The article presents a methodology for creating light concepts for buildings and structures, as well as architectural ensembles, developed by teachers of the subdepartment of Light and Engineering of the NRU MPEI. The proposed technique provides an answer to the urgent question of creating not just functional lighting, but a harmonious lighting environment that meets the aesthetic and cultural values of users. It consists of three blocks of practical tasks that allow you to train your eyesight and teach from simple to complex. Of course, lighting design is impossible without computer graphics tools. After all, a photorealistic image of a light concept is the starting point of lighting design. It is based on it that you can judge the future visual impression of the object. In this paper, a necessary and sufficient set of computer graphics programs has been identified to create harmonious light concepts, which is confirmed by successful defences of bachelor’s final qualifying works on the topic of architectural lighting.

1. Neumann, D. The structure of light: Richard Kelly and the illuminance of modern architecture // New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011, 224 p.
2. Shchepetkov, N.I. Light design of the city and interior [Svetovoy dizayn goroda i interyera] / Moscow: Svetotekhnika, 2021. ISBN 5-9647-0103-5.
3. Bystryantseva, N.V. Criteria for comprehensive evaluation of the quality of a city’s artificial light medium // Light & Engineering, 2015, Vol. 23, # 2, pp. 34–43.
4. Klimenko, S.V., Panova, N.G., Shchepetkov, N.I. Colour light as a tool for working with architectural form in the night environment of the city [Cvetnoj svet kak instrument raboty s arhitekturnoj formoj v nochnoj srede goroda] // Svetotekhnika, # 1, 2022, pp. 49–56.
5. Melodinsky, D.L., Dadasheva, M.M., Dadasheva, S.M. Experience of mastering the artistic language of light design in the professional training of an architect // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 4, pp. 152–157.
6. Karpenko, V.E. Educational complex of light-coloured modelling of urban environment // SHS Web of Conferences. The 4th International Research-to-Practice Conference Lighting Design – 2017 (LD‑2017) (St. Petersburg, Russia, October 12–13, 2017) (Lighting Design 2017), 2018, Vol. 43, 9 p. URL: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184301013 (дата обращения: 27.03.2022).
7. Zaeva-Burdonskaya, E.A., Nazarov Yu.V. “About light” in the design of the environment. The teacher’s view [“Pro svet” v dizajne sredy. Vzglyad pedagoga] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 6, pp. 55–73.
8. Sokolova, M.A., Bystriantseva, N.V., Silkina, M.A. Experience of design and plastic light environment modelling. Part 1 space and light, urban environment // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 4, pp. 16–24.
9. Budak, V.P., Kovyrkova, M.D., Makarov, D.N., Minaeva, S.Y., Skornyakova, Al.A. Lighting design – education of creative abilities among students of Light and Engineering [Svetodizajn – vospitanie tvorcheskih sposobnostej u studentov – svetotekhnikov] // Svetotekhnika, 2019, # 1, pp. 80–83.
10. Budak, V.P., Makarov, D.N. Computer graphics with an application in lighting design [Komp’yuternaya grafika s prilozheniem v svetodizajn] / TEXTBOOK 1st edition, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “National Research University “MPEI”, Moscow, 2022.
11. Budak, V.P., Makarov, D.N. Modern possibilities of computer graphics in modelling museum lighting [Sovremennye vozmozhnosti komp’yuternoj grafiki v modelirovanii muzejnogo osveshcheniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2022, # 6, pp. 37–40.
12. Budak, V.P., Makarov, D.N. Computer graphics in lighting design: Course work results of Light and Engineering students // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 5, pp. 90–95.
13. Bystryantseva, N.V., Lekus, E.Y., Smilga, I.S., Chirimisina, D.A., Lukinskaya, V.V. Retrospective of the discipline “Principles and methods of light modelling” within the framework of the direction of lighting design [Retrospektiva discipliny “Principy i metody svetovogo modelirovaniya” v ramkah napravleniya svetovoj dizajn] // Modern problems of science and education [Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya], 2020, # 2, p. 49.
14. Bulatova, A.V. The development of creativity among designers and specialists in the field of advertising in the process of studying at a university [Razvitie kreativnosti u dizajnerov i specialistov v oblasti reklamy v processe obucheniya v VUZe] // XII All-Russian scientific conference “Ural industrial. Bakunin readings: Industrial modernization of the Urals in the XVIII – XXI centuries” (Yekaterinburg, 12 months, 2014, Vol. 1, pp. 534–537.
15. Kurasov, S.V., Ruzova, E.I. Fundamentals of composition in environmental design. A practical course. Textbook [Osnovy kompozicii v dizajne sredy. Prakticheskij kurs. Uchebnoe posobie] / V. Shevchuk PublishingHouse, 2014.
16. The MSC program. Aalborg University / The official website of the University in Aalborg, Denmark; Specialty Lighting Design. URL: https://www.light.aau.dk/msc-education (date of request 29.08.2022).
17. Professional studies master program lighting design / The official website of the University of Wismar, Germany; Specialty Lighting Design. URL: https://studieren.de/fileadmin/europe/germany/_study/docs/Master_Lighting_Design.pdf (date of request 20.08.2022).

Laboratory studies of the leaves and needles reflection spectra from tree species characteristic of the European part of the Russian Federation (birch, oak, maple, linden, aspen, spruce, pine) were conducted in the autumn season within the spectral range of (0.4–1.0) μm with a spectral resolution of 2 nm. For each tree species, samples were taken from different trees and from various branches of a single tree. If yellow patches appeared on the leaves or if the foliage began to yellow, the reflection spectra changed significantly: the range of variability in the spectral characteristics for different samples of the same species expanded, and the step in the spectral dependence of radiance coefficient decreased in the spectral region of transition from visible to near-IR range. The reflection spectra measured between 6 September and 3 October were used to assess the probability of the tree species correct and incorrect classification. It was shown that, despite the increased variability in the spectral characteristics of leaf samples from certain species, the use of a neural network allows for good classification results (although slightly worse than in summer). The use of measurements in the spectral range of (0.4–1.0) μm with a resolution of 2 nm and a relative root mean square noise value of 1 % allows for potentially achieving a probability of correct tree species classification above 74 % with an incorrect classification probability below 5.4 % during the autumn period.

