Light & Engineering 34 (1) 2026
Volume 34
Date of publication 02/19/2026
Pages 29–35
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Transformations of Mac-Adam Ellipses Across a Wide Range of Luminance Levels L&E, Vol.34, No.1, 2026
Articles authors:
George V. Boos, Vladimir P. Budak, Ruzana A. Delyan, Dmitry S. Zakhidov, Artyom V. Pavlov
George V. Boos, Ph. D. of Technical Sciences, Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Laureate of State Prize of the Russian Federation, President of the International Lighting Engineering Corporation BL Group, Head of the Light and Engineering sub-department of the NRU MPEI, Chairman of the Science and Engineering Council of the Russian Light and Engineering Industry, Chairman of International Technical Committee and National Technical Committee 332 of ROSSTANDARD (Light and Engineering Devices and Electrical Lighting). He graduated from the MPEI in 1986 with qualification of electrical engineer, by specialty in Light and Engineering and Light Sources
Vladimir P. Budak, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences. In 1981, he graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI). At present, he is the Editor-in-Chief of the Svetotekhnika / Light & Engineering journals, Professor of the Subdepartment of Light and Engineering in NRU MPEI, Academician of the Academy of Electrotechnical Sciences of Russia
Ruzana А. Delyan, Master of Science. She graduated from the Department of Light and Engineering at the NRU MPEI in 2014. At present, she is the Senior Lecturer at the Department of Light and Engineering, NRU MPEI
Dmitry S. Zakhidov, engineer. Currently, he is the Embedded systems developer and postgraduate student at NUST MISIS
Artyom V. Pavlov, engineer. At present, he is the Leading Technical Specialist at International Lighting Corporation BL GROUP
Abstract:
The widespread use of modern light sources, particularly light emitting diodes (LEDs), creates requirements related to lighting quality that demand new approaches for their solution. One of the key aspects is ensuring the colour uniformity of radiation from luminaires based on LEDs. Currently, colour uniformity is achieved through binning, that is sorting LEDs according to their chromaticity coordinates (x, y) in the CIE 1931 colour space. However, binning according to current standards does not yield the necessary effect; differences in chromaticity are still observed, which forces LED manufacturers to independently develop and apply alternative binning approaches. Furthermore, the current binning method does not account for the influence of luminance and chromatic adaptation on the perception of LED chromaticity. The foundation of LED binning is the colour threshold – the minimum difference in colour that an observer can notice. This work investigates the influence of adaptation luminance on colour thresholds and compares the obtained data with results calculated using the main models of colour perception: CIECAM02, CIECAM16, and the colour sensation model VRVGVB. These models account for the adaptation mechanisms of vision, allowing for more accurate prediction of colour perception under various lighting conditions. The research results can be useful for developing advanced LED binning methods that ensure high colour uniformity.
References:
1. Standard RF GOST 34819–2021: Light devices. Light requirements and test methods / By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated January 20, 2022, No. 28‑st, the interstate standard GOST 34819–2021 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation from July 1, 2022. 2. Khanh, T.Q., Bodrogi, P., Vinh, Q.T., Winkler, H. LED Lighting, Technology and Perception // Wiley-VCH, 2015, p. 299–301. 3. Meshkov, V.V., Matveev, A.B. Fundamentals of Light Engineering [Osnovy Svetotekhniki] Part 2 / M.: Energoatomizdat, 1989. 4. Fairchild, M.D. Colour Appearance Models / 2nd. ed., Wiley, Chichester, 2005. 5. Belyaeva, N.M. Construction of an Equi-Contrast System for Determining Colour Relationships in Architectural Interiors [Postroyeniye ravno-kontrastnoy sistemy dlya opredeleniya tsvetovykh sootnosheniy v arkhitekturnykh inter’yerakh] / Candidate Dissertation, 1972, MPEI, Moscow. 6. Budak, V. P., Delian, R.A. Changing Mac-Adam Ellipses with Adaptation // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 4, pp. 16–18. 7. Matveev, A.B., Belyaeva, N.M. An Equi-Contrast Colour System // Svetotekhnika, 1965, # 9, pp. 1–6. 8. The CIE 2016 Colour Appearance Model for Colour Management Systems: CIECAM16, CIE 248:2022 / CIE, Vienna 9. Wyszecki, G., & Stiles, W.S. Colour Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae / John Wiley & Sons, 2000. 10. MacAdam, D.L. Visual Sensitivities to Colour Differences in Daylight // Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1942, 32, pp. 247–274.
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Number of images - 7
Tables and charts - 2
