in the atmosphere from the orbit of an artificial satellite by a passive optical sensor in the spectral region near 1.65 μm have been performed. Mathematical modelling of the spectra recorded by the optical sensor for tropical and subarctic atmospheric models of the Earth’s atmosphere, different widths of the spectral function of the acousto-optic spectrometer, and different solar zenith angle were performed. It is assumed that methane emissions in the Earth’s atmosphere will be monitored from a promising nanosatellite (weighing less than 6 kg) using an acousto-optic spectrometer, which uses two narrow (0.1 nm and 0.5 nm) wavelengths of radiation registration to implement a differential method of absorption spectroscopy based on acousto-optic filtering. A criterion for selecting optimal wavelengths for monitoring the integral methane content in the atmosphere from the orbit of the artificial satellite is proposed. The values of the central wavelengths of optimal wavelengths for recording the energy brightness of scattered radiation for the width of the spectral function of the acousto-optic spectrometer in range (0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5) nm have been obtained. It is shown that the choice of the optimal pair of wavelengths is determined by the width of the spectral function of the sensor, depends insignificantly on the model of the Earth’s atmosphere (tropical or subarctic model) and does not depend on the solar zenith angle in range (0–80) angular degree.

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This paper reviews the literature on the development of different road lighting standards or guidelines, their effectiveness as determined by motorists’ and pedestrians’ opinions in relation to human centric lighting, and another novel method to assess the impact of different lighting conditions on users’ performance using EEG and cultivating the signals from EEG. Human centric lighting, in its simplest form, is a user-dependent method, since it improves lighting sources or designs based on the findings of analyses of the visual and non-visual effects of lighting upon user performances. Human centric lighting can help users since it considers factors that can improve their mood, productivity, health, etc. By incorporating an automated smart, human centric street lighting system, this article seeks to define the fundamentals of the smart street lighting standard for Indian context. This will help save a significant amount of energy. Additionally, this paper describes a few findings and experiments that were done to determine how variations in CCTs of main and peripheral sources and flickering peripheral sources affected user reaction time and visibility level of the seen for object detection, for quantification of the parameters related to human centric lighting. It is seen in the experiments done in Jadavpur University laboratory that for high CCT values, reaction time for object detection of human observers increases, and it is also seen that flickering of light sources increases reaction time, but it does not profoundly affect the decrement of reaction time for object detection with increment of CCT value of main source.

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The article presents the results of a study of an aquarium lighting device prototype developed based on a RGB LED strip using computer technologies for measurement of its spectral characteristics on the basis of practical studies of the effect of chromaticity on flora and fauna of water bodies. The studies were carried out at Light and Engineering Metrology resource sharing centre of the Electronics and Light Engineering Institute of N.P. Ogarev Mordovia State University. For development of the prototype of an aquarium lighting device based on RGB LED strip, the results of colorimetric measurements of special fluorescent aquarium lamps made by Hagen and Havells Sylvania Europe LTD (Germany) were used. The laboratory set based on a Raspberry Pi single-board computer and software for colorimetric calculations and set control was developed for connection and adjustment of spectral characteristics of the RGB LED strip. The colorimetric characteristics of the prototype were compared to those of special fluorescent lamps for aquarium lighting. Satisfactory repeatability of spectra and CCT was demonstrated for the developed LED-based prototype aquarium lighting device. These studies will allow us to identify further areas for updating of functional and software solutions to make it possible to adjust spectral characteristics and to make them close to optimal levels for specific species.

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Improving the efficiency of the financial activities of enterprises and the industry is relevant in a stable economic environment and a crisis. At the same time, traditional approaches aim to analyse the financial condition of the first case. The paper presents both classical and non-standard indicators of such an analysis. Also, it proposes a methodology based on a comprehensive analysis of an expanded set of financial indicators of enterprises with their subsequent classification. This makes it possible to single out enterprises with similar models of financial development. The financial analysis results can be used to identify bankruptcy threats and improve activity efficiency in management based on managerial accounts. Visualization of simulation results in the form of colour schemes of the “trafficlight” type allows for quick interpretation of the simulation results, highlighting financial and economic vulnerability factors.
This approach was tested on a sample of lighting industry enterprises with revenue of more than 1 billion rubbles. Information about financial statements is taken from open sources.
As a follow-up to the research, it is planned to develop a set of measures to improve efficiency based on a financial forecasting model with the identification of internal reserves for enhancing financial and economic condition and to consider a list of measures (detailing the efficiency improvement factors) that are proposed for implementation by lighting industry enterprises.

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Light has a dominant non–visual effect on numerous physiological processes. Workers with non-standard schedules often suffer from the disturbance of circadian rhythms that depend on light. In this study, we have developed a methodology for creating an adaptive lighting system that helps maintain the psychophysiological state of employees in norm. The existing methods for adapting lighting were considered. It was concluded that the psychophysiological factor of adaptation is relevant for both employers and employees. Various methods of data collection for the functioning and development of the system were reviewed, including psychological techniques and biomonitoring devices. Based on the analysis, a methodology was developed for creating an adaptive lighting system for doctors with round-the-clock and night work schedules with the prospect of future scalability. This will improve the health of employees, which often deteriorates due to unsatisfactory working conditions. Based on the developed methodology, it is possible to create adaptive lighting systems in different areas that require non-standard schedules and increased accuracy to perform work tasks.

