In some cases, a problem arises related to the synthesis of images of scenes whose data cannot be transferred to the rendering system. This may be due to the secrecy regime and fear of possible data leakage. On the other hand, the rendering system developer may be wary of unlicensed use of the software, resulting in reluctance to supply the software for installation on the customer’s computers. The paper proposes a solution to this problem by isolating the rendering system from the scene data. For this purpose, an object-oriented organization of scene data and the necessary basic scene interfaces are used to organize path tracing methods and light rays. The rendering system itself is divided into two components: the customer’s side and the owner’s side of the rendering system. Only that part of the rendering system is supplied to the customer’s side, which is responsible for the basic methods of the scene model, implemented in the form of services used by the owner of the rendering system. Client-side services, in accordance with scene interfaces, perform basic operations with scene data and rays without transferring the entire result to the rendering system, which, in turn, manages the rendering process using metrics and the minimum necessary intermediate data received from the client side. Thus, the scene data and the rendered image remain with the client, and the rendering process is managed by the developer’s server. Naturally, the interaction between the client and the rendering system slows down the calculation process, but the image quality does not decrease, and the data is not transferred anywhere. The article presents the rendering results for a few scenes using a federated approach to image synthesis.

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Experimental photo-biological studies have been carried out to find effective stable spectral PAR fluxes for cultivating tomato seedlings and to estimate the effect of the change in the spectral irradiation mode during the growing season under electrical light.
The purpose of the study was to test the capabilities of the newly developed LED irradiators with an adjustable PAR radiation spectrum to estimate the effectiveness of spectral irradiation modes to treat tomatoes for the formation of high-quality seedlings and to increase tomato yields by changing the PAR radiation spectrum during the plant flowering stage under electrical light.
The study showed that for the formation of high-quality seedlings with a well-developed photosynthetic apparatus and a well-formed habitus, the most favourable was the PAR spectrum with proportions of blue (400–500) nm and red (600–700) nm rays of about 30 % and green (500–600) nm – about 40 % in a three-component PAR flux.
The change of the spectral irradiation mode during the stage of mass fruiting of tomato plants grown for fruit production, namely, an increase in the proportion of radiation in the red (600–700) nm spectral region by 15 % at the expense of the green (500–700) nm spectral region, caused tomato fruits to ripen 20 days earlier. Parameters of the biochemical composition of the fruits (carbohydrate and vitamin C contents) were also higher in the treatment with the change of spectrum. The experiments demonstrated that by changing the spectrum of the prototypes of the phosphor LED irradiators with the adjustable spectrum in certain stages of plant growth, these irradiators could be effectively used to cultivate long-season crops (for example, tomatoes).
The results obtained can be used to select spectral irradiation modes for producing greenhouse tomato seedlings and growing fruit-bearing tomato plants under electrical light in northern regions and in isolated spaces in various climatic zones using “City-farm” technologies.

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Laboratory studies on the reflectivity of woody vegetation and an analysis of the tree species classifying potential possibilities using spectral data in the range of (0.4–1) μm were conducted. High-resolution spectrometer obtained reflection spectra from the typical and most widespread woody vegetation in the European part of the Russian Federation: needles of spruce and pine, green leaves of birch, oak, maple, aspen, and linden. The statistical modelling was carried out to assess the probability of correct and incorrect classification of the main tree species. Measurements taken in August demonstrated the potential of this method for classifying deciduous and coniferous trees. It was shown that the classification accuracy depends significantly on the spectral resolution of the data used for classification. With a spectral resolution of at least 2 nm, it is sufficient to measure the reflection spectra of tree species only in the range between 0.4 and 1.0 μm (in the wide range of (0.4–2.4) μm) for an effective classification. With a spectral resolution of 2 nm and a relative root mean square noise value of 1 % for measurements in spectral band from 0.4 to 1.0 μm, probability of correct classifying of the tree species (such as spruce, pine, birch, oak, maple, and aspen) is above 78 % and a probability of incorrect classification below 4.5 %. The use of 10 nm spectral data step significantly reduces the classification possibilities in the (0.4–1.0) μm range.

