Leon A. Apresyan
Generalized Optical Theorem and Point Sources

Vadim N. Lesnykh, Valery A. Kolombet, Alexander V. Elistratov, Anatoly M. Taranenko, and Simon E. Shnoll
On the Correspondence between the Spectral Sensitivity Characteristics of Human Eye Retina Photo-Receivers and the Frequencies of the Universal Period-Tripling System

Elena S. Voznesenskaya and Nadezhda I. Dmitrienko
Approaches to the Assessment and Regulation of Daylighting in Residential and Public Buildings in Russia and Abroad

Rustam S. Zakirullin and Irina A. Odenbakh
Daylighting Dynamic Control by Smart Window with Grating Optical Filter

Jian Yao
Development of Machine Learning Models for Predicting Daylight Glare Probability

Alexander V. Leonidov
Analytic Representation of Illuminance on the Earth Surface with Different Types and Conditions of Cloud Cover over the 11-Year Solar Activity Cycle

Leon A. Apresyan
Generalized Optical Theorem and Point Sources

Vadim N. Lesnykh, Valery A. Kolombet, Alexander V. Elistratov, Anatoly M. Taranenko, and Simon E. Shnoll
On the Correspondence between the Spectral Sensitivity Characteristics of Human Eye Retina Photo-Receivers and the Frequencies of the Universal Period-Tripling System

Elena S. Voznesenskaya and Nadezhda I. Dmitrienko
Approaches to the Assessment and Regulation of Daylighting in Residential and Public Buildings in Russia and Abroad

Rustam S. Zakirullin and Irina A. Odenbakh
Daylighting Dynamic Control by Smart Window with Grating Optical Filter

Jian Yao
Development of Machine Learning Models for Predicting Daylight Glare Probability

Alexander V. Leonidov
Analytic Representation of Illuminance on the Earth Surface with Different Types and Conditions of Cloud Cover over the 11-Year Solar Activity Cycle

Alexei K. Solovyov
Daylight, Solar Radiation, Architectural Expression, and Energy Efficiency of Buildings

Alexei K. Solovyov and Hong-Tham T. Pham
Holographic Optical Elements: Advantages and Disadvantages for Efficient Lighting, Sun Protection, and Photovoltaic Power Supply of Buildings

Alexei K. Solovyov, Bi Ruipu, and Nguyen Thi Khanh Phuong
Preliminary Assessment of the Energy Efficiency of theTrombe Walls in Buildings with Passive Use of Solar Energy

Sergey V. Stetsky and Kira O. Larionova
Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors as a Factor to Create a Comfortable Lighting Environment in Working Premises of Office Buildings: A Review

Sergey V. Stetsky and Kira O. Larionova
Assessment of the Insolation Duration for the Facades of Buildings and Adjacent Territories under Certain Parameters of their Development

Alexei K. Solovyov
Daylight, Solar Radiation, Architectural Expression, and Energy Efficiency of Buildings

Alexei K. Solovyov and Hong-Tham T. Pham
Holographic Optical Elements: Advantages and Disadvantages for Efficient Lighting, Sun Protection, and Photovoltaic Power Supply of Buildings

Alexei K. Solovyov, Bi Ruipu, and Nguyen Thi Khanh Phuong
Preliminary Assessment of the Energy Efficiency of theTrombe Walls in Buildings with Passive Use of Solar Energy

Sergey V. Stetsky and Kira O. Larionova
Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors as a Factor to Create a Comfortable Lighting Environment in Working Premises of Office Buildings: A Review

Sergey V. Stetsky and Kira O. Larionova
Assessment of the Insolation Duration for the Facades of Buildings and Adjacent Territories under Certain Parameters of their Development

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The article is devoted to the discussion of the evolutionary adjustment of the photodetectors of the human retina to the frequencies of the UPTS (the so-called universal period-tripling system). This is a new scientific direction in the study of complex systems. The article invites lighting engineers who study the issues of visual perception to get acquainted with the phenomenon of UPTS. To date, an experimental research material has been accumulated and sufficient theoretical grounds have been obtained for the formulation of the assumption that the UPTS and its main parameter Тk, m are manifested in almost all time scales. The values of Тk, m are described with great accuracy by means of the empirical Puetz’s formula. In human vision, UPTS manifests itself in the form of nine periods of Тk, m, corresponding to the cases of m = –11, –8, –5, –3, 0, 3, 5, 8, and 11, where the five central ones dominate –5, –3, 0, 3, and 5, corresponding to the rods, as well as the B- and R-cones. Some questions remain about the G-cones and the ipRGC cells that respond to the extreme, “weakened” values of the index m = –11, –8, 8, and 11. The determination of the proposed calculated values of the wavelengths of light corresponding to the maximum spectral sensitivity of retinal photodetectors is important for specialists in the field of visual perception, medicine, optics, as well as for applications in a number of technical applications.

