To realize intelligent, efficient, and energy-saving control of landscape light groups, a wireless photovoltaic light emitting diode (LED) landscape light group control method based on multi-rule weighting is proposed. Sensors are used to collect environmental data of each photovoltaic LED landscape light and transmit it to the microcontroller through the Zigbee wireless communication network. The microcontroller generates a group control scene lighting rule library based on the lighting elements of each landscape light to determine the actual illumination and expected illumination of each photovoltaic LED landscape light. The illumination error is used as the input of the multi-rule weighted fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) method. The fuzzy controller sets the variable weight membership as the control criterion, and the fuzzy reasoning rules of the landscape light group control are weighted and input into the PID controller. According to the output of the PID controller, the dimming circuit of the landscape light is controlled, and the output power of each landscape light is dynamically adjusted to realize the control of the wireless photovoltaic LED landscape light group. The experimental results show that the brightness of the landscape light changes significantly when the wireless photovoltaic LED landscape light group is controlled by this method, and the energy saving rate of the landscape light energy consumption under different lighting scenes is higher than 50 %.

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The field of biotechnology involving the use of biomass from phototrophic microorganisms (microalgae and cyanobacteria) is actively developing worldwide. These microorganisms can produce a variety of products ranging from pharmaceutical and cosmetic substances to motor biofuels and fertilizers. Importantly, phototrophic microorganisms consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen during their growth, doing so more efficiently than higher plants. Consequently, technologies utilizing these organisms have a significant positive impact on the climate. Light, which can be either natural or artificial, serves as the energy source necessary for the life processes of phototrophic microorganisms. The use of electrical lighting, either as the primary source or in combination with daylight, enhances the efficiency the microorganisms cultivation. This article explores the primary solutions for creating photobioreactor systems that use electrical lighting. It provides data on the main lighting devices used in these systems and essential information on the requirements for these devices based on the specific characteristics of the cultivated microorganisms and their pigments. It is demonstrated that modern lighting technology solutions could improve the efficiency of photo-bioreactor systems, especially when applied in urban environments.

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When the two-winding transformer of a flyback converter is replaced by a single-winding auto-transformer or a tapped-inductor, it is called a tapped-inductor converter. Tapped-inductor driver is a prospective alternative to the conventional flyback driver in high-power LED lighting applications. This study compares a tapped-inductor driver, and a flyback driver designed for the same input-output conditions based on circuit efficiency, input power factor, input current THD, light flicker, and current control accuracy. A 60 W LED module, dimmable over (10–100) % range, is considered as the electrical load. Results obtained from Simulink simulation suggest that the tapped-inductor driver can perform considerably better than the flyback driver, and it is a more economical option. However, the main disadvantage of tapped-inductor driver is the absence of galvanic isolation, which may cause electrocution to a person touching the LED. Therefore, a residual current detection and elimination scheme is essential in the tapped-inductor driver circuit prior to commercialization.

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The results for experimental studies of the temporal structures of cloud atmosphere radiation in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) range, with a wavelength of (3–5) μm, and the long-wave infrared (LWIR) range, with a wavelength of (8–13) μm, are presented. The initial data used were discrete signals (DS), values for fluctuations of atmosphere radiation brightness energy at the output of a two-channel radiometer operating in the MWIR and LWIR ranges, with 60 s duration, with a sampling frequency of 8 kHz for each channel. Accordingly, each measurement provided the acquisition for DS arrays from 480 thousand counts at a fixed azimuthal direction in directions different in elevation angle in the range of (10–26) ° (in every 2 °).
In the studying process the indicated DS arrays, autocorrelation functions and time intervals (correlation radii) were estimated, during which the autocorrelation coefficients R(t) for each channel decreased from 1 to 0.5, as well as the power spectral density (PSD) for fluctuations of atmosphere radiation brightness energy, the correlogram method having been used. It has been established that time intervals (correlation radii) decrease with increasing observation angle due to a decrease in the effect of clouds shielding each other and the appearance of a greater number of gaps between them, as well as the fact that autocorrelation intervals in the MWIR range are larger than in the LWIR range. Time intervals (correlation radii) has been established to decrease with increasing observation angle due to a decrease in the effect of clouds shielding each other and the appearance of a greater number of gaps between them, as well as the fact that autocorrelation intervals in the MWIR range are larger than in the LWIR one. This indicates that the frequency of fluctuations in the energy brightness of atmosphere radiation in the MWIR range is less than in the LWIR one. The Analysis for the spectral diagrams of the specified PSD showed that the main fluctuations energy for the energy of brightness (radiance) is concentrated in the low-frequency region, which lies significantly below the frame-rate deflection of thermal imaging equipment. Consequently, it is possible to select the optimal frame rate from the video stream for subsequent processing by a passive optical-electronic system for detecting an unmanned aerial vehicle against an atmospheric background at frequencies significantly lower (up to 10 Hz) than the frame frequency (50 Hz) of the video stream.

