In today’s world, LED predominantly ousted all forms of light sources because of its long lifetime, reliability, very low power consumption, and excellent controllability. That is why, it became a necessity to find proper methods to examine all its characteristics. As directed in several standards, an accelerated life test (ALT) is a good method to predict LED’s lumen depreciation. In correspondence with these standards, to find that persistency of light output from a medium power LED, a prototype is developed, which has predefined data storage capacity with remote monitoring capability, at the Electrical Engineering Department’s Illumination Engineering Laboratory at Jadavpur University to measure the lumen maintenance factor, junction temperature, and ambient humidity in the defined test chamber. Besides, to test the device a particular case study is done to validate beam angle switching, a method for LED dimming. The case study reveals that the dimming method has no effect on the LED’s junction temperature or light output.

1. Jang, J.W., Choi, S.Y., Son, J.K. Degradation model of LED based on accelerated life test // In 18th IEEE International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA), IEEE, 2011, pp. 1–4.
2. Energy Efficient Street Lighting: Guidelines / The European PPP Expertise Centre (EPEC), 2010.
3. Lighting the cities / European Commission, 2013.
4. Mohamed, S. Smart Street lighting control and monitoring system for electrical power saving by using VANET // International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, 2013, # 6, pp. 351–360.
5. Peden, M., Richard, S., Sleet, D., Mohan, D., Hyder, A.A., Jarawan, E., Mathers, C. World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention / World Health Organization, 2004.
6. Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Govt. of India, Road Accidents in India, 2019.
7. Literature Summary of Lifetime Testing of Light Emitting Diodes and LED Products / Lighting Research Centre, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, June 4th, 2021.
8. Understanding power LED lifetime analysis: How intuitive graphical data sets help lighting designers accurately predict power LED reliability in different operating environments / Technology White Paper, PHILIPS, LUMILEDS.
9. LED Luminaire Lifetime: Recommendations for Testing and Reporting / Solid-State Lighting Product Quality Initiative, Next Generation Lighting Industry Alliance, LED Systems Reliability Consortium, Third Edition, September, 2014.
10. Self-Ballasted LED Lamps for General Lighting Services; Part 2 Performance Requirements (First Revision), IS 16102 (Part 2), 2017
11. Suddhasatwa, C., Goswami, A.D., Mazumdar, S. Beam controlled lighting design: An approach towards optimization of road lighting design // Optik, 2022, # 261, 169165 p.
12. IES Approved Method: Measuring Luminous Flux and Colour Maintenance of LED Packages, Arrays and Modules / The Solid-state Lighting Sub-Committee, ANSI/IES LM‑80–15.
13. Projecting Long Term Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources, IESNA, IES TM‑21–11.
14. Zhang, J., Zhu, M., Hao, C., Tang, J., Yang, Q. Reliability analysis of high-power LED streetlight // In 2012 9th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, IEEE, 2012, pp. 2755–2758.
15. Chen, Q., Chen, Q., Luo, X. Fast estimation of LED’s accelerated lifetime by online test method // In 2014 IEEE 64th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), IEEE, 2014, pp. 1992–1995.
16. Narendran, N., Yi‐wei, L. 62.2: Invited Paper: LED Life Versus LED System Life // In SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 2015, Vol. 46, # 1, pp. 919–922.

The results of experimental studies for the spatiotemporal structures of cloudiness emission in the LWIR (long-wave infrared) range using thermal imaging equipment are presented. Video streams with a minimum frequency of 50 Hz lasting more than 40 minutes, representing a sequence of digital thermal images for the sky fixed area, were used as initial data. In the process of studying, the spatiotemporal structures of cloudiness emission, time intervals (correlation radii) were estimated, the cross-correlation coefficients between frames of video streams being decreased from 1 to 0.5 during them. It has been established that for weather situations characterized by the cumulus cloudiness amount presence of (1–3) points, (4–6) points, and (7–9) points, the correlation radii are (45–75) s, (3–4) min and (5–6) min, respectively. For other types of atmospheric background (with altocumulus, cumulonimbus cloudiness and clear sky), the correlation radius exceeded the video recording time, i.e. such weather situations have a low rate of complete renewal for the cloudiness form.

1. Allenov, A.M., Soloviev, V.A. Objective parameterization of the states for the cloudy atmosphere based on the structure of its own radiation in the range of 8–13 μm [Ob”yektivnaya parametrizatsiya sostoyaniy oblachnoy atmosfery na osnove struktury sobstvennogo izlucheniya v diapazone 8–13 mkm] // Optical Journal, 1999, Vol. 66, #12, pp. 99–100.
2. Allenov, A.M., Soloviev, V.A. Correlation (spatial) connections between brightness fluctuations created by cloud inhomogeneity in the range of 8–13 μm [Korrelyatsionnyye (prostranstvennyye) svyazi mezhdu kolebaniyami yarkosti, sozdavayemymi neodnorodnost’yu oblakov v diapazone 8–13 mkm] // Tr. IEM, 1995, Issue. 25 (160), pp. 3–14.
3. Allenov, M.I. Structure of optical radiation for natural objects [Struktura opticheskogo izlucheniya prirodnykh ob”yektov] / Moscow, Gidrometeoizdat, 1988, 164p.
