The problem associated with the process of solar insolation is considered, that is, with the influx of sunlight onto the Earth's surface, in particular onto buildings, urban development areas, and other objects. It is used in architecture, urban planning, bioclimatology, ecology to assess the level of solar radiation and illumination that a certain area receives over a certain period of time.
The Lightplanograf‑2 measuring device is a tablet type device that relates to the field of construction, urban development, energy, solar engineering and is aimed at creating a device for conducting an energy audit of solar radiation entering buildings and their surfaces and open areas, as well as for assessing the level of illumination.
The modified light-insolation device Lightplanograf‑2 of the tablet type, made on a transparent film, is a measuring device that allows to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative indicators of insolation and lighting of rooms, facades of buildings in conditions of multi-story development. The device can be used to optimize the volumetric-spatial, architectural-planning solution of buildings and developments, rational arrangement of windows, balconies, sun protection devices, and other elements of facade systems in order to use solar lighting and heat as much as possible.
The paper presents a methodology for developing and using a universal digital light-insolation device Lightplanograf‑2, which provides a systematic approach to measuring and analysing insolation and lighting, which contributes to more efficient use of solar resources both in scientific research and in practice. The introduction of this methodology can significantly improve the quality of design and planning in construction and urban development, as well as improve the environmental sustainability of urban areas.
The device, operating principle, and development of theoretical and methodological provisions concerning the modern modification of the device are covered in detail. Its significance and application cover several key aspects both in scientific research and in practical activities.

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Simulating the solar radiation spectrum reflected by the Earth atmosphere for trace gas retrievals, such as CO2 and CH4, typically involves solving the radiative transfer equation (RTE), a computationally intensive process due to the multiple scattering term.
To accelerate computations, we utilize a fast Python-based radiative transfer model FALCAS that approximates multiple scattering by introducing a virtual layer with isotropic scattering. This allows to mimic the results of the models with full multiple scattering treatment, yet to significantly reduce computation time.
We develop an algorithm for retrieving CO2 and CH4 concentrations using FALCAS and evaluate its accuracy against a discrete ordinate model PYDOME. The CO2 and CH4 retrievals are performed using FALCAS from synthetic spectra generated by PYDOME in the (1500–1750) nm spectral range, considering various aerosol and geometric conditions.
The error in retrieved concentrations is about 2.0 % for the aerosol optical thickness of about 0.9. This result remains robust under noise and convolution effects as well as across varying geometries, with errors under 5 % at a signal-to-noise ratio of 50.

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1. Wasserman, A.L. Measurement of the bactericidal flux of ultraviolet low-pressure mercury tubular lamps [Izmerenie bakteritsidnogo potoka ul'trafioletovykh trubchatykh rtuthnykh lamp nizkogo davleniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, # 1, pp. 69–71.
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The digital transformation of regulatory and supervisory activities (RSA) in Russia, aimed at implementing a risk-based and predictive approach, faces systemic legal gaps. Smart lighting systems (SLSs), which are evolving into distributed IoT sensor networks, serve as a "testing ground" for analysing these issues.
Research confirms the technological readiness of such systems for automated data collection for regulatory purposes; however, it reveals a critical dependence on data quality standards and metrological verification.
This article aims to legally analyse the possibilities and limits of using smart lighting data in RSA for lighting in frame of the "Society 5.0" concept 1 and the sustainable development goals (SDGs), which require ensuring trust in technologies through algorithmic accountability (Explainable AI).
The methodology includes a systemic analysis of Russian legislation, a comparative legal study of EU approaches, and a technical and legal analysis of smart lighting architecture.
The results identify key issues: the legal uncertainty surrounding the status of machine-generated data, the lack of legislatively established quality standards for integration into geoinformation system (GIS), and a legal vacuum in the area of algorithmic accountability and interoperability. An analysis of new national standards confirms the fragmentation of technical regulation and the persistent gap with the needs of smart city data centres.
The conclusion provides recommendations for adapting legislation, including the development of industry-specific IoT data quality standards and AI system quality profiles for smart city data centres, pilot projects to algorithmize standard verification using XAI approaches, and the introduction of requirements for technological interoperability of smart city infrastructure.