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The practice of daylighting in indoor spaces can significantly reduce electricity consumption and carbon emissions, improve human productivity, and enhance mood and cognitive perception. This work discussed the recent developments in daylighting science and practice, computed the periodic variations in average diurnal daylight levels for each month, quantified in terms of global horizontal illuminance and diffuse horizontal illuminance, for Kolkata, India, a city with tropical wet and dry climate, with two empirical luminous efficacy models of estimating solar illuminance, and assessed daylighting metrics with the Du-Sharples model. A program was formulated that could compute and generate daylight data with monthly-hourly solar irradiation data and the Du-Sharples model was utilized to predict dirt-corrected daylighting metrics for three glazing transmittance values and five elemental carbon deposition levels on glazing material. The highest monthly average global horizontal illuminance is recorded in April (64.05 klx for Littlefair model and 66.82 klx for Muneer-Kinghorn model) and the highest monthly average diffuse horizontal illuminance is recorded in July (33.23 klx for Littlefair model and 30.63 klx for Muneer-Kinghorn model). Further, the computed yearly average global and diffuse horizontal illuminance levels agree well with a previous study that applied the Perez model. Yearly average horizontal work surface illuminance level remained >1.5 klx for window-towall area ratio >30 %. The approach adopted in this work and the temporal variation charts of computed exterior daylight level data may assist building service engineers, architects, and indoor lighting practitioners in making informed policy decisions at different stages of building planning.

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Reducing the Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) is one of the important tasks of increasing the comfort of daylighting and insolation, especially in industrial and public premises with long stays of people during working hours. A method has been developed for modelling the DGP in a room with smart window with built-in grating optical filter having angular-selective light transmission. New equations have been obtained for calculating the diffuse light transmittance, vertical illuminance, and luminance in such rooms. Numerical simulation has been carried out to determine the parameters of the filter gratings, the temporal characteristics of light transmission, and to calculate the DGP at 12 points of the room. The proposed grating chromogenic smart window has minimal transmission at a designated time, in contrast to a conventional chromogenic smart window with a continuous surface coating and a conventional uncoated window, the transmittance of which changes only due to reflection and absorption losses depending on the incidence angle of the solar rays. The diffuse light transmittance of a grating chromogenic window is higher than that of a conventional chromogenic window in both coloured and bleached states, which increases daylight during months with insufficient solar radiation. The results of the DGP calculation showed that the best anti-glare performance is provided by the grating chromogenic smart window, intermediate by the conventional chromogenic smart window, and the worst by the conventional uncoated window. The developed method for modelling the glare probability is applicable to assess not only DGP, but also any other metrics of discomfort.

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The developed technical solution represents an innovative approach to optimizing lighting costs during highway construction. The key element of this approach is the use of an asymmetric distribution curve (hereinafter referred to as DC), which allows efficient distribution of luminous flux and minimizes energy costs.
The method of selecting the optimal lighting characteristics (DC) is based on a standard solution widely used in the construction of highways in the Russian Federation. The DC selection method is based on the ELID program developed by Alexey Korobko, which ensures reliability and accuracy of parameter selection.
The conducted research has confirmed the energy and economic efficiency of the new technical solution. Thanks to the use of an asymmetric DC, it was possible to significantly reduce the cost of building highways and roads – up to 18 %, while maintaining illumination standard. This allows not only to save money on the construction of infrastructure, but also helps to improve energy efficiency and reduce the load on the power grid.