4. Allenov, A.M., Ivanova, N.P. Temporal variability of the spatial structure for sky radiation in the range of 8–13 μm under cumulus clouds [Vremennaya izmenchivost’ prostranstvennoy struktury izlucheniya neba v diapazone 8–13 mkm pod kuchevymi oblakami] // Optical Journal, 2001, Vol. 68, # 3, pp. 43–44.
5. Allenov, A.M., Bukhantsov, N.I., Gerasimov, V.V., Tretyakov, N.D. Scanning complex for measuring the spatial structure of atmospheric radiation in the region of 3–13 μm [Skaniruyushchiy kompleks dlya izmereniya prostranstvennoy struktury atmosfernogo izlucheniya v oblasti 3–13 mkm] // Tr. IEM, 1990, Issue 11 (132), pp. 54–61.
6. Yakimenko, Yu.I., Bobkov, V.I., Yakimenko, I.V. Method for detecting artefacts on a complex background using an optical-electronic system [Sposob obnaruzheniya artefaktov na slozhnom fone s pomoshch’yu optiko-elektronnoy sistemy] // Photonics, 2023, Vol. 17, # 4, pp. 54–61.
7. Mishchenko, A.M., Rachkovsky, S.S., Smolin, V.A., Yakimenko, I.V. Results of studies for the spatial structure of atmospheric radiation in the spectral range of 1.5–2 μm // Light & Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26, # 3, pp. 7–13.

Cities located north of the 60th parallel (Helsinki, Stockholm, Oslo, St. Petersburg etc.) are among those with a low amount of daylighting per year. The study aims to find the relationship between daylighting and electric lighting in terms of its influence on human performance, attention, and general psychophysiological state. The length of daylight hours is significantly reduced in late fall, winter, and early spring. The short length of daylight hours usually affects the well-being of people living in northern cities. The study is provided by parallel methods: an online survey and an experiment to implement a comprehensive approach. The lack of daylighting had a significant impact on the psychophysiological state of respondents in an online survey. The respondents noted a decrease in work performance, apathy, sleepiness, and lethargy in the winter season. In the spring season, the respondents described their condition as satisfied, happy, good, and highly active. The negative aspects of the lack of daylighting were noticed both by the inhabitants of the cities on the 60th parallel to the northern latitude and by the inhabitants of the more southern cities (48th parallel to the northern latitude). In the experimental part, static lighting with increased horizontal illuminance (4000 К, 700 lx) and dynamic lighting (with scheduled changes) were compared. The analysis of the experimental data showed that under static lighting the participants noticed a high concentration of attention during the day. At the end of the workday, they felt tired (headaches, tension, sore eyes). In the dynamic mode with the CCT change, the participants noticed that with the warm CCT they felt more relaxed, while with the cold CCT the concentration of attention increased. The participants rated dynamic lighting higher than static one. Dynamic lighting also has a positive effect on mental performance, selectivity of attention, and anxiety.

1. Yunitsyna, A., Toska, A., Evaluation of the Visual Comfort and Daylight Performance of the Visual Art Classrooms // Journal of Daylighting, 2023, # 10, pp. 117–135.
2. Vitasek, J., Stratil, T., Latal, J., Kolar, J., Wilcek, Z. Indoor illumination imitating optical parameters of sunny summer daylight // Optics and Laser Technology, 2020, 124 p.
3. Dzherikhov, N.V., Milovanova, E.P. Influence of daylighting and electric lighting in the classroom on the performance of the teacher and student // Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the international scientific and practical conference: dedicated to the 115th anniversary of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, 2019, pp. 6–8.
4. Matyukhin, V., Putilov, A., Effect of daylighting regime on circadian-rhythms in man // Vestnik Akademii meditsinskikh nauk SSSR, 1985, № 3, pp. 53–63.
5. Lunn, R.M., E Blas, D., N Coogan, A., Figueiro, M. Health consequences of electric lighting practices in the modern world: A report on the National Toxicology Program’s workshop on shift work at night, artificial light at night, and circadian disruption // Science of The Total Environment Volumes, 2017, Vol. 607–608, pp. 1073–1084.
6. Shishegar, N., Boubekri, M. Daylighting and Productivity: Analyzing the Impacts of Daylighting on Students’ and Workers’ Health and Alertness // International Conference on Health, Biological and Life Science, 2016, pp. 151–156.
7. Biologically and emotionally effective lighting Human Centric Lighting [Electronic resource]. – https://www.ltcompany.com/ru/solutions/hcl/ (date of access: 04/22/2021).
8. Boubekri, M., Cheung, I.N., Reid, K.J., Wang, C.H., Zee, P.C., Impact of Windows and Daylight Exposure on Overall Health and Sleep Quality of Office Workers: A Case-Control Pilot Stud // Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 2014, # 6, pp. 603–61.
9. Boubekri, M., Lee, J., MacNaughton, P., Woo, M., Schuyler, L., Tinianov, B., Satish, U. The Impact of Optimized Daylight and Views on the Sleep Duration and Cognitive Performance of Office Workers // International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, Vol. 17, # 9.
10. Borisenkov, M.F. Influence of daylightinging during the “white nights” and melatonin on the daily dynamics of the total antioxidant activity of human saliva // Advances in gerontology, 2007, Vol. 20, #2, pp. 76–81.