1. Girona, M.M., Morin, H., Gauthier, S., Bergeron, Y. Boreal Forests in the Face of Climate Change / Geneva, Switzerland: Springer, 2023, 859 p.
2. Read, D.J., Freer-Smith, P.H., Morison, J.I.L., Hanley, N., West, C.C., Snowdon, P. Combating climate change – a role for UK forests. An assessment of the potential of the UK’s trees and woodlands to mitigate and adapt to climate change / Edinburgh: The Stationery Office, 2009, 222 p.
3. Ponomarenko, M.R., Zelentsov, V.A. Forest monitoring and analysis based on Earth observation data services // IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021, Vol. 806, 012003, pp. 1–7. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/806/1/012003.
4. Dmitriev, E.V., Kozoderov, V.V., Kondranin, T.V., Sokolov, A.A. Regional monitoring of forest vegetation using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing data // Proceedings of SPIE, 2014, Vol. 9263, pp. 926330–1 – 926330–10.
5. Stoyanov, A., Borisova, D. Monitoring on forest ecosystems by using space-temporal analysis of different types aerospace data // Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection, 2017, # 10, pp. 31–37.
6. Holzwarth, S., Thonfeld, F., Abdullahi, S., Asam, A., Da Ponte Canova, E., Gessner, U., Huth, J., Kraus, T., Leutner, B., Kuenzer, C. Earth Observation Based Monitoring of Forests in Germany: A Review // Remote Sens, 2020, Vol. 12, 3570. pp. 1–43.
7. John, E., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Silayo, D.S., Masunga, E.A. Forest Monitoring System for Tanzania // Remote Sens, 2021, Vol. 13, 3081, pp. 1–29.
8. Zhang, Y., Chen, J.M., Miller, J.R., Noland, T.L. Leaf chlorophyll content retrieval from airborne hyperspectral remote sensing imagery // Remote Sensing of Environment, 2008, # 112, pp. 3234–3247.
9. White, J.C., Coops, N.C., Wulder, M.A., Vastaranta, M., Hilker, T., Tompalski, P. Remote Sensing Technologies for Enhancing Forest Inventories: A Review // Can. J. Remote Sens. 2016, Vol. 42, pp. 619–640.
10. Immitzer, M., Vuolo, F., Atzberger, C. First Experience with Sentinel‑2 Data for Crop and Tree Species Classifications in Central Europe // Remote Sens. 2016, Vol. 8, 166, pp. 1–27.
11. Lister, A.J., Andersen, H., Frescino, T., Gatziolis, D., Healey, S., Heath, L.S., Liknes, G.C., McRoberts, R., Moisen, G.G., Nelson, M., Riemann, R., Schleeweis, K., Schroeder, T.A., Westfall, J., Wilson, B.T. Use of Remote Sensing Data to Improve the Efficiency of National Forest Inventories: A Case Study from the United States National Forest Inventory // Forests, 2020, Vol. 11, pp. 1–41.
12. Yel, S.G., Gormus, E.T. Exploiting hyperspectral and multispectral images in the detection of tree species: A review // Front. Remote Sens, 2023, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13.
13. Dabiri, Z., Lang, S. Comparison of Independent Component Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, and Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation for Tree Species Classification Using APEX Hyperspectral Imagery // ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf, 2018, Vol. 7 (488), pp. 1–26.
14. Dadon, A., Mandelmilch, M., Ben-Dor, E., Sheffer, E. Sequential PCA-based classification of mediterranean forest plants using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing // Remote Sens, 2019, Vol. 11, 2800 pp. 1–19.
15. Ferreira, M.P., Zortea, M., Zanotta, D.C., Shimabukuro, Y.E., de Souza Filho, C.R. Mapping tree species in tropical seasonal semi-deciduous forests with hyperspectral and multispectral data // Remote Sensing of Environment, 2016, Vol. 179, pp. 66–78.
16. Wessel, M., Brandmeier, M., Tiede, D. Evaluation of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Scalable Classification of Tree Types and Tree Species Based on Sentinel‑2 Data // Remote Sens. 2018, Vol. 10, 1419 pp. 1–21.
17. Axelsson, A., Lindberg, E., Reese, H., Olsson, H. Tree species classification using Sentinel‑2 imagery and Bayesian inference // International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation, 2021, Vol. 100, 102318, pp. 1–7.
18. Joongbin, Lim, Kyoung-Min Kim, Eun-Hee Kim, Ri J. Machine Learning for Tree Species Classification using Sentinel‑2 Spectral Information, Crown Texture, and Environmental Variables // Remote Sens. 2020, Vol. 12, 2049, pp. 1–21.
19. Miranda, E., Mutiara, A.B., Ernastuti, Wibowo, W.C. Forest Classification Method Based on Convolutional Neural Networks and Sentinel‑2 Satellite Imagery // International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, 2019, Vol. 19, # 4, pp. 272–282.
20. Hycza, T., Stereńczak, K., Bałazy, R. Potential use of hyperspectral data to classify forest tree species // New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 2018, Vol. 48, # 18, pp. 1–13.
21. Shang, X., Chisholm, L.A. Classification of Australian native forest species using hyperspectral remote sensing and machine-learning classification algorithms // IEEE Journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing, 2014, Vol. 7, # 6, pp. 2481–2488.
22. Sankey, T., Donager, J., McVay, J., Sankey, J.B. UAV lidar and hyperspectral fusion for forest monitoring in the southwestern USA // Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, Vol. 195, pp. 30–43.
23. Zmarz, A. UAV – a useful tool for monitoring woodlands // Miscellanea geographica – regional studies on development, 2014, Vol. 18, # 2, pp. 46–52.
24. Dainelli, R., Toscano, P., Di Gennaro, S.F., Matese, A. Recent Advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Forest Remote Sensing – A Systematic Review. Part I: A General Framework // Forests, 2021, Vol. 12, 327, pp. 1–27.
25. Torres, F.M., Tommaselli, A.M.G. A lightweight UAV-based laser scanning system for forest application // Bulletin of Geodetic Sciences, 2018, Vol. 24, # 3, pp. 318–334.
26. Ecke, S., Dempewolf, J., Frey, J, Schwaller, A., Endres, E., Klemmt, H.-J., Tiede, D., Seifert, T. UAVBased Forest Health Monitoring: A Systematic Review // Remote Sens. 2022, Vol. 14, 3205, pp. 1–45.
27. Kataev, M. Yu., Dadonova, M. M., Efremenko, D.S. Illumination Correction of Multi-Time RGB Images Obtained with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle // Light & Engineering, 2021. Vol. 29, # 2, pp. 50–58.
28. Kazak, A., Grishin, I., Makoveichuk, K., Dorofeeva, A., Mayorova, A. The use of UAVS and helicopters in forest fires monitoring and extinguishing in hard-toreach areas // E3S Web of Conferences, 2023, Vol. 402, 02008, pp. 1–7.
29. Michez, A., Piégay, H., Lisein, J., Claessens, H., Lejeune, P. Classification of Riparian Forest Species and Health Condition Using Multi-Temporal and Hyperspatial Imagery from Unmanned Aerial System // Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2016, Vol. 188, # 3, pp. 1–19.
30. Fedotov, Yu. V., Ivanov, S. E., Belov, M. L., Belov, A. M., Gorodnichev, V. A., Chumachenko, S. I., Shkarupilo,A.A. The Tree Species Classifying Possibilities Research in the Spectral Range (0.4–1.0) μm // Light & Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 4, pp. 43–50.
31. Popular UV – Vis vs USB2000+. URL: https://www.optosky.net/atp2000 p.html (date of addressing: 10.10.2024).
32. USGS Digital Spectral Library 06 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral.lib06 (date of addressing: 10.10.2024).
33. Johns Hopkins University Spectral Library [Electronic resource]. URL: https://speclib.jpl.nasa.gov/documents/jhu_desc (date of addressing: 10.10.2024).
34. Merzlyak, M.N., Gitelson, A.A., Pogosyan, S.I., Chivkunova, O.B., Lehimena, L., Garson, M., Buzulukova, N.P., Shevyreva, V.V., Rumyantseva, V.B. Reflectance spectra of leaves and fruits during their development and senescence and under stress // Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 1997. 44(5). P. 614–622.
35. Fedotov, Yu.V., Ivanov, S.E., Belov, M.L., Gorodnichev, V.A. Experimental study of variations in the reflection spectra of leaves and needles depending on the conditions for obtaining samples // E3S Web of Conferences, 2024, Vol. 486, 07016, pp. 1–6.
36. Xie, S., Ren, G., Zhu, J. Application of a new onedimensional deep convolutional neural network for intelligent fault diagnosis of rolling bearings // Science Progress, 2020, Vol. 103, # 3, pp. 1–18.
37. Bass, L.P., Kuzmina, M.G., Nikolaeva, O.V. Deep convolutional neural networks in hyperspectral remote sensing data processing // Preprint of Keldysh Applied Mathematics Institute, 2018, 282, 32 p. DOI:10.20948/prepr-2018-282.
38. Lim, J., Kim, K.M., Kim, E.H., Jin, R. Machine Learning for Tree Species Classification using Sentinel‑2 Spectral Information, Crown Texture, and Environmental Variables // Remote Sens. 2020, Vol. 12, 2049, pp. 1–22.

In the context of the development of agricultural production, not only on an industrial scale, but also in small farms, it is necessary to pay attention to environmental issues related to water disinfection in extensive water supply and sewerage systems. An effective method of disinfection is to irradiate drinking water and wastewater with UV radiation in the range of (200–280) nm. A special place among the different types of UV radiation sources is occupied by amalgam germicidal lamps, containing bismuth and indium along with mercury, for binding mercury and making these lamps safer.
The purpose of the presented study was to determine the electrical and energetical characteristics of Russian-made amalgam germicidal lamps of DB 95 and DB 250 NO‑32 types, to analyse their quantitative and qualitative indicators for the effective use of lamps in germicidal UV irradiation facilities. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the range of values of lamp radiation flux in the 254 nm mercury line for the considered samples is significantly less than the technological tolerances, which indicates the stability of this parameter, and its average values meet the requirements for ensuring effective performance for irradiation facilities.

1. Sanitary Rules and Standards SanPiN 2.1.3684–21: Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the maintenance of the territories of urban and rural settlements, for water bodies, drinking water and drinking water supply, atmospheric air, soils, residential premises, operation of industrial and public premises, organization and conduct of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures (as amended on 14.02.2022).
2. Technological design standards NTP-APK 1.10.01.001–00: Technological design standards of cattle farms of peasant farms.
3. Shuvarin, M.V., Borisova, E.E., Ganin, D.V., Shuvarina, N.A., Lekhanov, I.A. Ecological problems of utilization of animal husbandry waste [Ekologicheskiye problemy utilizatsii otkhodov zhivotnovodstva] // Vestnik NGIEI, 2000, # 7 (110), pp. 101–112.
4. Guidelines 4.3.2030–05: Sanitary and Virological Control of the Effectiveness of Disinfection of Drinking and Wastewater by UV Irradiation [Metodicheskiye ukazaniya 4.3.2030–05 “Sanitarno-virusologicheskiy kontrol’ effektivnosti obezzarazhivaniya pit’yevykh i stochnykh vod UF-oblucheniyem].
5. Methodical Guides MG 2.1.5.732–99: Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Wastewater Disinfection with Ultraviolet Radiation [Sanitarno-epidemiologicheskiy nadzor za obezzarazhivaniyem stochnykh vod ul’trafioletovym izlucheniyem].
6. Kovalenko, O. Yu., Chuvatkina, T.A., Nesterkina, N.P., Mikaeva, S.A., Zhuravleva, Yu.A. New generation of erythemal lamps with increased erythemal efficiency for irradiation of agricultural animals // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 6, pp. 151–156.
7. Kovalenko, O. Yu., Chuvatkina, T.A., Nesterkina, N.P., Mikaeva, S.A., Zhuravleva, Yu.A. Characteristics of High-Power UV Lamps with Electronnic Ballasts // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 5(2), pp. 85–89.
8. Kovalenko, O. Yu., Chuvatkina, T.A., Ovchukova, S.A., Zhuravleva, Yu.A. Ananlysis of Characteristics and Application Features of Erythema Lamps // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 4, pp. 97–101.
9. Allash M.E., Eliseev N.P., Popov O.A., Vasilyak L.M., Sokolov D.V. Testing and Analysis of Characteristics of Low-Pressure Mercury and Amalgam Bactericidal UV Lamps by Various Manufacturers // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 6, pp. 24–32.
10. Kovalenko, O. Yu., Mikaeva, S.A., Zhuravleva, Yu.A. Research and development of pulsed electronic pustrugulators in a set with ultraviolet lamps [Issledovanie i razrabotka pulseskikh elektronnykh puskoregulirovushchikh apparatov v komplete s uvtuolet lampami] // Russian Technological Journal, 2022, Vol. 10, # 3, pp. 103–110.
11. Chuvatkina, T.A., Kovalenko, O. Yu., Zhuravleva, Yu.A., Mikaeva, S.A., Mikaeva, A.S. Features of measurement and presentation for germicidal lamps parameters // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 4, pp. 88–93.
12. Prytkov, S.V., Kapitonov, S.S., Vinokurov, A.S., Kolyadin, M.V. Generalization and study of the error of the Kaitz equation when measuring the radiation flux of linear UV lamps of low pressure // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 6, pp. 12–23.
13. Chuvatkina, T.A., Kazakov, A.V., Ashryatov, A.A. About Correct Measurement of Germicidal Lamp Radiation Flow // Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 2019, Vol. 16, # 7, pp. 2835–2838.
14. Wasserman, A.L. Measurement of the germicidal flow of ultraviolet tubular mercury lamps of low pressure [Izmereniye bakteritsidnogo potoka ul’trafioletovykh trubchatykh rtutnykh lamp nizkogo davleniya] // Svetotechnika, 2019, # 1, pp. 69–72.
15. Lawal, O. et al. Method for the measurement of the output of monochromatic (254 nm) low-pressure UV lamps // IUVA News, 2017, Vol. 19, # 1, pp. 9–12.
16. Prytkov, S.V., Kapitonov, S.S., Vinokurov, A.S. ARefinement of the Determination Method of the Linear Low-Pressure UV Lamps Radiant Flux // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 28, # 1, pp. 104–114.
17. Standard RF: GOST R 70380–2022 Low-pressure germicidal ultraviolet lamps. Methods for measuring energy characteristics of ultraviolet radiation and electrical parameters.
18. Standard RF: GOST R 8.736–2011 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Multiple Direct measurements. Methods of measurement results processing. Main positions.
19. Germicidal lamp Philips TUV PL – L 95W/4P HO 2G11 535mm 535x18x39 mm. URL: https://www.smartlamps.ru/products/tuv-pl-l‑95who‑4‑pin‑115v‑2g11‑lampa-philips (accessed 04.06.2024).
20. Amalgam lamp LIT DB 95 95W 2.0A (art. DB95). AvailAGLe at: https://uvintech.ru/catalog/lamps/amalgam/lit_db_95_95w_2_0a/ (accessed: 04.06.2024).
21. LIT. AvailAGLe at: https://lit-uv.ru/voda (accessed: 04.06.2024).