1. Allenov, M.I. Structure of optical radiation for natural objects [Struktura opticheskogo izlucheniya prirodnyh ob’ektov] / M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1988, 164 pp.
2. Allenov, A.M., Bukhantsov, N.I., Gerasimov, V.V., Tretyakov, N.D. Scanning complex for measuring the spatial structure of atmospheric radiation in the region of 3–13 μm [Skaniruyushchij kompleks dlya izmereniya prostranstvennoj struktury izlucheniya atmosfery v oblasti 3–13 mkm] // Tr. IEM, 1990, Vol. 11 (132), pp. 54–61.
3. Allenov, A.M., Soloviev, V.A. Correlation (spatial) connections between brightness fluctuations created by cloud inhomogeneities in the range of 8–13 μm [Korrelyacionnye (prostranstvennye) svyazi mezhdu fluktuaciyami yarkosti, sozdavaemymi oblachnymi neodnorodnostyami v diapazone 8–13 mkm] // Tr. IEM. – M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1995, Vol. 25, # 160, pp. 3–14.
4. Allenov, A.M., Soloviev, V.A. Objective parameterization of the cloudy atmosphere states based on the structure of its own radiation in the range of 8–13 μm [Ob”yektivnaya parametrizatsiya sostoyaniy oblachnoy atmosfery po strukture yeye sobstvennogo izlucheniya v diapazone 8–13 mkm] // Optical Journal, 1999, Vol. 66, # 12, pp. 99–100.
5. Allenov, A.M., Ivanova, N.P. Temporal variability of the spatial structure of sky radiation in the range of 8–13 μm under cumulus clouds [Vremennaya izmenchivost’ prostranstvennoy struk-tury izlucheniya neba v diapazone 8–13 mkm pri kuchevoy oblachnosti] // Optical Journal, 2001, Vol. 68, # 3, pp. 43–44.
6. Mishchenko, A.M., Rachkovsky, S.S., Smolin, V.A., Yakimenko, I.V. Results of studies for the spatial structure of atmospheric radiation in the spectral range of 1.5–2 μm [Rezul’taty issledovaniy prostranstvennoy struktury izlucheniya atmosfery v spektral’nom diapazone 1,5–2 mkm] // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 1, pp. 40–44.
7. Yakimenko, I.V. Methods, models and means of detecting air targets against the atmospheric background using wide-angle optical electronic systems: Monograph [Metody, modeli i sredstva obnaruzheniya vozdushnykh tseley na atmo-sfernom fone shirokougol’nymi optiko-elektronnymi sistemami: Monografiya] / St. Petersburg: Lan Publ., 2023, 168 pp.
8. Yakimenko, Yu.I., Bobkov, V.I., Yakimenko, I.V. Method for detecting artifacts on a complex background using an optical-electronic system [Metod obnaruzheniya artefaktov na slozhnom fone optiko-elektronnoy sistemoy] // Photonica, 2023, Vol. 17, # 4, pp. 272–283.
9. Yakimenko, I.V., Yakimenko, Yu.I. Method of optical information support for detecting artifacts in the infrared range on a complex background [Metod optiko–informatsionnogo obespecheniya obna-ruzheniya artefaktov v infrakrasnom diapazone na slozhnom fone] // Automation in industry, 2024, # 1, pp. 34–37.
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11. Yakimenko, I.V., Yakimenko, Yu.I., Astakhov, S.P. Method for assessing the spatial structure of radiation from unmanned aerial vehicles [Metod otsenki prostranstvennoy struktury izlucheniya bespilotnykh vozdushnykh sudov]// Fotonika, 2023, Vol. 17, # 5, pp. 272–283.