11. Agadzhanyan, N.A., Ermakova, N.V. Ecological portrait of a person in the North // M.: Kruk, 1997, 206 p.
12. Arendt, J. Biological Rhythms During Residence in Polar Regions // Chronobiology International, 2012, Vol. 29, # 4, pp. 379–94.
13. Shiriev, R.R., Sadykov, M.F., Cherkasova, O.S., Pavlova, A.V. LED lighting as a way to stimulate educational and cognitive activity // Bulletin of the Kazan State Energy University, 2016, Vol. 2, # 30, pp. 144–152.
14. Ivanova, T.A., Smirnova, V.M. Influence of spectra of light sources on a person // XI International Student Scientific Conference Student Scientific Forum, 2019.
15. Smolders, K.C.H.J., de Kort, Y.A.W. Bright light and mental fatigue: Effects on alertness, vitality, performance and physiological arousal // J. Environ. Psychol., 2014, # 39, pp. 77–91.
16. Choi, K., Suk, H.-J. Dynamic lighting system for the learning environment: Performance of elementary students // Opt. Express, 2016, # 24, A907 p.
17. Van Bommel, W.J.M. Non-visual biological effect of lighting and the practical meaning for lighting for work // Applied ergonomics, 2006, Vol. 37, # 4, pp. 461–466.
18. Huang, W. et al. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism // The Journal of clinical investigation, 2011, Vol. 121., # 6, pp. 2133–2141.
19. Dijk, D.J., Czeisler, C.A. Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans // Journal of Neuroscience, 1995, Vol. 15, # 5, pp. 3526–3538.
20. Costa, G. Shift work and health: current problems and preventive actions // Safety and health at Work, 2010, Vol. 1, # 2, pp. 112–123.
21. Khaustova, E.A. Seasonal affective disorder: diagnosis and therapy // International neurological journal, 2012, Vol. 2, # 48.
22. Chesnokova, V.N. Seasonal change in the psycho-emotional state of students in the conditions of the northern region / V.N. Chesnokova // Bulletin of RUDN University, series Medicine, 2010, # 3.
23. Pavlov, D., Ivanov, D., Petrov, V. The biodynamic energy Efficient lighting for use in scientific and educational institutions / D. Pavlov // The Second Balkan youth conference coverage, 2019, pp. 1–4.
24. Byun, J., Hong, I., Lee, B., Park, S. Intelligent household LED lighting system considering energy efficiency and user satisfaction // IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., 2013, # 59, pp. 70–76.
25. Chen, Y., Sun, Q. Artificial intelligent control for indoor lighting basing on person number in classroom // In Proceedings of the 2013 9th Asian Control Conference (ASCC), 2013, pp. 1–4.
26. Barrett, P., Davies, F., Zhang, Y., Barrett, L., The impact of classroom design on pupils’ learning: Final results of a holistic, multi-level analysis // Build. Environ., 2015, # 89, pp. 118–133.
27. Darinsky, A.V., Aseeva, I.V. Geography of St. Petersburg. – Special Literature, 1995, # 11, 107p.
28. Nagare, R., Woo, M., MacNaughton, P., Plitnick, B., Tinianov, B., Figueiro, M. Access to Daylight at Home Improves Circadian Alignment, Sleep, and Mental Health in Healthy Adults: A Crossover Study // International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, # 18.
29. Zemlyanova, E.I., Bragina, T.V., Laushkina, A.A., Roslyakova, S.V. Study of the influence of different light modes on the resolution of a conflict situation in a multi-user space // Almanac of Scientific Works of Young Scientists of ITMO University, Vol. 3, pp. 87–90.
30. Roslyakova, S.V. Automated control of Electric lighting in the labour management systems of computer system users / Dissertation of the Candidate of Technical Sciences, St. Petersburg, 2022, 243 p.
31. Jones, D., Davila, A., Myrsell, K. Human Aspects of Software Engineering FS21 How do breaks affect focus / productivity for developers? A tool- based approach / Human Aspects of Software Engineering FS21, 2023.
32. Light and lighting – Lighting of work places – Part 1: Indoor work places EN 12464–1.
33. The Code of Rules of SP 52.13330.2016 “Daylighting and electric lighting”. Updated version of SNiP 23–05–95* (as amended on 12/28/2021).
34. Roslyakova, S., Laushkina, A., Bragina, T. Zemlyanova, E., Basov O. The Influence of Lighting System Photometric Characteristics on Mental State of Users. The Case Study of Keyboard // CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3027, 2021, pp. 826–836.
35. Bragina, T., Roslyakova, S., Zemlyanova, E., Laushkina, A., Gofman, O., Klimova, D., Filippov, I., Brusnitsyn, A., Basov, O. Impact of personalized lighting on the psychophysical state of a human // 11th International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting & 17th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Lighting, Toulouse, France, 2022, pp. 1–6.
36. Busatto, N., Mora, T., Peron, F., Romagnoni, P. Application of Different Circadian Lighting Metrics in a Health Residence // Journal of Daylighting, 2020, # 7, pp. 13–24.
37. Kolgushkina, S.V., Prokopenko, V.T., Roslyakova, S.V. Night sky background brightness estimation by the example of the St. Petersburg city // Light & Engineering, 2018, Vol. 26, # 1, pp. 127–130.
38. Bellia, L., Diglio, F., Fragliasso, F. Lighting Quality Self-assessment in Italian Home Offices // Journal of Daylighting, 2022, # 9, pp. 177–196.