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A smart window with a novel grating optical filter is proposed, which supplies dynamic daily and annual control of window transmission without the use of blinds and similar devices. The filter attenuates direct solar radiation, letting in diffused and reflected radiation, thus creating more comfortable conditions for daylighting, insolation, and sun protection in rooms. A method for calculating the grating filter is changed and numerical modelling is conducted to show the capabilities of the new method of dynamic control of transmission. The optimal geometric parameters of the filter for a single-glazed smart window at a given azimuth of the window orientation are determined. The hourly values of the light transmittance of the filter during daylighting hours are calculated for the 15th day of each month from April to September, and the theoretical angular characteristics of the transmission of the filter, corrected for reflection and absorption, are constructed. The average monthly values of the theoretical and corrected light transmittance of a smart window are obtained, based on the results of calculations every hour compared to the time of day when the azimuths of the Sun and the window are equal. It is shown that the smart window with the built-in grating optical filter provides the minimum transmission at a given time of the day, taking into account the azimuth of the window, the geographic coordinates of the building, the seasonal and daily distribution of the solar radiation intensity on the calculated day of the year, and in the rest of the time, with the most demanded protection from solar radiation, the filter functions within acceptable limits. It is stated that the smart window with the built-in optical filter is most suitable for rooms with a long stay of people during daylight hours that is for office, educational, industrial, etc. rooms, in order to provide comfortable daylighting and the required insolation and thermal conditions during working hours.

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This paper aims to develop DGP predictive methods. Linear regression and machine learning based approaches were used to compare the performance of newly developed models and these models were compared with existing equations. The results show that developed models are more correct in predicting DGP than the existing equation. In addition, the second new finding by this research is that the combination of the azimuth (Az) and altitude (Aa) angle of the sun and time of day (T) along with vertical eye illuminance (Ev) supply a little better performance than Ev alone due to the consideration of the interaction effect between these factors. Therefore, the developed models can be used if linear model is preferred for simplification of computation. For a higher predictive performance, random forest models based on Ev, Az, Aa, and T is recommended due to its capability of dealing with nonlinear effects. The last contribution of this paper is that a classification model was developed for predicting DGP>0.4 by random forest algorithm considering Ev, Az, Aa, and T with adequate accuracy (90 %), which extends the ability of existing methods to the condition when the sun is in the field of view.

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The works on degradation of light emitting diodes (LEDs) with quantum wells (QW) were analysed. The calculation model of the relation between LED luminous flux and duration of LED current flow and current density was proposed. It allows us to forecast service life of such radiators with the pre-set electric modes and temperature. It is demonstrated that:
– Reduction of quantum yield of LED with QW based on high-bandgap semiconductors with longterm flow of forward current occurs due to generation of point defects in the QW areas;
– The dot defects occur as a result of interaction between hot electrons and semiconductor atoms caused by subthreshold displacement out of the lattice dots;
– The dot defects create non-radiative recombination centres with particular concentration in the energy gap of a semiconductor, as a result of which intensities of recombination flows in QWs and in barriers between QWs redistribute towards the non-radiative component of the ABC model.

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1. Bayneva I.I. Tungsten Halogen Lamps: a monography [Galogennyie lampy nakalivaniya: monografiya] / Saransk: V.S. Afanasyev, 2013, 176 p.
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Building design includes a large number of various issues, which must be taken into account in mutual coordination and with optimal consideration of individual factors. Daylighting, insolation, sun protection in hot weather are factors that directly affect the comfort of the indoor environment in buildings and their energy efficiency. It is noted that the above factors also affect the economy through the cost of housing and through operating costs for replenishing heat losses through windows, for ventilation and cooling of buildings, i.e. on the elimination of heat gains through translucent structures, as well as on artificial lighting, for which electricity costs can be comparable depending on the climatic conditions of the construction site and the design features and architecture of buildings, on artificial lighting technology and on technical solutions for air conditioning and ventilation. It provides topics related to daylight, solar radiation, and translucent structures, directly related to building design, partially reflected in the articles of this issue of Light & Engineering journal. Thus, the interrelation of building design issues with various aspects of lighting technologies is indicated.