1. Pyatigorsky, V.M., Boos, G.V., Korobko, A.A., Petrova, S.V., Smirnov, M.V. Installation for measuring the luminance coefficient of road surfaces // Light & Engineering, 2024, Vol. 32, # 2, pp. 13–22.
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3. Pavement surface characterization for smart and efficient road lighting / Presentation from the workshop on road surfaces photometric properties, CIE Mid-term conference in Korea, October 2017. https://surface-nrm02.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Workshop-presentation_SURFACE.pdf (date of application: 01.07.2023).
4. Publication: CIE 132–1999. Design method for lighting of roads.
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8. ODM 218.5.010–2018 Standard design solutions for artificial lighting of public roads [Tipovye proektnye resheniya po iskusstvennomu osveshcheniyu avtomobil’nyh dorog obshchego pol’zovaniya].
9. Standard, GOST R 58107.1–2018. General use automobile roads lighting. Norms and methods of calculation [Osveshchenie avtomobil’nyh dorog obshchego pol’zovaniya. Normy i metody rascheta].

Power supply is an important part of the design of any lighting devices with light emitting diodes (LEDs), which provides stable operation of LEDs and, at the same time, stable electrical and lighting parameters of the lighting device as a whole. The purpose of this work was to create a model of the power supply circuit for a luminaire with LEDs and analyse its operation. Modelling of the circuit was carried out in the calculation for an allowable load of no more than 70 W. This value was chosen according to its versatility and the greatest demand in the market of power supplies for lighting devices with LEDs. The simulated circuit of the power supply source, based on the power factor corrector for a light device with LED using the program “Micro-Cap”, is presented in the article. The analysis of the circuit operation in working and emergency modes is carried out. The simulation results are presented in the form of graphs of the time dependence of the main circuit parameters. The principle of controlling the current of the LED and the purpose of functional units of the circuit and outputs of the microcircuit (type MS33262) are described. The purpose of each structural element used in the circuit is specified. The modelled circuit has a power factor which is at least 0.98. The protection device PS triggers normally and the power factor corrector together with the appropriate electronic harness provides stable operation of the circuit for a light device with a 70 W LED.

1. Bogomolov, S.S., Vendin, S.V. Analysis of power supply sources for LED fixtures [Analiz istochnikov pitaniya svetodiodnyh svetilnikov] / Proceedings of the National Scientific and Practical Conference “Digital and Engineering Technologies in Agroindustrial Complex”. Belgorod: Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Y. Gorin (Maisky), 2022, pp. 4–7.
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4. Kovalenko, O. Yu., Mikaeva, S.A., Zhuravleva, Yu.A. Research and development of the pulse electronic ballasts in a set with ultraviolet lamps [Issledovanie i razrabotka impul’snyh elektronnyh puskoreguliruyushchih apparatov v komplekte s ultrafioletovymi lampami] // Russian Technological Journal, 2022, Vol. 10, # 3, pp. 103–110.
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6. Stroev, N.N., Kurdumyakov, I.S. Comparative analysis of power supplies for LED lamps [Sravnitelnyj analiz istochnikov pitaniya dlya svetodiodnyh lamp] / Proceedings of the VIII International Scientific and Technical Conference “ENERGY, INFORMATICS, INNOVATIONS – 2018” in 3 volumes, Vol. 2. Section 4: Microelectronics and Optical Technics, Smolensk: Universum, 2018, pp. 270–272.
7. Tikhonov, P.V. Energy-Saving LED Lighting System with Parallel Power Supply by Photovoltaic Modules and by Network // Light & Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 6, pp. 36–40.
8. Akalp, O., Ozbay, H. and Efe S.B. Design and Analysis of High-Efficient Driver Model for LED Luminaires // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 2, pp. 96–106.
9. Selim Borekci, Nihal C. Acar, Suayip Ozdem, and Ali Kircay Design and Implementation of a LED Driver Circuit with Dimming Function without Burst Mode at Constant Switching Frequency // Light & Engineering, 2023, # 6, pp. 78–85.
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12. Spectrum Software – Micro-Cap 12. Analog simulation, mixed mode simulation, and digital simulation software; SPICE and PSpice® compatible circuit simulator; URL: https://gotroot.ca/spectrum/www.spectrum-soft.com/index‑2.html.