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Scientific and technical innovation is essential for the continuous growth and advancement of the lighting industry. In this study, we utilized the DEA-Malmquist index method to evaluate the innovation input-output efficiency of listed companies in China’s lighting industry from 2015 to 2022. The findings reveal a positive trend in technological innovation within the industry, characterized by increased technological progress and the scale effect. This trend demonstrates the industry’s ability to adapt to market demands and leverage new technologies, contributing to its overall growth and competitiveness. The industry’s emphasis on research and development investment and the introduction of innovative products and processes play significant roles in fostering this positive trajectory. Furthermore, the scale effect observed highlights the benefits of scaling up operations to achieve efficiency and productivity gains. However, to fully capitalize on technological advancements and scale benefits, companies need to strengthen their management practices. Ultimately, the success of the Chinese lighting industry serves as a source of inspiration for other countries and industries, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing research and development, embracing new technologies, scaling up operations, and improving management practices to drive innovation and enhance competitiveness.

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The article examines the mechanisms of influence of techniques and principles of lighting design on the formation of the identity of road service objects in Russia. The analysis of the artistic and aesthetic potential of the lighting design in the formation of the artistic image of road infrastructure objects on the example of an old-style gas station is given. From the point of view of the functional approach, the structure of the multifunctional road service zone has been developed, within the framework of the environmental approach, the features of the infrastructure of the multifunctional road service zone have been identified. Socio-cultural factors allowed to form the main scenarios of users on the gas station territory. They formed the basis of design models. The results of the analysis of the implemented and conceptual design developments of the multifunctional road service zone are presented: domestic and foreign experience. The pre-project study was carried out according to the methodology developed at the sub-department of Environmental Design of Stroganov Academy within the framework of the Master’s Degree Program “Environment Design”.

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Establishing a competitiveness evaluation index system of lighting industry, quantitative evaluation of sustainable development performances of the industry, and scientific recognition of shortages against the industrial development have important strategic significance to guide local governments to adjust the industrial development strategies and realize the multi-dimensional goals of sound and sustainable development. In view of connotations of competitiveness of light and engineering industry, a competitiveness evaluation index system of this type industry is established in this study based on the overall goal of the new high-quality development layout. The dimensions of this system cover industrial input capacity, industrial output capacity, industrial technological innovation capability, and policy environmental capacity. Based on data in 2022, the provincial competitiveness level of light and engineering industry in China was evaluated by TOPSIS method and entropy method. Regional heterogeneity, constraints, and spatial characteristics of competitiveness of lighting industry in China were disclosed. Results demonstrate that:
– Generally speaking, the sustainable development level of lighting industry in China is increasing gradually; there are relatively high competitiveness level of lighting industry in Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi;
– The industrial input capacities and the industrial output capacities have significant contributions to competitiveness of lighting industry in China, while industrial technological innovation capability and policy environmental capacity have less contributions;
– Competitiveness levels of lighting industry are different in different provinces, showing a pattern of high level in Southeast China and low level in Northwest China, besides constraints against competitiveness of lighting industry also vary significantly among provinces, especially in improving output efficiency;
– The competitiveness of lighting industry is weak in key development field, restricted development field, potential growth field and appropriate development field.
Thus, improving product quality and safety level, promoting resource saving and strengthening production control ability are common directions for provinces to improve competitiveness of lighting industry. Therefore, this study believes that competitiveness level of lighting industry in China under the new high-quality development layout is required to combine with shortages of regional development, focus on establishment of the lighting industrial system, and solve problems like technological innovation and backward production facilities firstly. Moreover, improving product quality and optimizing resource utilization are breakthroughs to realize sustainable development of the national light and engineering industry.

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Branded smart red (R) – green (G) – blue (B) light emitting diode (LED) products commercially available in developing countries are too costly to afford for most of the population, especially for household applications. Locally manufactured cheaper alternatives of such products suffer from poor power factor and reduced circuit efficiency. To address these technical issues, a smart RGB LED system is presented here which offers high input power factor, good circuit efficiency, and at the same time lower fabrication cost and user-friendly control interface. The unique features of the proposed system are the front-end AC/DC converter is a constant-voltage, multiple-output flyback converter that mitigates the need of multiple drivers and inductors. The second is that the same converter is operated in discontinuous conduction mode to achieve a high input power factor. The third is that for dimming and colour tuning, pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the MOSFET switches is accomplished by an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller instead of other costlier and more sophisticated options. And the fourth is that the microcontroller gets its command signal from a smartphone or computer through an HC‑05 Bluetooth module. Through laboratory testing, it is confirmed that the LED system offers close-to-unity input power factor (0.928–0.985) and high efficiency of (88.14–95.46) % for a wide range of colour and luminous intensity. A comparative study reveals that the developed system is a better option than the earlier reported prototypes of multicolour LED systems in terms of the bill of material, economy, power factor, and efficiency.