39. Klimova, D., Roslyakova, S., Filippov, I., Gofman, O., Bragina, T., Zemlyanova, E., Bystriantseva, N. Methodology for Creating Personalized Adaptive Lighting Systems for Round-the-Clock Shift Workers // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 5, pp. 18–29.

The study of the spectral reflective properties of a surface is one of the most important areas in the study of natural and manufactured objects. In scientific and practical problems, there is a need to evaluate the spectral properties of the surface under study from images obtained by digital RGB cameras. The article discusses the model of a digital camera from the side of image formation, as a spectral device. The mathematical model allows us to evaluate the possibility of using RGB images to estimate the values of the spectral characteristics of the surface reflection of the objects under study. Brick products are studied in this article. Based on the proposed image formation model, a technique is proposed for estimating the spectral reflectance of a brick surface based on RGB images. To do this, it is proposed to obtain an image not only of the brick, but also of the illuminator, which is located next to the image acquisition area. Based on the proposed model and methodology, software was developed and an experimental verification of the assumption made was carried out. The experiment captured images of several bricks and a light source and obtained reliable results on the possibility of estimating the spectral reflectance of the brick surface for each RGB channel. Real images of the manufacturing process of brick products were used for verification. Images of some bricks without defects and with various types of defects (chips and cracks) are shown. It was found that the histograms of brightness distribution for parts of bricks with defects and without defects differ from each other. That makes it possible to build an algorithm for detecting defects. The presented methodology for solving the problem of assessing the quality of brick products makes it possible to speed up and automate the quality control process.

1. Basovsky, L.E., Protasyev, V.B., Quality Management: Textbook [Upravleniye kachestvom: Uchebnik] / Moscow: INFRA, 2003, 212 p.
2. Strategy for the development of the construction industry and housing and communal services of the Russian Federation until 2030 with a forecast for the period until 2035 / Moscow: Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation, 2019, 82 p.
3. Ananyev, A.I., Lobov, O.I. Ceramic brick and its place in the construction of modern buildings / Design and construction in Siberia, 2013, 241 p.
4. Kataev, M. Yu., Kartashov, E. Yu., Karpov, R.K. Methodology for Assessing the Colour Quality of Brick Production Based on RGB Images // Light & Engineering, 2022, Vol. 30, # 4, pp. 18–24.
5. Kataev, M. Yu., Karpov, R. K., Laminsky, K.A. Software system for detecting defects in bricks based on computer vision methods // Journal “TUSUR Reports”, 2021, Vol. 24, # 1, pp. 62–67.
6. Xin, H.J., Liu, Y. Influence analysis of colour input target to the scanner colour characteristic // Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2013, Vol. 262, pp. 123–126.
7. Domasev, M.V., Gnatyuk, S.P. Colour, colour management, colour calculations and measurements / St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009, 224 p.
8. Friser, H. Photographic registration of information / Moscow: Mir, 1978, 672 p.
9. Klette, R. Computer vision. Theory and algorithms / Moscow: DMK Press, 2019, 508 p.
10. Visilter, Yu.V., Zheltov, S. Yu., Bondarenko A.V. Image processing and analysis in machine vision tasks / Moscow: Fizmatkniga, 2010, 672 p.
11. Pons, J. Computer Vision Modern Approach / Moscow: ID Williams, 2004, 465 p.
12. Gonzalez, R., Woods, R. Digital image processing / M.: Tekhnosphere, 2005, 1072 p.
13. Standard: GOST 530–2012. Ceramic brick and stone General technical conditions // M.: VNIISTROM “Scientific Centre of Ceramics”, 2013, 49 p.
14. Tolkachev, V. Ya. Ceramic Brick Science and Production [Kirpich Keramicheskiy Nauka i Proizvodstvo] / St. Petersburg, 2014, 1060 p.
15. Tsapaev, A. P., Kretinin, O.V. Methods of image segmentation in problems of detecting surface defects // Computer Optics, 2012, Vol. 36, # 3, pp. 448–452.
16. Afanasyev, V.V., Ignatenko, A.V., Voloboy, A.G. A simple method for converting RGB colour into a spectrum for physically correct visualization tasks // Scientific Visualization, 2015, Vol. 7, # 4. pp. 20–26.
17. András Horváth, Zsolt Sávoli, and Kránicz B. Spectral Reconstruction from Tristimulus Values with the Use of Principal Component Analysis and Genetic Optimization // Light & Engineering, 2017, Vol. 25, # 1. pp. 96–105.
18. Aghanouri, A., Amirshahi, S.H., Agahian, F. Reconstruction of Spectral Transmission of Colored Solutions Using a Conventional Digital Camera // Journal of Imaging Science and Technology. 2010. Vol. 54, # 1, pp. 10508–1–10508.
19. Puladas, C., Hossler, K., Ash, J. Sum-Product Unmixing for Hyperspectral Analysis with Endmember Variability // IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2018, 15 (2), pp. 1917–1921.
20. Terebizh, V. Yu. Introduction to the statistical theory of inverse problems [Vvedeniye v statisticheskuyu teoriyu obratnykh zadach] / M.: Fizmatlit, 2005, 376 p.