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The research of holographic optical elements (HOE) was carried out very intensively in the 1980s and 1990s. They provided great advantages in high-efficiency natural light, while at the same time providing effective sun protection and did not disturb the free view from the windows. The light-directing qualities of these devices made it possible to concentrate direct and scattered solar energy on photovoltaic batteries and solar collectors for hot water supply and solar heating. However, in recent years, research in this area has become less and less frequent without any explanation. The analysis of the research carried out in the framework of one of the latest projects carried out on behalf of the European Commission under the program “Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development” (EU Contract Number: ENK6-CT‑2000–00327) with the participation of nine research organizations, higher schools, and universities is presented. The role of each of the participants in this interdisciplinary project was to attract experienced researchers in various fields of science and use their knowledge to obtain an objective result.

1. Dirk Wagner, Helmut F.O. Mueller, Lars Knabben, Georgious Paissidis, Sotirios Bravos. Holographic Optical Elements (HOE) for efficiency illumination? Solar control and photovoltaic power in buildings. An European project revive. // Hellenic Illumination Committee. 1st Symposium “Technological developments of daylight applications. Proceedings. National Research Foundation, Athens, 26–27 February, 2004.
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Passive use of solar energy for heating buildings in winter and cooling buildings in summer is an environmentally friendly and effective way to save energy in the operation of buildings. In different countries, especially in the middle latitudes, (30–40)% of thermal and electrical energy is consumed for heating and cooling buildings. Therefore, the use of such an inexhaustible source of energy as the sun is relevant. The method of preliminary assessment of the energy efficiency of Trombe walls for buildings in different climatic conditions, based on the energy analysis of the work of these structures in the transition periods of the year (spring – autumn), when the work of the Trombe walls is most effective, is presented. In summer, these structures can be used to activate air exchange with the drawing of cool air from shady and cool areas due to the “chimney” effect. On cold winter days and at night, when there is no sun, the walls of the Trombus act as buffer zones that reduce the temperature load on the enclosing structures. These positive qualities are additional, increasing the energy efficiency of these structures. They are not taken into account in this method. The maximum effect is achieved during the transition period. The results of computational modelling of energy savings due to the use of Trombe walls in areas with a monsoon climate in north-eastern China (Harbin and Shenyang), as well as similar climate areas of the Russian Far East (Khabarovsk and Vladivostok), located at the latitude of the cities under consideration in China, are analysed. It is shown that the efficiency of the use of Trombe walls in the transition period for heating can be up to (10–15)% in these areas. The method of determining the energy efficiency of the use of Trombe walls can be used to determine the feasibility of their use in various climatic regions at the stage of preliminary design and decision-making.

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The article deals with system of supplementary artificial lighting of working premises in office buildings. It is noted, that for the time being the construction and commission of office building in majority of world’s countries increase, creating jobs for many people, which work as office personal. That’s why the creating of comfortable indoor climatic environment takes a leading part in the process of architectural and structural design of the buildings in question. The comfort of lighting environment is considered as one of main for man among the environmental problems to be solved in these building. As a results of the scientific study presented, the authors studies that the best solution in this case is to incorporated artificial lighting in supplementary form to increase the total level of illumination of working premises where and when it is necessary. The authors noted, that for the scientific investigations of the kind considered, the best method of the field study was an internationally – adopted method of subjective expert appraisal of the indoor lighting environment.

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This article proposes the usage of alternative energy instead of traditional, as safer, and environmentally friendly for the planet and all humankind in the manufacture of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete products. Monolithic concreting in the conditions of the construction site is now widespread in the construction industry. The subject of the article is considered of the issues of heat treatment of concrete and acceleration of its hardening processes using solar energy. A brief review and classification of the most well-known and common energy sources used to harden acceleration of the concrete mix such as wind power, biofuels, solar energy, alternative hydropower is given. For consideration in the article offers the solar energy – the energy received from solar radiation. The sun as a source is an inexhaustible and affordable type of energy that supplies energy several times higher than traditional sources. In this regard, attention is paid to this field of alternative energy when using it in various spheres of the national economy, especially in the field of construction. Already existing methods of heat treatment of concrete with the help of solar technology are considered, the modern level of development of these methods is defined and further ways of their development are planned. As an example, a physical and mathematical model of a non-stationary heat transfer process in a flat reinforced concrete structure during its heat treatment using solar energy, considering the hydration of cement, is considered. Analytical expressions are obtained that allow us to model the process at any stage and actively intervene and adjust the external parameters to create rational and comfortable conditions for increasing the strength of concrete.