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The development and application of such emergingtechnologies, as 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing have brought great opportunities to the transformation and upgrading of the lighting industry. It is urgent to transform the traditional lighting industry from the traditional supply chain to the lighting era of the digital supply chain. The traditional lighting industry should actively enhance its own market competitiveness and accelerate the improvement of the supply chain performance level. Given this, the supply chain performance of the lighting industry was evaluated and optimized using the Levenberg Marquardt Back Propagation (LMBP) algorithm of feedback neural networks, which provided reference for the lighting industry. Then, a supply chain evaluation model was established, and a total of 19 evaluation indexes were combed based on the model principle and calculation example. Next, the algorithm effectiveness was verified via MATLAB programming, and the corresponding optimization direction was proposed. When applied to supply chain management, this method can help the lighting industry to timely acquire the performance analysis results, establish benign partnerships between suppliers, elevate the order fill rate of the lighting industry, increase the R&D cost, reduce the warehousing cost, improve the reliability of supply chain coordination and units, strengthen the periodic control of supply chain units, and improve the flexibility of supply chain information and operation. Moreover, this method can improve the accuracy of supply chain performance evaluation and point out the optimization direction of the supply chain performance rapidly.

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Natural lighting (daylight) plays a decisive role in energy saving and building maintenance. An important aspect is the comfort of the premises. Modern building design requires computer analysis of indoor illumination in accordance with the green building certification program, the main indicators of which are spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) and annual sunlight exposure (ASE). Calculation of these metrics requires thousands of simulations of global illumination for various time moments throughout the year. Well-known methods of lighting simulation are not effective here. We propose an original approach that uses precomputed data and its fast interpolation on a Klems grid to iteratively simulate the lighting distribution. The method was compared with classical stochastic ray tracing and existing solutions based on the radiosity method. The efficiency of calculations has increased significantly (and sometimes orders of magnitude) while maintaining high accuracy of the results. The ability to calculate metrics in tens of minutes on a regular computer, provided by our method, allows an architectural design to be continuously checked for compliance with the green buildings program.

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A promising source of radiation for high-speed optical measuring systems are LEDs capable of operating at significantly high currents compared to nominal ones with a short duration of periodic pulse overloads. Recently, it has become possible to replace laser lighting systems with LED ones in some cases, which significantly reduces the cost of physical experiment and simplifies optical measurements. This work is devoted to the development of an infrared illuminator with an LED for high-speed optical studies of gas-liquid flows. An electrical control circuit for an LED, based on an adjustable pulsed voltage source with preliminary automatic power calibration, is described and the results of measuring the main electrical characteristics of the LED are presented. When the illuminator is overloaded by 70 % in power, the illumination from it increases by 48 %. This illuminator has been tested in a number of thermos-physical experiments to study the dispersion composition of particles from a central nozzle, etc., as well as in a tomographic experiment to measure the velocity of particles in the air flowing around the quadcopter. The results obtained confirmed the effectiveness and prospects of using pulsed illuminators with an LED light source in high-speed optical experiments.

1. Boyko, V.M., Orishich, A.M., Pavlov, A.A., Pikalov, V.V. Methods of optical diagnostics in an aero-physical experiment: monograph / Ed. by V.M. Fomin. Novosibirsk: NSU Publishing House, 2009. 450 p. (in Russian)
2. World’s most Light-Sensitive Ultra High-Speed Camera. URL: https://photron.com/pharsighted/ (date of application: 20.11.2023).
3. Willert, C. Stasicki, B., Klinner, J., Moessner, S. Pulsed operation of high-power light emitting diodes for imaging flow velocimetry // Measurement Science and Technology. 2010, Vol. 21, # 7, Art.n. 075402
4. Skripchenko, A. Pulsed power supply of LED Cree XLamp with increased current // Semiconductor lighting engineering, 2011, # 9, pp. 16–19.
5. Alekseenko, S.V., Abdurakipov, S.S., Hrebtov, M.Y., Tokarev, M.P., Dulin, V.M., Markovich, D.M. Coherent structures in the near field of swirling turbulent jets: A tomographic PIV study // International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2018, Vol. 70, pp. 363–379.
6. Estevadeordal, J., Goss, L. PIV with LED: particle shadow velocimetry (PSV) technique / 43rd AIAA aerospace sciences meeting and exhibit, 2005, pp. 37. DOI:10.2514/6.2005‑37
7. Dabiri, D. Digital particle image thermometry/ velocimetry: a review // Experiments in Fluids, 2009, Vol. 46, pp. 191–241.
8. Nasibov, H., Balaban, E., Kholmatov, A., Nasibov, A. High-brightness, high-power LED-based strobe illumination for double-frame micro particle image velocimetry // Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2014, Vol. 37, pp. 12–28.
9. Klinner, J., Willert, C.E. Three-dimensional imaging of swirled spray injection in a generic aero engine burner under realistic operating conditions // Experiments in Fluids, 2022, Vol. 63, pp. 1–23.
10. Cengiz, M.S., Yetkin, S. Thermal analysis in fixed, flowed, and airless environment for cooling in LED luminaires // Light & Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 6, pp. 28–35.
11. Wolf, C.C., Schwarz, C., Kaufmann, K., Gardner, A.D., Michaelis, D., Bosbach, J., Schanz, D. Schröder, A. Experimental study of secondary vortex structures in a rotor wake // Experiments in Fluids, 2019, Vol. 60, # 11, Art.n. 175.