With the increasing severity of global environmental issues, as an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient lighting method, green lighting technology has attracted growing attention in its development and application. However, this technological innovation encounters several challenges due to its uncertainty and complexity. Thus, this paper explores the mechanisms of technological innovation in the green lighting industry from a multidimensional perspective to address this issue. Considering the decision-making of green lighting enterprises in the context of government decision changes, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model based on the innovation decisions of enterprises and governments. The model is simulated to analyse strategy choices under different scenarios. Research results indicate that the choice of whether the government and enterprises adopt proactive innovation strategies depends on the cost-benefit situations under different strategies and the strategy decisions of other relevant entities. Companies will actively engage in technological innovation when the incentive policies enacted by the government align with the development trends of enterprises. Overall, this study provides a theoretical basis for decision making in technological innovation within the green lighting industry.

1. Kan, W., Lei, L., Shuai, Q., et al. Policy Performance of Green Lighting Industry in China: A DID Analysis from the Perspective of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction // Energies, 2020, Vol. 13, #22, pp. 5855–5855.
2. Jintao, L., Xiaorong. J., Benjamin, L., et al. How to understand “salable fake goods” and “unsalable quality goods”? An insight from the view of quality responsibility and consumers’ brand loyalty// Technology in Society, 2021, Vol. 67, Nov., pp. 101793–101793.
3. Che, H.H., Shu, H.C., Been Y.L., et al. Research on a Novel GaN-Based Converted Mini-LED Backlight Module via a Spectrum-Decouple System // IEEE Access, 2020, Vol. 8, pp. 138823–138833.
4. Zhiwen, G., Honglong, N., Rihui, Y., et al. Mini-LED Backlight Technology Progress for Liquid Crystal Display // Crystals, 2022, Vol. 12, #3, pp. 313–313.
5. Teng, M., Jun, C., Ziyi, C., et al. Progress in Colour Conversion Technology for Micro-LED // Advanced Materials Technologies, 2023, Vol. 8, #1, pp. 2200632–2200632.
6. Mikulics, M., Mayer, J., Hardtdegen, H. Cuttingedge nano-LED technology // Journal of Applied Physics, 2022, Vol. 131, #11, pp. 110903–110903.
7. John, E. P., Mishra, U. Sustainable circular economy production system with emission control in LED bulb companies // Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022, Vol. 30, pp. 59963–59990.
8. Mir, D.A., Doll, C.N., Lindner, R., et al. Explaining the Diffusion of Energy-Efficient Lighting in India: A Technology Innovation Systems Approach // Energies, 2020, Vol. 13, #21, pp. 5821–5821.
9. Lu, J., Rong, D., Benjamin, L., et al. Constraints affecting the promotion of waste incineration power generation project in China: A perspective of improved technology acceptance model// Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 2023, Vol 186, pp. 122165–122165.
10. Zhu, C., Motohashi, K. Government R&D spending as a driving force of technology convergence: a case study of the Advanced Sequencing Technology Program // Scientometrics, 2023, Vol. 128, #5, pp. 3035–3065.
11. Hongchen, L., Huijun, Q., Hongjian, C., et al. Industrial Policy and Technological Innovation of New Energy Vehicle Industry in China // Energies, 2022, Vol. 15, #24, pp. 9264–9264.
12. Woo, J., Kim, N., Kim, Y. An Empirical Study on the Effect of Governmental Policy for Technological Innovation: Focusing on Korean Manufacturing Industry // Productivity Review, 2019, Vol. 33, pp. 181–206.
13. Ahia, B., Song, N., Anafo, S., et al. A story Conveyed for Emerging Economies: The Transitivity Effects of Subsidy, R&D, and Innovation Within Manufacturing Industries // IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2022, Vol. 69, #6, pp. 3352–3366.
14. Gentile, N. Improving lighting energy efficiency through user response // Energy and buildings, 2022, Vol. 263, pp. 112022–112022.
15. Gayral, B. LEDs for lighting: Basic physics and prospects for energy savings // Comptes Rendus Physique, 2017, Vol. 18, #7–8, pp. 453–461.
16. Heikkinen, V., Tetri, E., Tapaninen, O., et al. A smart LED luminaire for energy savings in pedestrian road lighting // Lighting Research & Technology, 2015, Vol. 47, #1, pp. 103–115.
17. Pattison, P.M., Hansen, M., Tsao, J.Y. LED lighting efficacy: Status and directions // Comptes Rendus Physique, 2018, Vol. 19, pp. 134–145.
18. Friedman D. Evolutionary Games in Economics // Econometria, May 1991, Vol. 59, # 3, pp. 637–666.

1. Richman, E. Determining the service life of LEDs [Opredeleniye sroka sluzhby svetodiodov] // Electronic components (Lighting engineering and optoelectronics), 2012, # 1, pp. 42–44.
2. Manyakhin, F.I., Kovalev, A.N., Yunovich, A.E. Aging Mechanisms of InGaN/AlGaN/GaN Light-Emitting Diodes Operating at High Currents // MRS Internet journal of nitride semiconductоr, 1998, Vol. 3(53). DOI: 10.1557/S1092578300001253.
3. Sawyer, S.L. Rumyantsev, S.L., Shur, M.S. Degradation of AlGaN-based ultraviolet light emitting diodes // Solid-State Electronics, 2008, Vol. 52, pp. 968–972.