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Improving the energy efficiency of indoor lighting systems is a key strategy for reducing electricity consumption without compromising visual comfort.
This study presents a performance assessment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based daylight prediction models for open-loop indoor lighting control and compares their energy-saving impact with a reference closed-loop system.
Real-world daylight data collected over a two-year period from a public building forms the basis of the analysis. The closed-loop system employs sensors at each measurement point, while the open-loop alternative leverages machine learning-based daylight prediction models using parameters such as room dimensions, wall reflectance, window size, measurement point distance from windows, and spatial orientation.
Eight regression-based prediction models were developed and evaluated, among which the Support Vector Regression (SVR) model demonstrated the highest accuracy, while Theil-Sen Regressor yielded the lowest.
The energy analysis was conducted specifically for electrical lighting electricity consumption, and results reveal that closed-loop control systems can reduce annual electricity consumption for lighting by up to 52 %, whereas open-loop systems achieve savings between 33 % and 40 %.
Despite its superior performance, the closed-loop approach incurs higher installation and operational costs, resulting in a payback period of approximately from 8 to 10 years. These findings highlight the potential of AI-assisted open-loop lighting control systems as a cost-effective solution for retrofitting existing buildings.

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Lighting is not a static element, but a dynamic component of urban life. Therefore, a contemporary street lighting fixture, open to innovation and adhering to international standards, should be designed without neglecting basic needs. This design should prioritize environmental safety, creating well-lit urban areas, and also consider energy efficiency and public well-being.
Designing an effective street lighting fixture requires a careful balance. It requires technical expertise, community participation, and a forward-thinking approach. Finding all these parameters may not always be possible everywhere. Therefore, for sustainability, it has become necessary to design outdoor lighting fixtures for streets and avenues independently, using the TRIZ methodology in particular and similar methods in general.
This ideal fixture embodies the fundamental philosophy of TRIZ: beneficial functions are maximised, harmful functions and costs are eliminated. The system manages itself, eliminating the need for external intervention.
Optimization using TRIZ transforms passive equipment (lighting fixtures) into active, data-generating urban nodes. This approach provides a holistic engineering solution that maximizes efficiency by simultaneously utilizing energy, labour, and infrastructure resources.

1. Bih-Yaw Shıh, Chen-Yuan Chen, Chia En Li. The Exploration of the Mobile Mandarin Learning System by the Application of TRIZ Theory // Computer Applications Engineering Education, 2013, # 21, pp. 343–348.
2. Ekmekçi, İ. Nebati, E.E. TRIZ methodology and applications // Procedia Computer Science, 2019, 158, pp. 303–315.
3. Efe, S.B., Varhan, D. Interior Lighting of a Historical Building by Using LED Luminaires A Case Study of Fatih Pasha Mosque // Light and Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 4, pp. 77–83.
4. Cengiz, M.S. Role of Functional Lighting Urban Beautification: Qatar-Doha Road Lighting Case // Light & Engineering, 2022, 30, # 3, pp. 34–42.
5. Askola, J., Kärhä, P., Baumgartner, H., Porrasmaa, S., Ikonen, E. Effect of adaptive control on the LED street luminaire lifetime and on the lifecycle costs of a lighting installation // Lighting Research and Technology, 2022, 54, # 1, pp. 75–89.
6. Tong, J.C.K. Wun, A.H.L. Chan, T.T.H. Lau, E.S.L. Lau, E.C.F. Chu, H.H.K. Lau, A.P.S. Simulation of vertical dispersion and pollution impact of artificial light at night in urban environment // Sci. Total Environ, 2023, # 902, p. 166101.
7. Cengiz, M.S. Using artificial lighting to support natural lighting in architectural building designs // Light & Engineering, 2022, 30, # 1, pp. 113–123.
8. Akdeniz, M., Efe, S.B. Forecasting of harmonic distortions ın mv distribution network caused by illuminatıon devices // Light & Engineering, 2025, Vol. 33, # 2, pp. 104–110.
9. Klir, S. Babilon, S. Myland, P. Benkner, S. Khanh, T.Q. Sky-like interior light settings: A preference study // Frontiers in Built Environment, 2023, # 9, p. 1101534.
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11. Tong, J.C.K., Yao, X.H., Lau, E.S.L., Cheung, W.K.S., Ho, K.K.S., Ng, V.Y.Y., Lau, A.P.S. Light pollution impact assessment in Hong Kong: Multi-dimensional measurement and spatial numerical modelling on integrated light sources in the neighbourhood level // Energy & Environment, 2023, # 35, pp. 2497–2516.
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This article provides a legal analysis of the use of financial leasing of lighting equipment in Russian public procurement and explores ways to integrate energy-performance incentives.
The study aims to identify key shortcomings of the current lighting equipment leasing model for state and municipal needs and to substantiate the contractual structure of "energy-saving leasing" that links payments to actual energy savings.
The methodological basis is an analysis of tender documentation for large-scale procurement under Federal Law No. 44, a comparison of the leasing and energy-performance models, and a doctrinal and regulatory interpretation of Article 327.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the mechanism for standard contract terms.
It is shown that Russian lighting equipment leasing practice reproduces the classic financial lease model with fixed payments, which ignores energy savings and shifts the risk of failure to achieve savings to the public client.
The paper substantiates the possibility of transforming such contracts into a hybrid "energy-saving leasing" model by introducing a two-component leasing fee structure and tying the variable portion to the achieved savings.
The practical significance lies in the proposal of a regulatory framework for codifying these terms in standard contracts, which simultaneously improves the energy efficiency of lighting modernization projects and reduces corruption risks in public procurement.