The article is considering some challenges, which occur in lighting and technology researches for a number of specific cases. These cases belong to the regions with sunny climatic conditions and include implementation of solar screening, clear sky conditions of outdoor daylighting with unobscured sun and principally preferred natural, or passive method of microclimate control within the interiors. The main idea of the studies conducted is to consider solar-screening devices as an additional mean of light reflection solar protection in form of screens, canopies or blinds, which act to prevent direct solar ray penetration into interiors and reduce overheating, glare, and contrasts. On the other hand, external solar protection increases the indoor levels of natural illumination due to the reflection of sunlight from sun protection structures. The conclusion is made, that such a scientific and design approach opened a new item in lighting research and technology, which can be called “supplementary daylighting of interiors”.
Sun shading becomes really efficient only in conditions of hot and sunny climate. The emerging shortage in daylight in this case can be improved by additional daylight, reflected from the outer structures of sun-protecting devices. Such an approach to the design of the internal lighting environment makes it more comfortable, decreasing excessive brightness, contrast, and uneven daylight spreading character over the premise. There are several conclusions made on the materials of case and theoretical experiments. These conclusions proved the positive points of stationary sun protection not only as the screening structures, but as a mean of additional daylighting of interiors.

1. Gusev, N.M. Fundamentals of Building Physics [Osnovy stroitel’noy fiziki] // Moscow, Storoyizdat, 1975, 440 p.
2. Solovyov, A.K. Physics of the environment [Fizika sredy] // Moscow, ASV, 2014, 341 p.
3. Obolensky N.V. Lighting aspects of insolation and sun protection in construction. Abstract of the Dr. of science dissertation [Svetotekhnicheskie aspekty insolyacii i solncezashchity v stroitel’stve. Avtoreferat dissertacii doktora nauk] // Moscow, 1983, 29 p.
4. Harkness, E., Mehta, M. Regulation of solar radiation in buildings [Regulirovanie solnechnoj radiacii v zdaniyah] // Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1984, 176 p.
5. Gusev, N.M., Nikolskaya, N.P., Obolensky, N.V. Solar radiation and its accounting in modern construction [Solnechnaya radiaciya i ee uchet v sovremennom stroitel’stve] // Moscow, Scientific works of NIISF, issue 5, 1972, pp. 3–13.
6. Twarowski, M. The sun in architecture [Solnce v arhitekture] // Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1977, 287 p.
7. Stetsky, S.V. Improvement of the internal light environment on the objects of transport infrastructure with aid of sun-protective devices // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2017, (90) 012222.
8. Solovyov, A.K. Research into illumination of buildings and construction conducted in architectural and construction educational and scientific institutes: a review // Light and Engineering, 2018, Vol. 25, # 1, pp. 23–30.
9. Solovyov, A.K. Evaluation of the light environment of industrial premises in the conditions of a clear sky [Solov’yev, A.K. Otsenka svetovoy sredy proizvodstvennykh pomeshcheniy v usloviyakh yasnogo neba] // Svetotekhnika, 1987, # 7, pp. 14–16.
10. Dvoretsky, A.T., Morgunova, M.A., Sergeichuk, O.V., Spiridonov, A.V. Methods of designing immovable sun protection devices // Light and Engineering, 2017, Vol. 25, # 1, pp. 115–120.
11. Solovyov, A.K. Scientific bases for increasing energy efficiency of overhead natural lighting systems of industrial buildings using light field theory. Abstract of dissertation of Doctor of Technical Sciences [Nauchnye osnovy povysheniya energoeffektivnosti sistem verhnego estestvennogo osveshcheniya promyshlennyh zdanij s primeneniem teorii svetovogo polya. Avtoreferat dissertacii doktora tekhnicheskih nauk] // Moscow, 2010, 46 p.
12. Stetsky, S.V. A comparative analysis of functional characteristics of sun-protection means for civil buildings in sunny climate conditions // Light and Engineering, 2017, Vol. 25, # 4, pp. 123–129.
13. Codes and Regulations (set of Rules) SP 367.1325800.2017: Residential and Public Buildings. Rules of Natural and Integral lighting’ design [Normy i pravila (svod pravil) SP 367.1325800.2017: Zdaniya zhilyye i obshchestvennyye. Pravila proyektirovaniya yestestvennogo i sovmeshchennogo osveshcheniya] // Moscow, 2017.
14. Sanitary Codes and Regulations – SanPin 1.2.3685–21: Hygienic norms and requirements to provide safety and/or harmless for a human being factors of live able environment [Sanitarnyye normy i pravila – San‑PiN 1.2.3685–21 Gigiyenicheskiye normativy i trebovaniya k obespecheniyu bezopasnosti i (ili) bezvrednosti dlya cheloveka faktorov sredy obitaniya] // Moscow: Ministry of Health of Russia, 2021, 8 p.
15. Soloviev, A.K. Taking into account the influence of reflected light in calculations of natural lighting of industrial buildings with overhead light systems with uneven light distribution. Collection of papers of the Department of Architecture of MISI [Uchyot vliyaniya otrazhyonnogo sveta v raschyotah estestvennogo osveshcheniya promyshlennyh zdanij s sistemami verhnih svetoproyomov pri neravnomernom svetoraspredelenii. Sb. trud.kaf.arhit. MISI] // Moscow, MISI Publishing House, 1974, pp. 73–82.
16. Stetsky, S.V., Galaeva, N.L. Contemporary types of energy-efficient buildings: an architectural and structural review // E3S Web of Conferences, 2021, Vol. 244, P. 05010.
17. Solar shading for low-energy buildings // Belgium: European Solar-Shading Organization, 2012, February, 34 p.
18. Understanding overheating-where to start (an introduction for house builders and designers) // Great Britain: NHBC Foundation, 2012, 34 p.
19. Stetskiy, S.V., Porublev, S.A. Methods for calculating natural illumination taking into account light reflected from light-redistributing sun protection devices [Metody raschyota estestvennoj osveshchyonnosti s uchyotom sveta, otrazhyonnogo ot svetopereraspredelyayushchih solncezashchitnyh ustrojstv] // Construction materials, equipment and technologies of the 21st century, 2011, #. 4, pp. 34–37.
20. Stetsky, S. V., Khodeir, V.A. Indoor light environment inside residential buildings in the event of application of combined methods of sun protection [Vnutrennyaya svetovaya sreda v zhilykh zdaniyakh pri ispol’zovanii kombinirovannoy solntsezashchity] // Proceedings of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 2012, # 8, pp. 39–45.
21. Zemtsov, V.A., Solovyov, A.K., Shmarov, I.A. Luminance parameters of the standard cie sky within natural room illumination calculations and their application under various light climate conditions in Russia // Light & Engineering, 2017, Vol. 25, # 1, pp. 106–114.
22. Soloviev, A.K. Nguyen, T.H.F. Method for calculating light climate parameters based on the light efficiency of solar radiation [Metod raschëta parametrov svetovogo klimata po svetovoj effektivnosti solnechnogo izlucheniya] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 5, pp. 21–24.
23. Stetsky, S., Larionova, K. The influence of sunprotective devices on natural light distribution in premises // E3S Web of Conferences, 2018 International Science Conference on Business Technologies for Sustainable Urban Development, SPbWOSCE2018, 2019.
24. Nguyen, P.T.K., Pham, H.T.H., Solovyev, A.K., Tamrazyan, A.G. Improving the accuracy of daylight calculation with impact of sun-shading devices for the Russian standard // Engineering Journal, 2021, Vol. 25, # 7, pp. 109–120.
25. Stetsky, S.V., Dorozhkina, E.A. Improving the quality of light, acoustic and insolation environment in the premises of civil buildings using stationary sun protection devices [Povyshenie kachestva svetovoj, akusticheskoj i insolyacionnoj sredy v pomeshcheniyah grazhdanskih zdanij s primeneniem stacionarnyh solncezashchitnyh ustrojstv] // Innovations and Investments, 2021, # 2, pp. 193–198.
26. Stetsky, S., Tushova, E., Khalil, M. Natural lighting of interiors and sun protection of premises with roof lighting system // BIO Web of Conferences, 2024, Vol. 116, p. 04006.
27. Dvoretsky, A.T., Morgunova, M.A., Sergeichuk, O.V., Spiridonov, A.V. Methods of fixed shading devices designing [Metody proektirovaniya stacionarnyh solncezashchitnyh ustrojstv] // Construction materials, equipment, technologies of the 21st century, 2018, # 11–12, pp. 6–10.
28. Buravchenko, V.S., Dvoretsky, A.T., Sergeychuk, O.V., Spiridonov, A.V., Shubin, I.L. Modern sunscreen devices. Classification of basic types [Sovremennye solncezashchitnye ustrojstva. Klassifikaciya osnovnyh tipov] // Construction materials, equipment, technologies of the 21st century, 2018, # 1–2, pp. 54–56.
29. Spiridonov, A.V., Dvoretsky, A.T. Insolation and sun protection [Insolyaciya i solncezashchita] // Reference book on lighting engineering. Edition 4. Moscow, 2019, pp. 553–566.
30. Dvoretsky, A.T., Spiridonov, A.V., Shubin, I.L., Klevets, K.N. Accounting of climatic features in designing solar shading devices [Uchet klimaticheskih osobennostej pri proektirovanii solncezashchitnyh ustrojstv] // Svetotechnika, 2018, No. 2, pp. 52–55.
31. Dvoretsky, A.T., Spiridonov, A.V., Shubin, I.L., Klrvets, K.N. Accounting of Climatic Features in Designing Solar Shading Devices // Light & Energineering, 2018, Vol. 26, # 2, pp. 162–166.
32. Dvoretsky, A.T., Spiridonov, A.V., Shubin, I.L. Low-energy buildings: Windows. Facades. Sun protection. Energy efficiency [Nizkoenergeticheskie zdaniya: Okna. Fasady. Solncezashchita. Energoeffektivnost’] / Monograph, DirectMedia Publishing, 2022, 230 p.
33. Dvoretsky, A.T., Zavaliy, A.A., Spiridonov, A.V., and Shubin, I.L. Estimation of insolation of the mirror hall of a unique building // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 4, pp. 42–48.