4. Herzog, A., Benkner, S., Zandi, B. at all. Lifetime Prediction of Current and Temperature Induced Degradation in Silicone-Encapsulated 365 nm High-Power Light Emitting Diodes // March 2023, IEEE Access 11:19928–19940. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3249478.
5. Huang, J. et al. Rapid Degradation of Mid-Power White-Light LEDs in Saturated Moisture Conditions // IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability, 2015, Vol. 15, # 4, pp. 468–475.
6. Life after life: TM‑21 predicts // Semiconductor lighting technology, 2012, # 1, pp. 52–54, in Russian.
7. Kovalev, A.N., Manyakhin, F.I., Kudryashov, V.E., Turkin, A.N., Yunovich, A.E. Changes in the luminescent electrical properties of LEDs made from InGaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructures during long-term operation [Izmeneniye lyuminestsentnykh elektricheskikh svoystv svetodiodov iz geterostruktur InGaN/AlGaN/GaN pri dlitel’noy ekspluatatsii] // FTP, 1999, Vol. 33, # 2, pp. 224–232.
8. Varlamov, D.O., Manyakhin, F.I., and Skvortsov, A.A. The Interrelation between Temperature and Power Supply Modes of Low Power High Efficiency Light Emitting Diodes // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 3, pp. 91–99.
9. Hopkins, M.A., Allsopp, W.E., Kappers, M.J., Oliver, R.A., Humphreys, C.J. The ABC model of recombination reinterpreted: impact on understanding carrier transport and efficiency droop in InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes // J. Appl. Phys. 2017, Vol. 122, 234505.
10. Dai, Q., Shan, Q., Wang, J. et al. Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light emitting diodes // Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, Vol. 97, 133507. URL: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3493654 (date of ddresing 22.03.2023).
11. Manyakhin, F. I, Vattana, A.B., and Mokretsova, L.O. Application of the Sah-Noyce-Shockley Recombination Mechanism to the Model of the Voltage-Current Relationship of LED Structures with Quantum Wells // Light & Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 5, pp. 31–38.
12. Manyakhin, F.I. and Mokretsova, L.O. The Regularity of the Decrease in the Quantum Yield of Quantum-Wells LEDs at the Long-Term Current Flow from the ABC Model Position // Light & Engineering, 2021, Vol. 29, # 5(2), pp. 62–70.
13. Manyakhin, F.I. and Mokretsova, L.O. Physical-Mathematical Model of the Internal Quantum Efficiency Dependence on the Current of LEDs with Quant um Wells // Light & Engineering, 2020, Vol. 28, # 6, pp. 9–16.
14. Pikus, G.E. Fundamentals of the theory of semiconductor devices [Osnovy teorii poluprovodnikovykh priborov] / Moscow: Nauka, 1965, 448 p.
15. NSMArchive: Physical Properties of Semiconductors / URL: http://www. ioffe.rssi.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/ (date of addressing: 22.03.2023).
16. Manyakhin, F.I. Instability of the distribution of the concentration of electrically active centres near the p-n junction of AlGaN/InGaN/GaN LED structures with quantum wells or direct current rollers [Nestabil’nost’ raspredeleniya kontsentratsii elektricheski aktivnykh tsentrov vblizi p-n perekhoda svetodiodnykh struktur AlGaN/InGaN/GaN s kvantovymi yamami ili rolikami postoyannogo toka] // Izv. Universities. Electronic materials, 2005, # 3, pp. 84–88.

The current supply chain vulnerability has become a prominent factor affecting the stable development of the economy in various countries and is a significant issue with overall and long-term significance. This study constructs a network model to measure the vulnerability and identify key influencing factors in the LED lighting industry supply chain based on the entropy-CRITIC–ISM method. By reviewing literature and using expert interviews, an indicator system for measuring the vulnerability of the LED lighting industry supply chain was constructed. The relative weights of each evaluation indicator were determined using the entropy-CRITIC method, identifying the main factors influencing supply chain vulnerability. Based on the ISM model, the structure of the vulnerability of the LED lighting industry supply chain is revealed and presented in a hierarchical-directed topological graph. The results indicate that the ratio of key equipment suppliers from overseas, the spatial aggregation degree of the supply chain, the growth rate of LED lighting industry manufacturers, and the international market share of LED lighting industry products are deep-seated factors influencing the vulnerability of the LED lighting industry supply chain. The conclusions provide a quantitative method for objectively understanding the vulnerability of the LED lighting industry supply chain and offer specific policy references for filling the gaps and strengthening the industrial basic capabilities of the LED lighting industry.

1. Huang, Q., Ni, H. Research on the enhancement of industrial base capability and industrial chain level based on the value chain theory // Economic System Reform, 2020, #5, pp. 11–21.
2. Li, T., Zhao, X.J. China’s exploration in safeguarding the security of industrial supply chains // Journal of Management World, 2022, Vol. 38, #9, pp. 31–41.
3. Song, H., Lu, Q. Innovation of supply chain finance model based on virtual industrial cluster: A case study of Chunjie Company // China Industrial Economics, 2017, #5, pp. 172–192.
4. Zhong, W. J., Mei, S., Fu, Z.N. Research on key core technologies and their tackling strategies-based on the industrial chain supply chain security and stability perspective // Journal of Systems & Management, 2022, Vol. 31, #6, pp. 1162–1168.
5. Shi, J., Lu, D. Research on enhancing the resilience and security level of the industrial chain supply chain // Research on Financial and Economic Issues, 2023, #2, pp. 3–13.