The article considers the problem of lighting design of hospices as a medical institution and as a comfortable place to spend the last days of life. The purpose of this study is to determine the lighting techniques that provide conditions of visual comfort in the hospice space. The work is done through a review of scientific literature and analysis of design materials. The hypothesis of the study suggests that to improve the psycho-emotional state of patients it is necessary to saturate the hospice space with daylight, to ensure human interaction with nature. Electric lighting of hospices should be approached from two positions – utilitarian approach (to perform functional tasks) and artistic approach (to bring patients’ living conditions closer to home comfort).
We studied articles from the scientific electronic library e-library, Scopus, Web of Science databases (2004–2023) about lighting design of hospices, gerontology and palliative centres, hospice and nursing homes. The search resulted in 104 references. From these, 30 scientific articles were selected and analysed on the criteria of inclusiveness, modern technologies in the field of lighting design of residential and medical premises. This made it possible to provide recommendations on the lighting design of various units and hospice rooms to overcome visual discomfort.
Analysing the problems of daylighting and electric lighting will improve the architectural appearance of hospices. Involvement of the public for the development of hospice environment emphasizes the problem of responsibility of society and the state to dying people. A humane approach to the organization of hospice environment is necessary.

1. Sinoo, M.M. Light Conditions in Nursing Homes: Visual Comfort and Visual Functioning of Residents // Eindhoven University of Technology, 2016.
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A low-carbon lifestyle is an important approach to coordinating economic and social development with environmental protection. To explore the mechanism of low-carbon transformation of closed-loop supply chains for LED lighting enterprises under the dual-carbon strategy, this study employs a Fuzzy AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)-DEMATEL (Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory)-VIKOR (VIse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje, that means: Multi-criteria Optimization and Compromise Solution, with pronunciation: VIKOR) model to extract 18 influencing factors, clarify the relationships among them, and reveal the mechanism for the low-carbon transformation of closedloop supply chains in LED lighting enterprises. Results indicate that: (1) From the comprehensive weight data, the weight values of carbon reduction technology, low-carbon product sales price, carbon emission constraints, waste recycling rate, and consumer low-carbon preferences account for a larger proportion; (2) The centrality of the low-carbon product sales price factor is the highest, placing it at the core of the system; the reason degree of carbon reduction technology ranks first in this indicator system, with carbon reduction technology as the centre to deploy the low-carbon transformation actions of manufacturing enterprises under the carbon neutrality goal in the closed-loop supply chain; (3) The government, LED lighting enterprises, retailers, consumers, and recyclers work together to ensure the low-carbon transformation of the closed-loop supply chain for LED lighting enterprises.

1. He, X.G., Meng, Z.Q., Zhou, H.A. A city road lighting power consumption and electricity theft monitoring system based on LoRa IoT // Journal of Hunan University (Natural Science Edition), 2023, Vol. 50, # 10, pp. 11–19.
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This study takes the core enterprise data of Guangdong Province’s LED lighting industry as the foundation and uses the 21 prefecture-level cities of Guangdong as the basic spatial units. The DBSCAN algorithm is used to conduct a cluster analysis of the spatial distribution of core enterprises in Guangdong’s LED lighting industry, exploring the spatial distribution, pattern evolution, and location selection factors of core enterprises in Guangdong’s LED lighting industry. The study discusses the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of core enterprises in Guangdong’s LED lighting industry. Utilizing ArcGIS software and methods such as the nearest neighbour index, kernel density estimation, and standard deviation ellipse analysis, the spatial distribution characteristics of core enterprises in Guangdong’s LED lighting industry are analysed. The results indicate that there is a significant disparity among core enterprises in Guangdong’s LED lighting industry, and the spatial distribution exhibits a pattern of “one point and one side” as a whole, where Zhongshan is the point and represents the face of the Pearl River Delta. Zhongshan is also the driving force for the development of the core enterprises in the LED lighting industry in the Pearl River Delta. From a regional distribution perspective, the Pearl River Delta area is concentrated, while the eastern, western, and northern regions of Guangdong are characterized by dispersion. In terms of regional development, the core enterprises of the LED lighting industry exhibit certain similarities in their spatial distribution characteristics, yet there is also considerable heterogeneity. The LED industry pattern in the Pearl River Delta region radiates from Zhongshan as the central hub to cities such as Shenzhen, Jiangmen, Foshan, Dongguan, Huizhou, and Guangzhou.