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The Keitz method is well-proved itself. And factually it became the basis for the accepted practice in measuring of radiant flux of the germicidal low-pressure lamps. But it was developed for linear lamps exclusively. The measuring of radiant flux of the compact and U-shaped germicidal lamps was not considered neither in the IUVA methodology and nor in the international standard ISO 15727. The results accuracy of the simplified methods depends on the type of approximation of the spatial distribution of the radiant intensity that should be based on the goniometric data. They are accumulated for the linear lamps and they are absent for the compact and U-shaped germicidal lamps.
There are device and functions of the automated goniometer-radiometer complex, developed by specialists of the Scientific Research Institute of Light Sources named after A.N. Lodygin, described in the article. This complex is intended for research of the light power angle (space) distribution of the germicidal lamps having various shapes. The research aim is to clarify the existing simplified methods or to develop new ones.
The complex operation is controlled by GNU/Linux system. The developed software program has the command-line interface that allows us to get the remote access (via SSH-server) and to make the personnel work safe by absence of the direct UV-radiation exposing.
The article also provides examples of goniometer-radiometer measurement sessions and the obtained results for germicidal lamps DB15 (linear) and DKB11 (compact), which were used as test samples.

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3D graphics computer programs have long gone beyond interactive modelling and design tools. The programs allow real-time modelling of illumination in 3D scenes, which gives a unique opportunity to use them in education. Currently, the authors are trying to use computer graphics programs in teaching lighting design to students of engineering and humanities. The methodology developed by us has been evaluated in leading universities in Moscow. Based on the methodology, we managed to form a full-fledged course on teaching lighting design, which we conducted for students of Light and Engineering sub-department of the 3rd year at the NRU “MPEI”. This article gives a summary of the course, a description of the methodology, and presents the most striking works of students. Using examples of 3D modelling of illumination, the authors demonstrate how and because of which there are changes in engineering thinking towards creativity. Students move away from classical light and engineering and begin to take the first steps in the direction of lighting design. Conclusions are drawn about the expediency of introducing and further improving the methodology when studying the direction of lighting design in both engineering and humanities universities.

1. Budak, V.P., Kovyrkova, M.D., Makarov, D.N., Minaeva, S. Yu., Skornyakova, A.A. Lighting design: education of creative abilities among lighting engineering students [Svetodizajn: vospitanie tvorcheskih sposobnostej u studentov-svetotekhnikov] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, # 1, pp. 80–83.
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With the development of urbanization, the display in urban public environment appears more and more in our life. They not only provide us with convenient means of information exchange, but also provide convenience for merchants and governments to release information and promote their brands. However, at the same time, the display screen also brings certain negative effects such as light pollution and environmental pollution, which makes the community public space deteriorates accordingly. To solve this problem, this study aims to comprehensively and accurately evaluate the brightness of display screens in public spaces of urban communities by constructing an evaluation model and comprehensively considering the influences of light environment, equipment spatial layout, observation height and other factors on display screen brightness. This model is built on the basis of ANP method, and the evaluation system is formed by obtaining expert scores through questionnaire survey, in which the index weight of absolute brightness of the display screen is significantly higher. Based on this evaluation mechanism and evaluation method, this paper is able to evaluate the comprehensive evaluation of display brightness in 26 community public spaces in Beijing, form the evaluation results, and compare them with the visual comfort of residents, tourists, and other respondents collected by questionnaires, so as to verify the effectiveness of the model analysis. The results show that the prediction efficiency of the evaluation model used in this paper reaches a high level, and has the advantages of simple, feasible, accurate and reliable, which provides a certain reference for the improvement of urban public services.

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This paper analyses, visualizes, and compares the CIECAM97 and CIECAM02 colour perception models using expert evaluation. Justifications are presented, in which the bases of construction of these models are succinctly described. Also, the features of their implementation are given, which presents some differences in visualization. To implement the models we used MATLAB program, namely, its plugin Image Processing Toolbox, which allowed, by dividing the original image into an array of pixels, to make the necessary operations with them. By defining new observation conditions, visualization was built in such a way that the image obtained in the dark time of day is viewed on a bright monitor display. These implementations show how accurately enough to create an algorithm for colour perception by the human eye. As an initial image to demonstrate the work of the models, the concept of evening illumination of the facade of the building E of NRU “MPEI” is presented. Two presented models were evaluated in a group of 9 fourth year lighting engineering students of NRU “MPEI”. The perception of the images, constructed by using the CIECAM97 and CIECAM02 models of colour perception, was assessed on a 5-point scale. According to the results of the expert evaluation the conclusions were made which of the colour perception models is suitable for integration in virtual reality.

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