6. Svensson, G. A conceptual framework for the analysis of vulnerability in supply chains // International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 2000, Vol. 30 #9, pp. 731–750.
7. Wagner, S. M., Neshat, N. Assessing the vulnerability of supply chains using graph theory // International Journal of Production Economics, 2010, Vol. 126, # 1, pp. 121–129.
8. Vilko, J., Lättilä, L. Analyzing supply chain vulnerability through simulation // Supply Chain Risk Management: Advanced Tools, Models, and Developments, 2018, pp. 107–122.
9. Jowitt, S. M., McNulty, B.A. Geology and mining: mineral resources and reserves: their estimation, use, and abuse // SEG Newsletter, 2021, Vol. 125, pp. 27–36.
10. Arndt, N. T., Fontbote, L., Hedenquist, J. W., Kesler, S. E., Thompson, J. F., Wood, D.G. Future global mineral resources // Geochemical Perspectives, 2017, Vol. 6, #1, pp. 1–171.
11. Baba, V. F., Wang, T., Adzani, S. A., Abdul-Hamid, Z. Information sharing and supply chain collaboration: strategy for higher firm performance in Ghana // American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 2021, Vol. 11, #6, pp. 635–645.
12. Lagos, G., Peters, D., Lima, M., Jara, J.J. Potential copper production through 2035 in Chile // Mineral Economics, 2020, Vol. 33, #1–2, pp. 43–56.
13. Yevu, S. K., Ann, T. W., Darko, A. Digitalization of construction supply chain and procurement in the built environment: emerging technologies and opportunities for sustainable processes // Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, Vol. 322, pp. 129093.
14. Bevilacqua, M., Ciarapica, F. E., Marcucci, G., Mazzuto, G. Fuzzy cognitive maps approach for analysing the domino effect of factors affecting supply chain resilience: a fashion industry case study // International Journal of Production Research, 2020, Vol. 58, # 20, pp. 6370–6398.
15. Gabor, A. F., van Ommeren, J. K., Sleptchenko, A. An inventory model with discounts for omnichannel retailers of slow moving items // European Journal of Operational Research, 2022, Vol. 300, #1, pp. 58–72.
16. Theerthaana, P., Sheik Manzoor, A. K. A signalling paradigm incorporating an Agent-Based Model for simulating the adoption of crowd funding technology // Journal of Simulation, 2020, Vol. 14, #3, pp. 169–188.
17. Lotfi, R., Nazarpour, H., Gharehbaghi, A., Sarkhosh, S. M. H., Khanbaba, A. Viable closed-loop supply chain network by considering robustness and risk as a circular economy // Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022, Vol. 29, no. 46, pp. 70285–70304.
18. Vinogradova, M., Rogulin, R., Ermakova, M., Okhrimenko, I. Assessing the sources of uncertainty in supply chain management // Strategic Change, 2021, Vol. 30, #5, pp. 453–460.
19. Salim, N., Ab Rahman, M. N., Abd Wahab, D., Muhamed, A.A. Influence of social media usage on the green product innovation of manufacturing firms through environmental collaboration // Sustainability, 2020, Vol. 12, #20, pp. 8685.
20. Karmaker, C. L., Ahmed, T., Ahmed, S., Ali, S. M., Moktadir, M. A., Kabir, G. Improving supply chain sustainability in the context of COVID‑19 pandemic in an emerging economy: exploring drivers using an integrated model // Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2021, Vol. 26, pp. 411–427.
21. Vafaei-Zadeh, A., Ramayah, T., Hanifah, H., Kurnia, S., Mahmud, I. Supply chain information integration and its impact on the operational performance of manufacturing firms in Malaysia // Information & Management, 2020, Vol. 57, #8, pp. 43–56.
22. Hu, F., Liu, Y. Multi-index algorithm of identifying important nodes in complex networks based on linear discriminant analysis // Modern Physics Letters B, 2015, Vol. 29, #3, pp. 1450268.
23. Ngamwongtrakul, B., Phienthrakul, T. Identifying important nodes in scientific publications using co-authorship network // In 2016 Fifth ICT International Student Project Conference (ICT-ISPC), 2016, May. pp. 13–16. IEEE.
24. Xu, S., Wang, P. Identifying important nodes by adaptive LeaderRank // Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2017, Vol. 469, pp. 654–664.
25. Lotfi, R., Kargar, B., Rajabzadeh, M., Hesabi, F., Özceylan, E. Hybrid fuzzy and data-driven robust optimization for resilience and sustainable health care supply chain with vendor-managed inventory approach // International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, 2022, Vol. 24, #2, pp. 1216–1231.
26. Setyaningsih, S., Czakó, K. F., Vasic, T., Kelle, P. Cross-analysis of supply chain management drivers for small and Medium-sized enterprises // Polish Journal of Management Studies, 2021, Vol. 23, #1, pp. 352–369.

This study demonstrates the possibility of growing green walls in normal commercial building environments with lighting designed primarily for aesthetic reasons, rather than the promotion of plant growth. Lighting is a key resource required for the growth and maintenance of robust green walls within interior environments. The study evaluated the appearance and growth of green walls with electric lighting used primarily for aesthetic reasons. Three identical green walls with six different plants were illuminated using three different white LED light sources for a period of five months. Plant health was monitored and documented in terms of successful growth patterns. One hundred and six subjects appraised the appearance of the walls using questionnaires. Findings of this study indicate that it is indeed possible to grow and maintain green walls in normal commercial building environments with lighting designed for aesthetic reasons. Further, key species were identified as appropriate for growing on internal green wall setups.