1. Prokopenko, V.T., Trofimov, V.A., Sharok, L.P. Psychology of visual perception: Textbook. [Psixologiya zritelnogo vospriyatiya] / SPbGUITMO, 2006, 73 p.
2. Redko, A.V., Konstantinova, E.V. Photographic processes of information registration [Fotograficheskie processi registracii informacii] / Politekhnika, 2005, 592 pp.
3. Starovoytov, V.V., Golub, Yu.I. Digital images: from obtaining to processing [Cifrovie izobrajeniya_ ot polucheniya do obrabotki] / UIPI NAS-Minsk, 2014, 202 p.
4. Krasilnikov, N.N. Digital processing of 2D and 3D images [Cifrovaya obrabotka 2D_ i 3D_izobrajenii] / BHV-Petersburg, 2011, 602 p.
5. Varepo, L.G. Printing materials. Paper: Textbook [Poligraficheskie materiali. Bumaga] / OmskGTU, 2010, 132 p.
6. Kostin, A.G., Tareev, S.E. Methodology for detecting counterfeit documents and their details: Textbook [Metodika viyavleniya poddelok dokumentov i ih rekvizitov] / SSEI-Plekhanov, 2012, 108 p.
7. Erosh, I.L., Sergeev, M.B., Soloviev, N.V. Image processing and recognition in preventive security systems [Obrabotka i raspoznavanie izobrajenii v sistemah preventivnoi bezopasnosti] / SPbGUAP, 2005, 154 pp.
8. Domasev, M.V., Gnatyuk, S.P. Color, color management, color calculations and measurements [Cvet_ upravlenie cvetom_ cvetovie rascheti i izmereniya] / SPb-Piter, 2009, 224 p.
9. Standard RF: GOST R 58611–2019 “Writing paper. General specifications” [Bumaga pischaya. Obschie tehnicheskie usloviya].
10. Flate, D.M. Paper properties [Svoistva bumagi] / Lesnaya-Promyshlennost, 1986, 679 p.
11. Potapov, A.S. Computer vision systems. [Sistemi kompyuternogo zreniya] / ITMO University, 2016, 161 p. 12. Budak, V.P., Grigoriev, A.A., Smirnov, P.A., Snetkov, V.Y. Fundamentals of lighting engineering: Textbook [Osnovi svetotehniki] / MPEI Publishing House, 2023, 531 p.
13. Kataev, M. Yu., Kartashov, E. Yu., Karpov, R.K. Methodology for assessing the colour quality of brick production based on RGB images // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 4, pp. 18–24.
14. Vinogradov, E.L., Tropets, V.A. Study of optical properties of printing paper: an integrated approach // Design. Materials. Technology, 2011, # 4, pp. 47–51.
15. Chen, B., Wang, C., Piovarči, M. et al. The effect of geometry and illumination on appearance perception of different material categories // Vis. Comput., 2021, Vol. 37, pp. 2975–2987.

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) provide a powerful framework for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) across various scientific and engineering disciplines. Unlike traditional numerical methods, PINNs do not require extensive expertise in the underlying numerical techniques of the target domain, making them accessible for a broader range of users. While PINNs have shown promise for solving forward and inverse problems, their performance relative to classical methods remains a topic of active investigation, particularly in radiative transfer applications.
In this study, we assess the application of PINNs to a one-dimensional radiative transfer equation. Through simple test cases, we evaluate their strengths and limitations compared to the discrete ordinate method. Our findings indicate that PINNs can achieve an error as low as 0.3 % within several minutes of computation, whereas traditional solvers are significantly faster. However, the ease of implementation and the ability of PINNs to address inverse and high-dimensional problems highlight their potential as a complementary approach, particularly for complex scenarios.

1. Kurt, H., Kiyak, I. Artificial intelligence based outdoor lighting system control design for smart cities // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 6, pp. 110–122.
2. Budak, V.P., Ilyina, E.I. Construction of a psychophysical scale of visual comfort of lighting based on a neural network: preparation of the experiment // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 3, pp. 114–122.
3. Banerjee, S., Ahmad, A., Mukherjee, A., Malik, P. Application of artificial intelligence in stimulating plant growth using electric lighting // Light & Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 2, pp. 78–85.
4. Raissi, M., Perdikaris, P., Karniadakis, G.E. Physics-informed neural networks: a deep learning framework for solving forward and inverse problems involving nonlinear partial differential equations // Journal of Computational Physics, 2019, Vol. 378, pp. 686–707.
5. Piscopo, M.L., Spannowsky, M., Waite, P. Solving differential equations with neural networks: applications to the calculation of cosmological phase transitions // Physical Review D, 2019, Vol. 100, # 1.
6. Gu, L., Qin, S., Xu, L., Chen, R. Physics-informed neural networks with domain decomposition for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations // Physics of Fluids, 2024, Vol. 36, # 2.
7. Wang, D., Jiang, X., Song, Y., Fu, M., Zhang, Z., Chen, X., Zhang, M. Applications of physics-informed neural network for optical fibre communications // IEEE Communications Magazine, 2022, Vol. 60, # 9, pp. 32–37.
8. Ji, W., Chang, J., Xu, H.-X., Gao, J.R., Gröblacher, S., Urbach, H.P., Adam, A.J.L. Recent advances in meta surface design and quantum optics applications with machine learning, physics-informed neural networks, and topology optimization methods // Light: Science and Applications, 2023, Vol. 12, # 1.
9. Chen, Y., Lu L., Karniadakis, G.E., Dal Negro, L. Physics-informed neural networks for inverse problems in nano-optics and metamaterials // Optics Express, 2020, Vol. 28, # 8, 11618 p.
10. Hopfield, J.J. Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1982, Vol. 79, # 8, pp. 2554–2558.
11. Hinton, G.E., Sejnowski, T.J. Optimal perceptual inference // IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 1983, pp. 448–453.
12. Karasik, V.E., Belov, M.L., Zhivotovsky, I.V., Sakharov, A.A. Selection and justification of optimal spectral wavelengths for control of methane emission from an advanced nanosatellite // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 5, pp. 143–152.
13. Ibragimov, A.M., Aksakovskaya, L.N., Gerasimova, S.V. Mathematical model for heat and mass transfer of concrete heat treatment using solar power // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 12–21.
14. Giyasov, A.I., Mirzoev, S.M. Heat Transfer Model of Curtain Wall Facade Systems under Insolation // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 2, pp. 22–29.
15. Budak, V.P., Grimaylo, A.V. Energy calculation of optical systems: direct Monte-Carlo method modification // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 6, pp. 65–69.
16. Budak, V.P., Zheleznov, I.I., Grigoryev, A.A. Features of solving the radiation transfer equation in lowtemperature gas discharge plasma // Light & Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 3, pp. 4–10.
17. Kataev, M. Yu., Dadonova, M.M., Efremenko, D.S. Illumination correction of multi-time rgb images obtained with an unmanned aerial vehicle // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 2, pp. 50–58.
18. Chen, S., Efremenko, D.S., Zhang, Z., Meng, L. In-terrestrial aquaculture fields mapping from high resolution remote sensing images // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 5, pp. 135–142.
19. Afanas’ev, V.P., Budak, V.P., Efremenko, D.S., Kaplya, P.S. Application of the photometric theory of the radiance field in the problems of electron scattering // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 2, pp. 88–96.
20. Chuprov, I.A., Konstantinov, D.N., Efremenko, D.S., Zemlyakov, V.V. Solution of the radiative transfer equation for vertically inhomogeneous media by numerical integration solvers: comparative analysis // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 5, pp. 21–30.
21. Basov, A. Yu., Boos, G.V., Budak, V.P., Grimaylo, A.V. Luminance factor modelling for an arbitrary surface // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 2, pp. 15–20.
22. Efremenko, D.S. Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer model with the neural network based eigenvalue solver: proof of concept // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 1, pp. 56–62.
23. Stegmann, P.G., Johnson, B., Moradi, I., Karpowicz, B. A deep learning approach to fast radiative transfer // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2022, Vol. 280, 108088 p.
24. Chuprov, I., Gao, J., Efremenko, D., Kazakov, E., Buzaev, F., Zemlyakov, V. Application of global optimization for retrievals from synthetic multi-angle measurements // Light & Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 3, pp. 11–19.
25. Huhn, Q.A., Tano, M.E., Ragusa, J.C. Physics-informed neural network with Fourier features for radiation transport in heterogeneous media // Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2023, Vol. 197, # 9, pp. 2484–2497.
26. Zucker, S., Batenkov, D., Rozenhaimer, M.S. Physics-informed neural networks for modeling atmospheric radiative transfer // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2025, Vol. 331, 109253 p.
27. Grossmann, T.G., Komorowska, U.J., Latz, J. Can physics-informed neural networks beat the finite element method? // ArXiv Preprint, 2023.
28. Markidis, S. The Old and the New: Can physics-informed deep-learning replace traditional linear solvers? // Frontiers in Big Data, 2021, Vol. 4.
29. Chuprov, I., Gao, J., Efremenko, D., Kazakov, E., Buzaev, F., Zemlyakov, V. Optimization of physics-informed neural networks for solving the nonlinear schrödinger equation // Doklady Mathematics, 2023, Vol. 108, # S2, pp. S186– S195.
30. De Ryck, T., Mishra, S. Numerical analysis of physics-informed neural networks and related models in physics-informed machine learning // Acta Numerica, 2024, Vol. 33, pp. 633–713.
31. Gorikhovskii, V.I., Evdokimova, T.O., Poletansky, V.A. Neural networks in solving differential equations // Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2022, Vol. 2308, # 1, 012008 p.
32. Afanas’ev, V.P., Basov, A. Yu., Budak, V.P., Efremenko, D.S., Kokhanovsky, A.A. Analysis of the discrete theory of radiative transfer in the coupled “ocean-atmosphere” system: current status, problems and development prospects // Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2020, Vol. 8, # 3, 202 p.
33. Budak, V.P., Klyuykov, D.A., Korkin, S.V. Complete matrix solution of radiative transfer equation for PILE of horizontally homogeneous slabs // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2011, Vol. 112, # 7, pp. 1141–1148.
34. Budak, V.P., Kaloshin, G.A., Shagalov, O.V., Zheltov, V.S. Numerical modelling of the radiative transfer in a turbid medium using the synthetic iteration // Optics Express, 2015, Vol. 23, # 15, A829 p.
35. Chandrasekhar, S. Radiative transfer // Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1950.
36. Wang, X., Xing, S., Jiang, J., Hong, L., Sun, J.- Q. Separable Gaussian neural networks for high-dimensional nonlinear stochastic systems // Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 2024, Vol. 76, 103594 p.
37. Sykes, J.B. Approximate integration of the equation of transfer // Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1951, Vol. 111, # 4, pp. 377–386.
38. Mishra, S., Molinaro, R. Physics-informed neural networks for simulating radiative transfer // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2021, Vol. 270, 107705 p.
39. Kostenetskiy, P.S., Chulkevich, R.A., Kozyrev, V.I. HPC Resources of the higher school of economics // Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, Vol. 1740, # 1, pp. 012050.
40. Buzaev, F., Gao, J., Chuprov, I., Kazakov, E., Zemlyakov, V. Hybrid acceleration techniques for the physics-informed neural networks: a comparative analysis // Machine Learning, 2023, Vol. 113, # 6, pp. 3675–3692.
41. Xu, K., Darve, E. Physics constrained learning for data-driven inverse modelling from sparse observations // ArXiv Preprint, 2020. https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.10521.