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Energy saving in small-scale heat power engineering is directed to increasing the efficiency of using fossil energy carriers, electric power, and their wider replacement with alternative sources in housing and communal complex. The practical use of active solar energy systems, both photovoltaic and with direct water heating, has found widespread use. At the same time, the specificities of these systems deployment are caused by climatic and technical conditions of their application. For countries found in climatic zones with temperate and cold climate, water heating installations design is most rational when used seasonally. Low coolant potential, heat supply frequency in active solar energy systems, linked to seasonality of their operation, daytime and weather require several technical solutions. For example, solutions with the use of other equipment in form of thermal energy accumulators, heat pumps and other equipment, which in any case must be combined with a traditional source of thermal energy using fossil fuels or electric power, performing the functions of both other and emergency source of heat energy. Capacity reserving of alternative energy sources is most efficient and least energy-consuming when conducting with heat sources using gaseous or degasified fuel. The use of electric power for heat supply purpose, with few capital investments, requires from a developer significant installed capacities of heat source with a low efficiency for primary fuel. In the article one considers thermal schemes of autonomous heat supply installations for objects using modern condensing boilers of low power and along them various heat cumulating devices, supplying full year operation of equipment at heat supply facilities to get the highest efficiency of energy use.

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The paper presents a method for assessing the daylighting of premises, which can be used directly at the stage of architectural and construction design of buildings in building information model (BIM) software complexes. The calculation method is based on the calculation of the sky factor by constructing a solid angle formed by the calculated point and the light opening of the outer wall. These operations are proposed to be performed automatically using visual programming programs that work together with the BIM complexes. Since the considered calculation method is based on the idea of the physical meaning of the daylight factor, it can be used to evaluate the daylighting according to almost any regulatory method.
At the same time, all the data necessary for the calculation can be obtained directly from the building information model. The method is universal and can be used both for the calculation of side and top daylighting, considering the surrounding development. The proposed method can also be used as a tool for finding the best design solution for translucent structures of the designed building based on the requirements of thermal protection, daylighting, and safety.

1. Muraviova N.A., Soloviev A.K., Stetsky S.V. Comfort light environment under natural and combined lighting: method of their characteristics definition with subjective expert appraisal using // Light & Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26, #3, pp. 124–131.
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3. Stetsky S., Larionova K. The influence of sun-protective devices on daylight distribution in premises // E3S Web of Conferences, 2019, Vol. 110, 01070 p.
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Radiation cold flows from the windows in the winter period play an important role in the formation of the room overall thermal microclimate. The compliance with the requirements of GOST 30494–2011 for the resulting temperature and the local asymmetry of the resulting temperature in the centre of the room, as well as the boundaries of its serviced area, is not subject to any verification during the expert examination of the building projects. The designers do not perform such a check due to the absence of a method for calculating the influence of the temperature of all surrounding surfaces on these indicators. The standards for reduced heat transfer resistances of windows in residential and commercial public buildings have recently been increased. However, for the buildings of medical and preventive, preschool educational, general education institutions, and boarding schools these standards have remained the same. In the proposed work, the problem of the indoor microclimate parameter assessment is solved by calculations using the example of a library reading room with higher thermal protection of the windows and a classroom of the art school, where the window thermal protection has remained the same, in the city of Irkutsk. The percentage of the facade glazing in both cases was 34.5 %. The calculations, which have been made for the coldest calculation period, showed that for windows with an increased heat transfer resistance, the heating devices of the water heating system neutralize the cooling effect of the window radiation fluxes. In the rooms with an air heating system, the optimal norms of the resulting temperature are not met. For various regions of Russia, provision should be made of larger studies as to the combinations of the window heat transfer resistance and the window size to follow the daylighting standards, when the norms of the resulting temperature and the asymmetry of the resulting temperature are not possible to be met.

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Currently, insulated glass units (hereinafter abbreviated as IGU) are the main type of translucent filling used in curtain walls. Under the influence of climatic loads in IGU, the thickness of the inter-glass space changes, leading to the deformation of the glasses. Deformations of glass lead to optical distortions on curtain walls. The paper considers the technical solutions used in the existing engineering practice to reduce the distorting curvature of IGU: the use of more rigid external glasses as part of IGU, the use of double-skin facades with external independent single glass, the use of vacuum IGUs. A new method is proposed to reduce the distorting curvature of IGUs by fixing the thickness of the interglass space. It is achieved by installing other point or linear supports between the panes. The introduction of other supports solves the problem of reducing deformations only when IGU is compressed. When the interglass space is expanded, the supports are turned off from operation and the glass is freely deformed. Therefore, to avoid such deflections, it is necessary to pre-compress the IGU under a load equivalent to the climatic load on the IGUs operating in the construction area of the object. Calculations show that for the climatic conditions of the city of Moscow, the required degree of rarefaction the interglass spaces is only 5 % of the absolute atmospheric pressure.

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