Daylight is essential for enhancing visual comfort but poses risks to museum artefacts due to heat, UV radiation, and light fluctuations. Careful management of daylight penetration in museums may involve blocking or directing openings, which could mean that the displays’ illumination must either entirely or partially rely on electrical lighting. Implementing such architectural changes in heritage buildings for museums requires more careful consideration and balancing architectural integrity with improving lighting conditions. An assessment of the lighting design of the Ataturk Museum, housed in a historic building in Izmir, Turkey, originally a mansion built in 1875, is presented in this study. The primary objective is to analyse the architectural lighting design, focusing on visual quality and artefact conservation, particularly Ataturk’s personal belongings. This study attempts to report and assess electrical and daylight usage, provides suggestions for demanding display areas from a visitor’s perspective through on-site evaluations, and aims to record this culturally and architecturally significant building for future researchers.

1. Kim, C.S., Chung, S.J. Daylighting simulation as an architectural design process in museums installed with top-lights // Building and Environment, 2011, Vol. 46, # 1, pp. 210–222; DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.07.015.
2. Wilson, M. Lighting in museums: Lighting interventions during the European demonstration project ‘Energy efficiency and sustainability in retrofitted and new museum buildings’ (NNES‑1999–20) // International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2006, Vol. 25, # 3–4, pp. 153–169; DOI: 10.1080/14786450600921546.
3. Çelikmez, T., Dokuzer, Öztürk L. An Approach to Evaluate Exhibition Lighting Alternatives: The Case of Museum of Palace Collections // Iconarp International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 2020, Vol. 8, # 1, pp. 20–46; DOI: 10.15320/iconarp.2020.103.
4. Leccese, F., Salvadori, G., Tambellini, G., Kazanasmaz, Z.T. Application of climate-based daylight simulation to assess lighting conditions of space and artworks in historical buildings: the case study of cetacean gallery of the Monumental Charterhouse of Calci // Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2020, Vol. 46, pp. 193–206; DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2020.06.010.
5. Kaya, S. M., Afacan, Y. Effects of daylight design features on visitors’ satisfaction of museums // Indoor and Built Environment, 2018, Vol. 27, # 10, pp. 1341–1356; DOI: 10.1177/1420326X17704028.
6. Al-Sallal, K.A. Renovating Heritage Buildings into Day-lit Enjoyable and Visually Comfortable Museums/ Galleries // In: Sayigh, A. (eds) Achieving Building Comfort by Natural Means, 2022, pp. 305–330, Innovative Renewable Energy, Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978‑3‑031‑04714‑5_13.
7. Erkilet, S. Examination of spatial perception in the context of lighting criteria in museums // 2022, Master’s Thesis, Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Master’s Program, Social Sciences Institute, Başkent University, Ankara.
8. Leccese, F., Salvadori, G., Feltrin, Morozzi, R., Nieri, P. Study on the suitable lighting design of Beato Angelico’s artworks displayed at the National Museum of San Matteo in Pisa (Italy) // In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, Institute of Physics Publishing; DOI: 10.1088/1757‑899X/364/1/012095.
9. Yohardi, L., Dewi, O. C., Sandrasari, J., Widyarta, M.N. Lighting Design for Artefacts Preservation Purposesand Visual Comfort in Museums // In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020, Institute of Physics Publishing; DOI: 10.1088/1755‑1315/452/1/012049.
10. Mangkuto, R. A., Simamora, T. P., Pratiwi, D. P., Koerniawan, M.D. Computational modelling and simulation to mitigate the risk of daylight exposure in tropical museum buildings // Energy and Built Environment, 2024, Vol. 5, # 2, pp. 171–184; DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2022.09.001.
11. Luo, X., Zhu, X., Tian, W., Gu, Z. The negative impact of skylights on light-irresponsive historical sites within archaeological museums: A case study // Solar Energy, 2020, Vol. 202, pp. 104–114; DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2020.03.073.
12. Ma, J., Inoue, T., Fang, Q., Li, K., Li, M. A Studyon Optimal Opening Configuration for Art Museum Exhibition Space Considering Daylight Performance, Indoor Thermal Comfort, and Energy Consumption // Sustainability, 2023, Vol. 15, # 23; DOI: 10.3390/su152316431.
13. Huang, X., Zhu, S. Optimization of daylighting pattern of museum sculpture exhibition hall // Sustainability, 2021, Vol. 13, # 4; DOI: 10.3390/su13041918.
14. Bogdanov, A. V., Smirnov, V.A. Why it is necessary to revise the standards of exhibition lighting // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, #. 4, pp. 5–10; DOI: 10.33383/2018‑145.
15. Kuzyakin, B.G. Aspects of exhibition lighting in the State Hermitage // Light & Engineering, 2019, Vol. 27, # 4, pp. 11–16; DOI: 10.33383/2018‑146.
16. Emi̇rteki̇n, T.Z. The Impact of Art Object Colour and Style on Museum Visitors’ Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) Light Preferences // 2018, Master’s Thesis, The Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences, Ihsan Dogramacı Bilkent University, Ankara.