This article is devoted to the use of light in the architecture, and especially of cult architecture. For many centuries, people have considered the light of the sun and the flame of a candle to be the best ways to glorify God. The culture of light and its symbolic significance in cult architecture have passed through the centuries. The Bible has always identified God, Christ, truth, virtue, and salvation with light, and godlessness and the devil with darkness. The Caliph of the Omeyyid caliphate, Muawiya, wrote that “… Muslims are people of the Law, whereas Christians are people of the Book and Light …”. Light has always been associated with a miracle, magic, a mystical gift from the powers of heaven. The medieval metaphysics of light was reflected in the development of cult architecture. The cult space is based on sheaves of light that cut through the naves, passing through the open-work-stained glass windows. This is exactly what Abbot Sugerius, the founder of the Gothic style in architecture, writes about the Cathedral of Saint – Denis: “The hall shines, illuminated in the middle, because it shines merged with the illuminator, and that which pours out a new light (luxnova) sparkles like nobility itself” [1].

1. Ilyina, K.S. Artistic techniques of using natural light in architecture [Khudozhestvennyye priyemy ispol’zovaniya yestestvennogo sveta v arkhitekture] // Young scientist. 2019, # 3 (241), pp. 30–32. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/241/55845.
2. Bondarenko, I.A. Building culture of Ancient Russia in the light of “Words about Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion // Theory of the history of architecture and urban planning: publications of different years. St. Petersburg: Kolo, 2017, pp. 383–395.
3. Ergon, J. Everyday Life of the Etruscans [Povsednevnaya zhizn’ etruskov] / Moscow, Molodaya Gvardiya, 2009, 39 p.
4. Sokolov, G.I. Acropolis in Athens [Akropol’ v Afinakh] / Moscow: Education, 1968, 108 p.
5. Nasybullina, R.A. The architectural and artistic role of natural light in the formation of the internal space of buildings in modern architecture [Arkhitekturno-khudozhestvennaya rol’ yestestvennogo sveta v formirovanii vnutrennego prostranstva zdaniy v sovremennoy arkhitekture] / Dissertation, cand. architecture. Samara State Technical University, Samara, 2017, 149 p.
6. Rauschenbach, B.V. Perspective systems in the visual arts: General theory of perspective [Sistemy perspektivyv izobrazitel’nom iskusstve: Obshchaya teoriya perspektivy] / Moscow, 1986, 254 p
7. Grossetest, R. About light, power, or the beginning of forms [O svete, sile ili nachale form] // Questions of Philosophy, 1995, # 6, 125 p.
8. Voronin, N.N. Vladimir-Suzdal architecture // Universal History of Architecture in 12 volumes. Vol. 3: Architecture of Eastern Europe. The Middle Ages. 1966, 687 p.
9. Sidorenko, V.F. Genesis of design culture and aesthetics of design creativity [Genezis kul’tury dizayna i estetiki dizaynerskogo tvorchestva] / Abstract of the dis. doctor of Art History. Moscow, 1990, 32 p.
10. Bondarenko, I.A. The image of the geocentric Universe in traditional architecture [Obraz geotsentricheskoy Vselennoy v traditsionnoy arkhitekture] // Theory of the history of architecture and urban planning: publications of different years. St. Petersburg: Kolo, 2017, pp. 247–261.
11. Shchepetkov, N.I. Physics of Light in the Architecture of the Future [Fizika sveta v arkhitekture budushchego] // Architecture and Modern Information Technologies. 2021, # 1 (54), pp. 248–261. URL: https://marhi.ru/AMIT/2021/1kvart21/PDF/16_shchepetkov.pdf.
12. Uspensky, L.A. Theology of the Icon of the Orthodox Church [Bogosloviye ikony Pravoslavnoy Tserkvi] / Pereslavl Publishing House of the Brotherhood in the Name of St. Prince Alexander Nevsky, 1997, 656 p.

The visual performance faces greater challenges in complex lighting environments. Based on the influence of visibility and visual comfort on visual performance, this research integrates individual emotional characteristics in complex lighting environments, dividing subjective emotions into two dimensions: emotion valence and emotion arousal. To explore the impact of overall visual perception and emotional perception on the overall visual cognitive ability and their logical connections, a structural equation model was introduced for validation. Statistical results show a significant positive correlation between visibility assessment indicators and visual performance, a significant negative correlation between visual discomfort and visual performance. Simultaneously, emotion valencedemonstrates a significant mediating effect in the process of visual tasks. The research outcomes provide a theoretical basis for setting optical indicators in complex lighting environments and highlight the importance of attention to individuals’ emotions in complex lighting environments and their potential impact on visual performance.

1. Sokolova, G., Bystryantseva, N., Silkina, M. Experience in design-plastic modelling of the light environment: Part 3. Space and light as artistic language of light // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 5, pp. 64–71.
2. Chen, H., Liu, S., Wanyan, X., Pang, L., Dang, Y., Zhu, K., Yu, X. Influencing factors of novice pilot SA based on DEMATEL-AISM method: From pilots’ view // Heliyon, 2023, Vol. 9, # 2.
3. Gilbert, C.D., Li, W. Top-down influences on visual processing // Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2013, Vol. 14, # 5, pp. 350–363.
4. Lighting, A.-A. C. S. ARP4103A: Flight deck lighting for commercial transport aircraft / SAE International, 2019.
5. Lin, C.-C., Huang, K.-C. Effects of ambient illumination and screen luminance combination on character identification performance of desktop TFT-LCD monitors // International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2006, Vol. 36, # 3, pp. 211–218.
6. Fernandez, D.C., Fogerson, P.M., Lazzerini Ospri, L., Thomsen, M.B., Layne, R.M., Severin, D., Zhan, J., Singer, J.H., Kirkwood, A., Zhao, H., Berson, D.M., Hattar, S. Light affects mood and learning through distinct retina-brain pathways // Cell, 2018, Vol. 175, # 1, pp. 71–84.e18.
7. Russell, J. Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion // Psychological Review, 2003, Vol. 110, # 1, pp. 145–172.
8. Leichtfried, V., Mair-Raggautz, M., Schaeffer, V., Hammerer-Lercher, A., Mair, G., Bartenbach, C., Canazei, M., Schobersberger, W. Intense illumination in the morning hours improved mood and alertness but not mental performance // Applied Ergonomics, 2015, Vol. 46, # Part A, pp. 54–59.
9. Lee, H., Lee, E. Effects of coloured lighting on pleasure and arousal in relation to cultural differences // Lighting Research & Technology, 2022, Vol. 54, # 2, pp. 145–162.
10. Zhou, L., Wei, L., Song, J., Ruan, C., Wang, H., Lin, Y. Multi-objective optimization method for reducing mutual interference in cockpit illumination // Optics Express, 2022, Vol. 30, # 4, pp. 5314–5328.
11. Marazziti, D., Consoli, G., Picchetti, M., Carlini, M., Faravelli, L. Cognitive impairment in major depression // European Journal of Pharmacology, 2010, Vol. 626, # 1, pp. 83–86.
12. Iverson, G.L., Brooks, B.L., Young, A.H. Identifying neurocognitive impairment in depression using computerized testing // Applied Neuropsychology, 2009, Vol. 16, # 4, pp. 254–261.
13. Salmela, V., Socada, L., Söderholm, J., Heikkilä, R., Lahti, J., Ekelund, J., Isometsä, E. Reduced visual contrast suppression during major depressive episodes // Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience, May 2021, Vol. 46, # 2, pp. 222–231.
14. Seagull, F.J., Sutton, E., Lee, T., Godinez, C., Lee, G., Park, A. A validated subjective rating of display quality: the Maryland visual comfort scale // Surgical Endoscopy, 2011, Vol. 25, # 2, pp. 567–71.
15. Kuze, J., Ukai, K. Subjective evaluation of visual fatigue caused by motion images // Displays, 2008, Vol. 29, # 2, pp. 159–166.
16. Hou, D., Xu, W., Jing, S., Lin, Y. Display dimming model characterized by three-dimensional ergonomic study // Optical Engineering, 2021, Vol. 60, # 3.
17. Matta, M., Leigh, R.J., Pugliatti, M., Aiello, I., Serra, A. Using fast eye movements to study fatigue in multiple sclerosis // Neurology, 2009, Vol. 73, # 10, pp. 798–804. 18. Hansen, E.K., Pajuste, M., Xylakis, E. Flow of light: Balancing directionality and CCT in the office environment // Leukos, 2022, Vol. 18, # 1, pp. 30–51.
19. Al-Suqri, M. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease-of-use and faculty acceptance of electronic books: an empirical investigation of Sultan Qaboos University, Oman // Library Review, 07/01 2014, Vol. 63, pp. 4–5.
20. Jin, C., Noguchi, H., Qiu, J., Wang, H., Sun, Y., Lin, Y. The effect of colour light combination on preference for living room // 2015 12th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting (SSLCHINA), 2015, pp. 139–142.
21. Ou, L.C., Luo, M.R., Woodcock, A., Wright, A. A study of colour emotion and colour preference. Part III: colour preference modelling // Colour Research & Application, 2004, Vol. 29, # 5, pp. 381–389.
22. Gasper, K., Clore, G.L. Attending to the big picture: mood and global versus local processing of visual information // Psychological Science, 2002, Vol. 13, # 1, pp. 34–40.
23. Mather, M. Emotional arousal and memory binding: an object-based framework // Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2007, Vol. 2, # 1, pp. 33–52.
24. Smolders, K., Kort, Y.D., Cluitmans, P. Higher light intensity induces modulations in brain activity even during regular daytime working hours // Lighting Research & Technology, 2016, Vol. 48, # 4, pp. 433–448.
25. Zeng, Y., Sun, H., Yu, J., Lin, B. Effects of correlated colour temperature of office light on subjective perception, mood and task performance // Building and Environment, 2022, Vol. 224.
26. Vogels, I. Atmosphere metrics: development of a tool to quantify experienced atmosphere / Probing experience: from assessment of user emotions and behaviour to development of products, 2008, Springer, pp. 25–41.
27. CIE. Discomfort glare in interior lighting / Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage, 1995, Vol. # CIE (117–1995), pp. 39.
28. Lighting, A.-A. C. S. AIR1151A: Flight compartment glare / SAE International, 2011.
29. Crawford, J.R., Henry, J.D. The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large nonclinical sample // British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2004, Vol. 43, # 3, pp. 245–265.
30. Lochbaum, M., Zanatta, T., Kirschling, D., May, E. The profile of moods states and athletic performance: A meta-analysis of published studies // European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education, 2021, Vol. 11, # 1, pp. 50–70.
31. Akerstedt, T., Gillberg, M. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual // International Journal of Neuroscience, 1990, Vol. 52, # (1–2), pp. 29–37.
32. Office, I.L. International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO‑08): Structure, Group Definitions and Correspondence Tables / Geneve: International Labour Office, 2012.
33. MacKinnon, D.P., Fritz, M.S., Williams, J., Lockwood, C.M. Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN // Behaviour Research Methods, 2007, Vol. 39, # 3, pp. 384–389.
34. Hermann, B., Salah, A.B., Perlbarg, V., Valente, M., Pyatigorskaya, N., Habert, M.-O., Raimondo, F., Stender, J., Galanaud, D., Kas, A., Puybasset, L., Perez, P., Sitt, J.D., Rohaut, B., Naccache, L. Habituation of auditory startle reflex is a new sign of minimally conscious state // Brain, 2020, Vol. 143, # 7, pp. 2154–2172.
35. Syamsundararao, T., Selvarani, A., Rathi, R., Vini Antony Grace, N., Selvaraj, D., Almutairi, K.M.A., Alonazi, W.B., Priyan, K.S.A., Mosissa, R. An efficient signal processing algorithm for detecting abnormalities in EEG signal using CNN // Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging, 2022, Vol. 2022.
36. He, Z., Yang, K., Zhuang, N., Zeng, Y. Processing of affective pictures: A study based on functional connectivity network in the cerebral cortex // Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2021, pp. 1–11.
37. Dodd, H.F., Vogt, J., Turkileri, N., Notebaert, L. Task relevance of emotional information affects anxiety-linked attention bias in visual search // Biological psychology, 2017, Vol. 122, pp. 13–20.
38. Zhang, S. Study on the relationship between operators’ emotion states and behaviour performance in robotic arm teleoperations / Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2020.
39. William, R., Debra, A.L. The implications of arousal effects for the study of affect and memory / The handbook of emotion and memory: research and theory, 1992, pp. 113–149.