1. Makumbe, P., Weyl, D. K., Eil, A., Li, J. Proven Delivery Models for LED Public Lighting: Lease-to-Own Delivery Model in Guadalajara, Mexico // Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016. [Electronic resource] Access mode: https:// openknowledge. worldbank. org / server / api / core / bitstreams /143 a 0 fc 5–9827–5 a 49- ab 30–468 ac 20927 c 5/ content [openknowledge. worldbank] (https:// openknowledge. worldbank. org / server / api / core / bitstreams /143 a 0 fc 5–9827–5 a 49- ab 30–468 ac 20927 c 5/ content)
2. Matveeva, E. Yu. Special contractual structures: definitional definition [Osobyye dogovornyye struktury: opredeleniye] // Legal science, 2022, # 5, pp. 69–76.
3. Belov, V.A. Lease Agreement: A Scientific and Educational Essay [Belov V.A. Dogovor arendy: nauchno poznavatel'nyy ocherk] // Moscow: Statut, 2018, 160 p.
4. Karapetyan, A.G. Performance and termination of obligations: commentary to Articles 307–328 and 407–419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [Ispolneniye i prekrashcheniye obyazatel'stv: kommentariy k stat'yam 307–328 i 407–419 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii] / A.O. Batishchev, A.A. Gromov, A.G. Karapetyan, et al.; ed. A.G. Karapetyan. Moscow: M – Logos, 2022, 1496 p.
5. Proven delivery models for LED public lighting: synthesis of six case studies // Washington, DC: World Bank, ESMAP, 2017, 60 p. URL: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/869131477561325418/pdf/Proven-delivery-models-for-LED-public-lightingsynthesis-of-six-case-studies.pdf (date of access 12.02.2026)

The second part of the review opens with a brief section on some long-observed effects and paradoxes of colour perception that only became more or less understood in the latter half of the 20th century, after detailed studies of the specifics of the neural colour-coding system.
It then examines the mechanisms responsible for chromatic vision, starting from the sensory mosaic of the retina and layers of the lateral geniculate body and ending with the primary and deeper areas of the visual cortex.
Next, after a short departure from the rational knowledge of colour sensation towards its artistic-emotional perception, the review considers modern approaches to colour space models and chromaticity diagrams that are preferred in scientific works on the physiology of human chromatism. In this case, an opportunity arises to compare two main approaches to the study of colour sensation – the physical approach, based on the objective properties of spectral light sources, and the psychophysiological approach, which takes into account the evolution and current state of the colour-coding neural system.
Finally, at the end of this part of the review, models of chromatic adaptation and anomalies of colour vision developed in the late 20th century are analysed. The consequences that have resulted from the active use of LED-based lighting devices, ever more sophisticated LCD monitors and holographic technologies, as well as the latest achievements of molecular genetics in deciphering the mechanism of colour sensation, will be discussed in the third part of the review.