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At the beginning of 2024, the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology created a commission to conduct State Tests of the improved State Primary standard of units of luminous intensity and luminous flux of continuous radiation – GET 5–2012. The work of the commission to conduct State Tests of the improved GET 5–2012 took place on February 29, 2024 on the territory of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “VNIIOFI” (Moscow).
The functions of creating a reference base for metrological support of light measurements were transferred in the early 80s of the last century from D.I. Mendeleev VNIIM institute to VNIIOFI, where by that time the reference base for optical radiometry of both coherent (laser) and incoherent continuous spectrum radiation, the last is based on models of high-temperature black bodies, had been successfully developed.
The reason for this event was the adoption by the BIPM of a new definition of the unit of luminous intensity – the candela, which linked it with energy units by the luminous efficiency coefficient Kcd = 683 lm/W, which today is one of the seven defining constants of the international system of units SI.
Over the past almost half a century, since the start of work in the field of light measurements at VNIIOFI, the primary standard of luminous intensity has undergone significant changes and modernizations, and has taken part in international comparisons of luminous quantities (luminous intensity, luminous flux, light sensitivity of photometric heads).
The article is devoted to the analysis of the modernization of the primary light standard and the results of its capabilities at the present time.

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The author’s structural and methodological scheme for the “construction” of visual assessments of the illuminated environment and the architectural objects forming it is proposed. The scheme is based on four basic elements forming a cross of two pairs of objective factors: vertically that is two states (two hypostases) of the visual environment (at day and at night), horizontally, that is, two variants of the large-scale spatial organization that is exterior (open) and interior (closed). Visual images created by daylight and electric lighting on the same architectural form differ significantly in many ways, sometimes beyond recognition. As a result, emotional ratings in the range of “minor-major” are obtained. Daylighting gives us two variants of visual images of any object – the image of a sunny day (major) and the image of a cloudy day (minor). Electric lighting forms at least three types of visual images: associatively sunny, alternative counter-image, and hybrid, combining in one way or another the signs of the first two. It is recommended in scientific works on architecture and lighting design to designate these initial factors if they give a visual assessment of an architectural or even landscape object by any illumination.

Yana E. Sergeeva, Daniil V. Sukhinov, and Pavel M. Gotovtsev
The Role of Lighting Systems in Biotechnology of Phototrophic Microorganisms

Yuri I. Yakimenko
Results of a Study for Temporal Structures of Cloud Radiation in MWIR and LWIR Ranges

Eugene A. Ivashin, Boris B. Khlevnoy, Denis A. Otryaskin, and Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
Creation and Improvement of the Primary Standards for Light Measurements at VNIIOF

Vladimir M. Pyatigorsky, Georgy V. Boos, Alexei A. Korobko, Svetlana V. Petrova, and Mikhail V. Smirnov
Research of the Luminance Characteristics of Road Surfaces and their Classification

Nicolay I. Shchepetkov
About the “Constructive” Methodological System of the Illuminated Environment Visual Assessments

Tatiana V. Smirnova (Meshkova)
The Method of Creating Harmonious Light Compositions for Lighting Engineers

Yana E. Sergeeva, Daniil V. Sukhinov, and Pavel M. Gotovtsev
The Role of Lighting Systems in Biotechnology of Phototrophic Microorganisms

Yuri I. Yakimenko
Results of a Study for Temporal Structures of Cloud Radiation in MWIR and LWIR Ranges

Eugene A. Ivashin, Boris B. Khlevnoy, Denis A. Otryaskin, and Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
Creation and Improvement of the Primary Standards for Light Measurements at VNIIOF

Vladimir M. Pyatigorsky, Georgy V. Boos, Alexei A. Korobko, Svetlana V. Petrova, and Mikhail V. Smirnov
Research of the Luminance Characteristics of Road Surfaces and their Classification

Nicolay I. Shchepetkov
About the “Constructive” Methodological System of the Illuminated Environment Visual Assessments

Tatiana V. Smirnova (Meshkova)
The Method of Creating Harmonious Light Compositions for Lighting Engineers