The study evaluates the impact of direct sunlight (insolation) for humans: physiological, psychological, biological, ecological, aesthetic, economic, etc. The research is carried out. Regulatory legal acts regulating daylighting in premises and territories in the USSR and in the modern Russian Federation are analysed. The problem of systematic violation of legal norms guaranteeing insolation is raised, as well as the tendency that leads to the reduction of daylight access to premises. The material analyses the main international documents in the field of insolation. The scientific work was prepared considering the use of such methods as analysis, synthesis, analogy, survey, testing, and others. The results of the survey questionnaire for architects about the quality of insolation of buildings are presented. The results of the study showed the main problems associated with changes in insolation regulations: poor awareness of citizens about the importance of sunlight for the human body; insufficient number of hours for the study of insolation in architectural educational institutions; unawareness of experts about the ongoing changes in the field of legal regulation of insolation.

1. Darula, S., Christoffersenb, J., Malikova, M. Sunlight, and insolation of building interiors. 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015 // Energy Procedia, 2015, Vol. 78, pp. 1245–1250.
2. Panyushin, S.K. Secrets of harmony in life and light. Part 1. [Tajny’ garmonii zhizni i sveta. Chast’ 1] // Tula: LLC “Borus-Press”, 2012, 19 p.
3. Smagina, I.V., Lunev, K.V., Elchaninova, S.A. Vitamin D status in patients with multiple sclerosis: relationship with insolation, disease course and polymorphism of the HLA-DRB1 gene [Status vitamina D u bol’ny’x rasseyanny’m sklerozom: svyaz’ s insolyacieĭ, techeniem bolezni i polimorfizmom gena HLA-DRB1] // Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics, 2020, Vol. 12, # 3, pp. 63–68.
4. Pigarova, E.A., Rozhinskaya, L.Y., Belaya, J.E. et al. Clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults [Klinicheskie rekomendacii Rossiĭskoĭ associacii e’ndokrinologov po diagnostike, lecheniyu i profilaktike deficita vitamina D u vzrosly’x] // Problems of Endocrinology, 2016, Vol. 62, # 4, pp. 60–84.
5. Oplander, C., Volkmar, C.M., Paunel-Gorgulu, A., van Faassen, E.E., Heiss, C., Kelm, M., Halmer, D., Murtz, M., Pallua, N., Suschek, C.V. Whole body UVA irradiation lowers systemic blood pressure by release of nitric oxide from intracutaneous photolabile nitric oxide derivatives // Circ. Res. 2009, Vol. 105, # 10, pp. 1031–1040.
6. Gazalieva, M.A., Glushkova, N.E., Izmailovich, M.R., Suleimenov, E.M., Suleimenov, Y.A. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Combination with Vitamin D in Patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis // Russian Open Medical Journal. 2022. Vol. 11 (2). DOI: 10.15275/rusomj. 2022.0205.
7. Stepovoy, B. Houses allowed to build closer to play grounds and schools [Doma razreshili stroit’ blizhe k detskim ploshhadkam i shkolam] // Izvestia, 31 May 2017. URL: https://iz.ru/news/720353 (date of address: 08.04.2024).
8. Vanchukhin, N.P. Insolation and sun protection in architecture: Textbook. [Insolyaciya i solncezashhita v arxitekture: Ucheb. Posobie] / Ufa: Ufa State Oil Technological University, 2000. 61 p.
9. Popovskiy, Yu.B., Shchepetkov, N.I. Insolation and COVID‑19: defense against the aggressor [Insolyaciya i COVID‑19: zashhita ot agressora] // Svetotekhnika, 2020, No 3, pp. 23–26.
10. Shmarov, I., Zemtsov, V., Guskov, A., Brazhnikova, L. Insolation of premises as a means of limiting the spread of COVID‑19, influenza and ARVI in the urban environment [Insolyaciya pomeshhenij kak sredstvo ogranicheniya rasprostraneniya COVID‑19, grippa i ORVI v gorodskoj srede] // Academia. Architecture and Construction, 2021, # 4, pp. 83–92.
11. Vasiliev, Y.V., Velikanova, E.A., Dmitruk, A.N., Korolevskaya, A.V., Tuktarova, M.M. On the role of insolation of the territories of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the dynamics of morbidity of the population with common infectious diseases [O roli insolyacii territoriĭ sub’ektov Rossiĭskoĭ Federacii v dinamike zabolevaemosti naseleniya rasprostranenny’mi infekcionny’mi boleznyami] / Proceedings of the VII National Congress with international participation “Healthy children – the future of the country”, 2023, # 6, pp. 111–112.
12. Vanchukhin, N.P. Insolation and sun protection in architecture: Textbook. [Insolyaciya i solncezashhita v arxitekture: Ucheb. Posobie] Ufa: Ufa State Oil Technological University, 2000, 6 p.
13. Vasilieva, A.V. History of the formation of sanitary norming in domestic housing construction in the first third of the XX century [Istoriya stanovleniya sanitarnogo normirovaniya v otechestvennom zhilishhnom stroitel’stve v pervoĭ treti XX veka] // Construction: Science and Education, 2022, Vol. 12, # 3, p. 76.
14. Vaitens, A.G. Evolution of land use and development rules in St. Petersburg – Leningrad – St. Petersburg (1830–2000) [E’volyuciya pravil zemlepol’zovaniya i zastrojki v Peterburge – Leningrade – Sankt-Peterburge (1830–2000 GG.)] // Vestnik of Civil Engineers, 2009, # 3 (20), pp. 5–9.
15. Basos, E.V. Area and norms of the area of residential premises under the legislation of the Russian Federation: concepts, types [Ploshhad’ i normy’ ploshhadi zhilogo pomeshheniya po zakonodatel’stvu Rossiĭskoĭ Federacii: ponyatiya, vidy’] // Family and Housing Law, 2019, # 2, pp. 37–40.
16. Vasilieva, A.V. History of the formation of sanitary norming in domestic housing construction in the first third of the XX century [Istoriya stanovleniya sanitarnogo normirovaniya v otechestvennom zhilishhnom stroitel’stve v pervoĭ treti XX veka] // Construction: Science and Education, 2022, V.12, # 3, p. 77.
17. SN 427–63 “Sanitary norms and rules for insolation of premises of residential and public buildings and residential development of populated areas”.
18. SN 1180–74 “Sanitary norms and rules for insolation of premises of residential and public buildings and residential areas of cities and other settlements”.
19. SP 2605–82 “Sanitary norms and rules for insolation of residential and public buildings and residential areas”.
20. SRN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1076–01 “Hygienic requirements for insolation and sun protection of premises of residential and public buildings and territories”.
21. SRN 1.2.3685–21 “Hygienic norms and requirements to ensure safety and (or) harmlessness to humans of environmental factors”.
22. On national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on 21.07.2020 No 474. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/45726 (date of circulation: 05.04.24).
23. Solar dimming: in Russia they want to cancel the norms of insolation in houses // Izvestia newspaper from 07.12.2023. URL: https://iz.ru/1616592/mariia-perevoshchikova-iana-shturma/solnechnoe-zatemneniev-rossii-khotiat-otmenit-normy-insoliatcii-v-domakh (date of address: 05.04.24).
24. Open letter to the Chief Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation A. Yu. Popova [Otkry’toe pis’mo Glavnomu sanitarnomu vrachu RF A. Yu. Povovoj] // Svetotekhnika, 2017, # 6, pp. 100.
25. Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation from 10.04.2017 N 47 “On Amendments N 1 to Sanitary Rules and Norms SRN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1.1076–01” (registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia 12.05.2017 N 46689). URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_216694/e9dcd‑3cea933a817c8559d8f9f865581a3eeed7c/ (date of address: 30.03.2024).
26. Kalinina, Y. Sunny circle, construction sites around [Solnechny’j krug, strojki vokrug] // Newspaper “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, № 27628, from 02.03.2018. URL: https://www.mk.ru/social/2018/03/01/roscherkom-peranas-lishili-solnca-v-kvartirakh-gorod-budet-bezobraznyy.html (date of address: 31.03.2024).
27. Kalinina, Y. Russians are deprived of a place under the sun [Kalinina Yu. Rossiyan lishayut mesta pod solncem] // Newspaper “Moskovsky Komsomolets” from 10.02.2010. URL: https://www.mk.ru/social/article/2010/02/10/428169‑rossiyan-lishayut-mesta-pod-solntsem.html (date of address: 13.04.2024).
28. Meteorologists have named the number of sunny hours in Moscow for 2023. URL: https://vm.ru/news/1105841‑meteorologi-nazvali-samyj-solnechnyjmesyac-dlya-moskvy-v‑2023‑godu (date of reference: 03.04.2024).
29. Vanchukhin, N.P. Insolation and sun protection in architecture: Textbook. [Insolyaciya i solncezashhita v arxitekture: Ucheb. Posobie] / Ufa: Ufa State Oil Technological University, 2000, 3 p.
30. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 30.07.2018 in case No. 45-AD18–14.
31. Case No. 2–170/2020 (Decision No. 2–170/2020 2–170/2020 2–170/2020(2–4365/2019; ~ M‑3286/2019 2–4365/2019 M‑3286/2019) dated 21.02.2020, the court dismissed the claim and counterclaims in full.
32. Colls V home and Colonial stores LTD: HL 2 MAY 1904. ([1904] AC 179, 73 LJ Ch 484, 90 LT 687, 53 WR 30, 20 TLR 475, [1904] UKHL 1). URL: https:// swarb.co.uk/colls-v-home-and-colonial-stores-ltdhl‑2‑may‑1904/ (accessed: 10.09.2024).
33. Shelfer v City of London Electric Lighting Company: 1895 (1 Ch 287, CA). URL: https://www.isurv.com/directory_record/4512/shelfer_v_city_of_london_electric_lighting_co (accessed: 10.09.2024).
34. HKRUK II (CHC) LTD V Heaney: CHD 3 SEP 2010 ([2010] EWHC 2245 (Ch), [2010] 44 EG 126, [2010] 3 EGLR 15). URL: https://swarb.co.uk/hkruk-iichc-ltd-v-heaney-chd‑3‑sep‑2010/ (accessed: 09.09.2024).
35. Regan v Paul Properties DFP No 1 Ltd and others: CHD 27 JUL 2006. ([2006] EWHC 1941 (Ch). URL: https://swarb.co.uk/regan-v-paul-properties-dpf-no‑1‑ltdand-others-chd‑27‑jul‑2006/ (accessed: 09.09.2024).
36. Wrotham Park Estate Co Ltd v Parkside Homes Ltd: CHD 1974. ([1974] 1 WLR 798, [1974] 2 All ER 321). URL: https://swarb.co.uk/wrotham-park-estate-ltdv-parkside-homes-ltd-chd‑1974/ (accessed: 10.09.2024).
37. Indoor air and health. URL: https://crblen.ru/dlyapacientov/meditsinskaya-profilaktika/378‑vozdukh-vpomeshchenii-i-zdorove (accessed 09.09.2024).