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As the population is increasing daily, the need for energy continues to increase gradually. Since tunnels require continuous lighting day and night, the energy consumed for the tunnel is quite high. Approximately 20 % of the energy consumed in Türkiye is used in lighting. Road lighting has a high share of outdoor lighting. New-generation technologies in lighting are rapidly being adopted, followed, and implemented. Lighting systems are preferred to become smarter, more economical, and more comfortable. Many automations and smart technology solutions are used for energy efficiency and energy saving. One of the most effective solutions for the development of smart lighting systems is the use of universal protocols.
In this study, information about the protocols for the control of LED luminaires, used in the lighting of tunnels, is given. In addition, the lighting of Hekimhan T1 Tunnel in Malatya Province is discussed, DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) and 0–10 V / 1–10 V Analogue Lighting Control Protocol are applied on this tunnel, and the results are analysed. The lighting design was made using the DALI protocol and then the amount of energy consumed for lighting, operating cost, maintenance and initial installation cost were calculated. The design also was made using the 0–10 / V1–10 V Analogue Lighting Control Protocol. Then, a comparison and recommendations were made.

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Today, the rapid growth of cities and the increasing energy demand make it necessary to re-evaluate road lighting systems in terms of both safety and energy efficiency. Road lighting is critical to the safety, aesthetics, and accessibility of cities. Many existing road lighting infrastructures suffer from problems such as high energy consumption, low efficiency, increased maintenance costs, and environmental impacts.
Moreover, despite technological advances, lighting systems in many cities have not been sufficiently optimized. This poses a significant problem for the sustainable use of energy resources and the reduction of carbon emissions. This study presents a comparative analysis of the technical, economic, and environmental impacts of street lighting lamps powered by the electricity distribution grid, solar street lamps, and off-grid solar power plants.
This analysis demonstrates that renewable energy-based systems offer advantages in both energy efficiency and sustainability. The study will be an important guide for municipalities, construction companies, and urban planners, who want to choose the most appr

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Historic buildings pose challenges for daylighting improvements due to preservation constraints, however, improving their performance is essential for climate goals. This study seeks to improve daylighting performance, thermal comfort, and energy efficiency in historic buildings while maintaining their historic value through various design strategies, including glass upgrades, shading elements, and light tube integration, using a multi-objective optimization model.
To analyse the performance of the model, two case studies from distinct climates, Mediterranean and Temperate Oceanic, were evaluated through Grasshopper plug-ins, Ladybug and Honeybee, and optimized via Octopus plug-in. A machine learning tool, Dodo plug-in was integrated to speed up the evaluation process and estimate simulation results while exploring a larger number of design alternatives.
The optimization results reveal that daylighting strategies improved UDI up to 83.6 % and reduced ASE to 0 %, and improved TCP up to 6.73%, while energy use decreased by up to 8.81 % with shading and light tubes proving most effective in warm climates and roof windows in colder ones. The study confirms that performance-based design can enhance environmental efficiency without compromising buildings' historic values.

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Sergey K. Stafeev and Daniil D. Sharov
Human Colour Perception Mechanisms: A Review of Natural Science Concepts and Artistic Models from Ancient Chromatism to Neuroiconics and Holography Part 2: Colour-Coding Neurons Take the Stage

Handeul Son, Philipp Hochstaffl, and Dmitry S. Efremenko
Synthetic Study of a Surrogate-Model-Based CO2/CH4 Retrieval Algorithm from Infrared Reflectance Measurements

Nurefsan Sonmez, Arzu Cılasun Kunduracı, Cemre Ugurlu, and Yonca Erkan
An Integrated Optimization Model Using Machine Learning for Daylighting, Thermal Comfort, and Energy Efficiency in Historic Townhouses

Ugur Yucel, Murat Ayaz, and Suleyman Eken
Performance Assessment of AI-Based Daylight Prediction Models for Open-Loop Indoor Lighting Control

Сigdem Cengiz
Optimization of Outdoor Lighting Fixtures with TRIZ Methodology