Rustam S. Zakirullin, Nikita M. Gunko, and Irina A. Odenbakh
Simulation of Daylight Glare Probability in Rooms with Grating Smart Windows

Cigdem Cengiz
The Relationship between Electricity Consumption from Outdoor Lighting and Economic Growth

Alexey G. Voloboy, Sergey V. Ershov, Eugene Yu. Denisov, and Vladimir A. Galaktionov
Efficient Calculation of Annual Daylighting Performance Metrics Using the Klems Grid

Sourin Bhattacharya, Subarna Roy, Sudipta Majumder, and Sanjib Majumder
Simulative Prediction of Solar Illuminance and Application of the Du-Sharples Model in Estimating Adapted Daylighting Metrics for an Urban Environment

Yuri V. Fedotov, Sergei E. Ivanov, Michael L. Belov, Alexander M. Belov, Victor A. Gorodnichev, Sergei I. Chumachenko, and Alexei A. Shkarupilo
The Tree Species Classifying Possibilities Research in the Spectral Range (0.4-1.0) μm

Rustam S. Zakirullin, Nikita M. Gunko, and Irina A. Odenbakh
Simulation of Daylight Glare Probability in Rooms with Grating Smart Windows

Cigdem Cengiz
The Relationship between Electricity Consumption from Outdoor Lighting and Economic Growth

Alexey G. Voloboy, Sergey V. Ershov, Eugene Yu. Denisov, and Vladimir A. Galaktionov
Efficient Calculation of Annual Daylighting Performance Metrics Using the Klems Grid

Sourin Bhattacharya, Subarna Roy, Sudipta Majumder, and Sanjib Majumder
Simulative Prediction of Solar Illuminance and Application of the Du-Sharples Model in Estimating Adapted Daylighting Metrics for an Urban Environment

Yuri V. Fedotov, Sergei E. Ivanov, Michael L. Belov, Alexander M. Belov, Victor A. Gorodnichev, Sergei I. Chumachenko, and Alexei A. Shkarupilo
The Tree Species Classifying Possibilities Research in the Spectral Range (0.4-1.0) μm