1. Bainbridge, D.A., Haggard, K. Passive Solar Architecture. Heating, Cooling, Ventilation and Daylighting Using Natural Flows / Vermont, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2011, 304 p.
2. Shaviv, E. Passive and Low Architecture – the Israeli Approach Within the Sustainable Building Standard / Solar 2012 Conference, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, December 6, 2012.
3. Solovyov, A.K. Solar Energy Use for Premises Heating on Spring and Autumn Periods in Southern Regions of Russia // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 32, # 1, pp. 6–11.
4. The Business Case for Passive House / Victoria, Canada: Synergy Sustainability Institute, 2015, 70 p.
5. Gagarin, V.G., Korkina, E.V., Shmarov, I.A., et al. Calculations of heat gains into a building from penetrating solar radiation during the heating period: Methodological manual [Raschety teplopostupleniy v zdaniye ot pronikayushchey solnechnoy radiatsii za otopitel’nyy period: Metodicheskoye posobiye] / Мoscow: ФАУ “ Federal Centre for Normalization, Standardization, and Conformity Assessment in Construction “, 2017, 111 p.
6. SP 131.13330.2012 “Construction Climatology. Updated Edition СНиП 23–01–99*”.
7. Dvoretsky, A.T., Spiridonov, A.V., Igor L. Shubin, I.L., Klevets, K.N. Accounting of Climatic Features in Designing Solar Shading Devices// Light & Engineering, Vol. 26, # 2, 2018, pp. 162–166.
8. Dvoretsky, A.T., Klewetz, K.N. Excess thermal energy in passive solar heating systems of a building [Izbytok teplovoy energii v sistemakh passivnogo solnechnogo nagreva zdaniya] // Construction and reconstruction, 2016, # 5(67), pp. 79–86.

This article presents the results of a study on irradiators with a wavelength of 365 nm and the development of an LED-based irradiator with the same wavelength. An analysis of possible irradiator designs, their characteristics, and technical parameters was conducted, based on which the necessary components were selected for designing a prototype ultraviolet LED irradiator. To choose the components for the designed irradiator, LEDs with a wavelength of 365 nm from various manufacturers were analyzed: AMS OSRAM (LZ1–00UV0R‑0000), Lite-on Electronics (LTPL – C034UVH365), Inolux (IN-C33CTNU2), Wurth (15335337AA350), Pro‑Light Opto Technology Corporation (PB2D‑5JLAUS),and Refond (RC35E0-UBE-AR). The electrical and radiative parameters of the designed irradiator were studied and compared with a traditional UV-A irradiator – a low-pressure discharge lamp of the LUFT type. The article includes calculations for the radiator area of the prototype irradiation unit and describes the assembly process. The research showed that the calculated radiation flux of the designed prototype is comparable to that of an LUFT 80‑type lamp. The prototype LED irradiation unit is environmentally safe, as it does not contain toxic mercury or other harmful substances. Recommendations for the application of the developed LED based irradiator are provided.

1. Makarova, N.V., Ashryatov, A.A. Study of lighting characteristics of LED retrofit lamps for household lighting [Issledovaniye svetotekhnicheskikh kharakteristik svetodiodnykh retrofitnykh svetil’nikov dlya bytovogo osveshcheniya] // Energy security and energy saving, 2019, # 3, pp. 28–32.
2. Nesterkina, N.P., Kuznetsov, E.A., Zhuravleva, Yu.A., Mikaeva, S.A. Study of lighting characteristics of filament lamps for household lighting [Issledovaniye svetotekhnicheskikh kharakteristik lamp nakalivaniya dlya bytovogo osveshcheniya] // Handbook. Engineering Journal, 2022, # 1 (308), pp. 58–64.
3. Kuznetsov, E.A., Nesterkina, N.P., Zhuravleva, Yu.A., Mikaeva, S.A. Lighting of public premises [Osveshcheniye obshchestvennykh pomeshcheniy] // Automation. Modern technologies, 2022, Vol. 76, # 8, pp. 352–354.
4. Nesterkina, N.P., Zhuravlyova, Yu.A., Savonin, A.O., Kovalenko, O. Yu., Mikaeva, S.A. Analysis of the changes in characteristics of LED lamps in a T8 bulb during process of burning // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 4, pp. 71–77.
5. Nesterkina, N.P., Kovalenko, O. Yu., Zhuravlyova, Yu.A., Oleynik, I.A. Shegurenkova, S.A. Research of the characteristics of a modular luminaire with LEDs for outdoor lighting // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 5, pp. 98–105.
6. Zhuravleva, Yu.A., Nesterkina, N.P., Kuznetsov, E.A. Development of a special-purpose LED ultraviolet lamp in a T8 flask [Development of a special-purpose LED ultraviolet lamp in a T8 flask] // Bulletin of Moscow State Technical University. Proceedings of the Murmansk State Technical University, 2020, Vol. 23, # 4, pp. 319–325.
7. Galchina, N.A., Kogan, L.M., Kolesnikov, A.A., Portnyagin, Yu.A., Rassokhin, I.T. High Power Ultra-Violet Emitting Diodes // Light & Engineering, 2011, Vol. 19, # 2, pp. 77–80.
8. Gaska, R., Zhan, J., Shur, M.S., Yang, J. Solid State Ultraviolet Light Sources diodes // Light & Engineering, 2007, Vol. 15, # 4, pp. 51–52.
9. Schubert, F.E. Light-emitting diodes / F.E. Schubert. 2nd ed. / Moscow: FIZMATLIT, 2008, 496 p.
10. Urazaev, V. Moisture-proof polymer coatings: how to harden [Vlagostoykiye polimernyye pokrytiya: kak zatverdet’] // Technologies in the electronic industry, 2006, # 1 (7), pp. 63–65.
11. Podymalo, D.K. Devices for ultraviolet LED curing of composite structures of various curvatures and their energy efficiency [Ustanovki dlya ul’trafioletovogo svetodiodnogo otverzhdeniya kompozitnykh konstruktsiy razlichnoy krivizny i ikh energoeffektivnost’] // Radioelectronic engineering, 2015, # 2 (8), pp. 270–276.
12. Sergeev, V.A., Ershov, V.V., Podymalo, D.K., Chertoriyskiy, A.A. Ultraviolet LED irradiators for curing composite materials [Ul’trafioletovyye svetodiodnyye obluchateli dlya otverzhdeniya kompozitnykh materialov] // Bulletin of SFed U. Technical sciences, 2014, # 5, pp. 71–77.
13. Standard RF: GOST R 8.760–2011 Measurement of energy and effective characteristics of ultraviolet radiation of bactericidal irradiators. Measurement technique. Introduced 2011–12–13 / M.: Standartinform, 2019, 11 p.
14. Standard RF: GOST R 70380–2022 Low-pressure ultraviolet bactericidal lamps. Methods for measuring the energy characteristics of ultraviolet radiation and electrical parameters. Introduced 2022–10–04 / M.: Russian Institute of Standardization, 2022, 24 p.
15. Andreas, P. Features of calculating heat dissipation systems when using LEDs in PLCC packages [Osobennosti rascheta sistem otvoda tepla pri ispol’zovanii svetodiodov v korpusakh PLCC] // Semiconductor Lighting, 2010, # 5, pp. 54–57.

LED luminaires are used all over the world and require high-quality and efficient control devices (“LED drivers”), the basis of which is a secondary power source (SPS) of one or another topology. In this paper discusses a new topology of the SPS based on the flyback principle of transmitting electrical energy from the primary to the secondary part. The design process for this topology is presented. The analysis of the electric circuit of the main current of the standard and new topologies is carried out. It is shown that the flyback inverting, and non-inverting converters are complementary to each other. The process and characteristics of the single-phase secondary power source complementary type (SPSCT) are also analysed. Configurations of SPSCT for three-phase networks and principles of power scaling are considered. A simulation model of SPSCT was developed, studied and tested in the MATLAB & Simulink environment. It was found that the proposed SPSCT has several advantages – higher efficiency, improved characteristics in terms of weight and dimensions and lower production costs – compared to SPSCTs of other topologies. During the study of the simulation model, it was found that in the proposed topology there are no short-circuit currents when switching electronic keys, and the operating algorithm of the entire converter corresponds to the energy transfer on the reverse stroke for the positive and negative half-waves of the input voltage. The above applies to SPSCTs powered by an AC network of 0.4 kV and an adjustable voltage or current output.

1. Global Switching Power Supply Industry 2024 Report. Micro-Tech Consultants [Santa Rosa], 2024. URL: https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/e09e7bb2–50b7–4283–910a-d828e395d47e/downloads/GSPSbrochure. pdf?ver=1725472085940
2. Gonzatti, R., Li, Y., Amirabadi, M., Lehman, B. An overview of converter topologies and their derivations and interrelationships // IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2022, Vol. 10, # 6, pp. 6417–6429.
3. Chandrasekhar, V., Vishwanathan, N., Kolla, R. Soft‐switched full‐bridge light‐emitting diode driver with reduced rectifier components // International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2023, Vol. 52, # 3, pp. 1342–1357.
4. Prado, E., Bolsi, P., Sartori, H., Pinheiro, J. A stepby‐step approach for replacing Si‐IGBTs with SiC‐MOSFETs modules in industrial power converters // International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2024, # 10. DOI: 10.1002/cta.4295.
5. Gregor, R., Toledo, S., Maqueda, E., Pacher, J. Part I – Advancements in power converter technologies: a focus on SiC – MOSFET-based voltage source converters // Energies, MDPI, 2023, Vol. 16, # 16, pp. 1–17.
6. Ivanov, A.V., Razorina, Yu.K., Semenov, S.M., Fedorov, A.V. Energy-saving driver for LED light sources [Energosberegayushchiy drayver dlya svetodiodnykh istochnikov sveta] // News of Tomsk Polytechnic University [Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta], 2012, Vol. 320, # 4, pp. 120–122.
7. Dong, H., Xie, X., Zhang, L. A new primary PWM control strategy for CCM synchronous rectification flyback converter // IEEE Trans. Power Electron, 2020, Vol. 35, # 5, pp. 4457–4461.
8. Korovkin, N.V., Vu, Q.S., Yazenin, R.A. A method for minimization of unbalanced mode in three-phase power systems / Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Northwest Russia Section Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Conference, EIConRusNW 2016, IEEE, 2016, pp. 611–614.
9. Korovkin, N.V., Minevich, T.G., Solovieva, E.B. Identification of parameters of equivalent circuits of four-terminal networks by measurements at the boundaries of their cascade connection [Identifikatsiya parametrov skhem zameshcheniya chetyrekhpolyusnikov po izmereniyam na granitsakh ikh kaskadnogo soyedineniya] // Electrical engineering, 2022, # 3, pp. 2–9.
10. Sonmezochak, T., Akar, O., Terzi, U.K. Highly efficient adaptive active harmonic filter device for nonlinear LED loads [Vysokoeffektivnoye adaptivnoye ustroystvo aktivnogo fil’tra garmonik dlya nelineynykh svetodiodnykh nagruzok] // Svetotehnika, 2021, # 6, pp. 40–47.
11. Zeng, J., Zhang, G., Shenglong, S., Zhang, B., Zahang, Y. LLC resonant converter topologies and industrial applications-a review // Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2020, Vol. 6, # 3, pp. 73–84.
12. Wang, Y., Wu, X., Hou, Y. Full-range LED dimming driver with ultrahigh frequency PWM shunt dimming control // IEEE Access, 2020, Vol. 8, pp. 79695–79707.
13. Praba, B., Seyezha, R. Design and implementation of bridgeless AC/DC PFC SEPIC converter with valley-fill circuit // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2022, Vol. 1258, # 1. DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/1258/1/012058.
14. Kadatsky, A.F. Analysis of electrical processes in pulse converters of direct voltage with pulse-width regulation [Analiz elektricheskikh protsessov v impul’snykh preobrazovatelyakh postoyannogo napryazheniya s shirotno-impul’snym regulirovaniyem] // Electricity [Elektrichestvo], 2005, # 9, pp. 43–54.
15. Cheng, C., Chen, C., Wang, S. Small-signal model of flyback converter in continuous-conduction mode with peak-current control at variable switching frequency // IEEE Trans. Power Electron, 2018, Vol. 33, # 5, pp. 4145–4156.

1. Glass, Wax and Metal: Lighting Technologies in Late Antique, Byzantine and Medieval Times / Edited by Ioannis Motsianos and Karen S. Garnett, Archaeopress, 2019. DOI. 10.2307/j.ctvndv5k4.
2. Kazaryan, A. Yu. Light in the Space of the Medieval Armenian Church: Evidence from the Cathedrals of Shirak and Ani of the X – XI Centuries // Light & Engineering, Vol. 31, # 2, 2023, рр. 67–76.
3. Kazaryan, A. Yu. Harmony of Combining of Architectural Ideas: Light Oculus and Stalactite Muqarnas Tent // Light & Engineering, Vol. 32, # 1, 2024, рр. 92–99.
4. Artsruni, T. The history of the House of Artsruni. Translated from Ancient Armenian M.O. Darbinyan-Melikyan [Tovma Artsruni. Istoriia doma Artsruni. Per. s drevnearm., vstup. st. i kom. M.O. Darbinian-Melikian] / Ed. by S.S. Arevshatyan / Yerevan: Nairi, 2001, 524 p., р. 127.
5. Zakharova, A.V. The Logic of Miracle: Transformation of Classical Tectonics in St. Sophia of Constantinople and Its Reflection in Byzantine Descriptions [Logika chuda. Pereosmyslenie klassicheskoi tektoniki v Sv. Sofii Konstanti-nopol’skoi i ee vizantiiskikh opisaniiakh] // Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles [Aktual’nye problemy teorii i istorii iskusstva: Sbornik statei], vol. 7 / Eds. by S.V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A.V. Zakharova / St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2017, рр. 205–221, р. 215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18688/aa177.
6. Matevosyan, K. Ani and its citizens [Anin ev anetsinere] / Yerevan: Matenadaran, 2021, 464 p., p. 216.
7. Urhaetsi, M. Chronicle [Zhamanakagrutiun] / Ed. by H. Bartikyan / Yerevan: Yerevan State University, 1991, 540 p., p. 162.
8. Marr, N.J. Ani. The book history of the city and excavations at the site of the settlement [Ani. Knizhnaia istoriia goroda i raskopki na meste gorodishcha] / Leningrad – Moscow: State Social-Economic publishing house, 1934, 133 p., pp. 64–65.
9. Orbeli, A.I. Short guide to the ancient settlement of Ani [Katalog Aniiskogo muzeia drevnostei] // Selected Works [Izbrannye Trudy] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR, 1963, 684 p., p. 49 (First edition: Ani Series [Aniiskaia seriia], # 4. 1910).
10. Catalogue of museums’ collections. Vol. II: Objects revealed by excavations in Ani [Hatkanshakan tsutsak tangaranaiin zhoghovatsuneri. Prak II: Ani kaghaki peghumnerits haitnabervats ararkaner] / Ed. by E. Musheghyan, Yerevan: Haiastan, 1982, 164 p., p. 126. Table LI, 3.
11. Kazaryan, A., Özkaya, İ.Y., and Pontioğlu, A. The Church of Surb Prkich in Ani (1035). Part 1: History and Historiography – Architectural Plan – Excavations of 2012 and Starting of Conservation // RIHA Journal 0144, 15 November 2016. URL: https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/rihajournal/article/view/70195 (accessed 03 August 2022).
12. Orbeli, A. I. short guide to the ancient settlement of Ani [Katalog Aniiskogo muzeia drevnostei] // Selected Works [Izbrannye Trudy] / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR, 1963, 684 p., pp. 110–111 (First edition: Ani Series [Aniiskaia seriia]. # 4. 1910).
13. Baeva, O. The hearth in the medieval dwelling of Ani [Ochag v srednevekovom zhilishche Ani] // Project Baikal [Proekt Baikal], Vol. 31, No 82, рр. 96–103. DOI /10.51461/issn.2309–3072/82.2437.
14. Kazaryan, A. Yu., Baeva, O.V. The theme of the niche in the houses of the residents of Ani, the largest Christian city in Armenia [Kazarian A. Iu., Baeva O.V. Tema nishi v domakh zhitelei Ani – krupneishego khristianskogo goroda v Armenii] // Housing Construction [Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo], 2024, No. 11, рр. 14–20. DOI. 10.31659/0044–4472–2024–11–14–20.
15. Orbeli, A.I. short guide to the ancient settlement of Ani // Selected Works / Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR, 1963, 684 p., p. 109 (First edition: Ani Series [Aniiskaia seriia], # 4. 1910).

Kirill A. Solovyov
Metaphysics of Natural Light in Cult Architecture

Olga V. Baeva and Armen Yu. Kazaryan
Artificial Lighting Systems in a Medieval City Using the Example of Ani

Polina N. Andreeva and Anastasiya G. Prikhodko
Insolation: Concept, Legislative Regulation, Role of Architecture

Sergey V. Stetsky and Kira O. Larionova
Review: Creation of Comfortable Indoor Lighting Environment in Premises with Solar Screening Devices Using for Supplementary Daylighting of Interiors

Alexander T. Dvoretskу, Igor L. Shubin, and Vladimir V. Zemtsov
Efficiency of Air Solar Heating of Buildings

Li Zhou, Wenqing Miao, Yandan Lin, and Shan Fu
Mediating Effect of Emotion on Visual Performance in Complex Lighting Environment

Michel Yu. Kataev and Akhmedzhan A. Allaberganov
Reflection Variability of Different Types of Paper under Different Lighting Geometry