1. Kellert, S.R., Heerwagen, J., Mador, M., eds. Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life / John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008.
2. Kellert, S.R. Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design / Yale University Press, New Haven, USA, 2018.
3. Culver, A.L., Mumford, J., Anderson, M., Fediw, K., Lewis, M. Living Walls: Communicating the aesthetic, environmental, productivity and health benefits of plants in the built environment, 2014.
4. Rodrigues, R. Biophilic Design: The (New) Hanging Gardens of Babylon / Love Happens, 2019, # 4.
5. Sharp, R., Sable, J., Bertram, F., Mohan, E., Peck, S. Introduction to Green Walls: Technology / Benefits & Design, 2008.
6. Hosey, L. The Shape of Green: Aesthetics / Ecology, and Design, 3rd ed., Island Press, Wash-ington, DC, USA, 2012.
7. Grinde, B., Patil, G.G. Biophilia: Does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being? // Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2009, # 6, pp. 2332–2343.
8. Kellert, S.R., Calabrese, E.F. The Practice of Biophilic Design, 2015.
9. Lei, Q., Lau, S.S., Yuan, C., Qi, Y. Post-Occupancy Evaluation of the Biophilic Design in the Workplace for Health and Wellbeing // Buildings, 2022, # 12.
10. Largo-Wight, E., Chen, W.W., Dodd, V., Weiler, R. Healthy Workplaces: The Effects of Nature Contact at Work on Employee Stress and Health // Public Health Rep., 2011, # 126, pp. 124–130.
11. Adamson, K., Thatcher, A. Do Indoor Plants Improve Performance Outcomes?: Using the At-tention Restoration Theory // in: Bagnara S, T.R, A.S, A.T, F.Y (Eds.), Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput., Springer, Cham, Florence, ITALY, 2019, pp. 591–604.
12. Raanaas, R.K., Horgen, K.E., Rich, D., Sjøstrøma, G., Patil, G.G. Benefits of indoor plants on at-tention capacity in an office setting // J. Environ. Psychol, 2011, # 21, pp. 99–105.
13. Bakker, I., Van der Voordt, T.J.M. The influence of plants on productivity: a critical assessment of research findings and test methods // Facilities, 2010, # 28, pp. 416–439.
14. Neuwenhuis, M., Knight, C., Postmes, T., Haslam, S.A. The relative benefits of green versus lean office space: three field experiments // J. Exp. Psychol. Appl., 2014, # 20, pp. 199–214.
15. Wilkins, A.J. A physiological basis for visual discomfort: Application in lighting design // Light. Res. Technol., 2015, # 48, pp. 44–54.
16. Rogers, K. Biophilia hypothesis / Encycl. Br. (n.d.). https://www.britannica.com/science/biophilia-hypothesis (accessed September 1, 2021).
17. Sutton, R.K. Aesthetics for green roofs and green walls // J. Living Archit., 2014, # 1, pp. 1–20.
18. Canham, A.E. Artificial Lighting for Plant Growth // Light. Res. Technol., 1954, # 19, pp. 235–261.
19. Sekhar Darshan Panda, S., Kumar, J., Mohanty, N., Biswal, M., Baig, M.J., Kumar, A., Umakanta, N., Samantaray, S., Pradhan, S.K., Shaw, B.P., Swain, P., Behera, L. Comparative transcriptome profiling of low light tolerant and sensitive rice varieties induced by low light stress at active till-ering stage / Nature, 2019.
20. Ouzounis, T., Rosenqvist, E., Ottosen, C.- O. Spectral Effects of Artificial Light on Plant Physiology and Secondary Metabolism: A Review // HortScience, 2015, # 50, pp. 1128–1135.
21. Paradiso, R., Proietti, S. Light-Quality Manipulation to Control Plant Growth and Photomorpho-genesis in Greenhouse Horticulture: The State of the Art and the Opportunities of Modern LED Systems // J. Plant Growth Regul, 2021.
22. Weir, J. Artificial lighting fόr commercial horticulture // Light. Res. Technol., 1975, # 7, pp. 209–225.
23. Rodríguez-Gamir, J., Ancillo, G., González-Mas, M.C., Primo-Millo, E., Iglesias, D.J., For-ner-Giner, M.A. Root signalling and modulation of stomatal closure in flooded citrus seedlings // Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2011, # 49, pp. 636–645.
24. Westerduin, E. The Ultimate Guide to Living Green Wall Lighting, n.d. www.suiteplants.com.
25. Zielinska-Dabkowska, K.M., Hartmann, J., Sigillo, C. LED Light Sources and Their Complex Set-Up for Visually and Biologically Effective Illumination for Ornamental Indoor Plants // Sus-tainability, 2019, # 11.
26. Dugar, A.M., Dileep, M., Burhani, H. White LED Light Sources – Merging Architectural and Hor-ticultural Lighting Applications within Interior Environments // Int. J. Hortic. Crop Sci. Res., 2019, # 9, pp. 83–93.
27. Dugar, A.M., Raynham, P., Sexton, R., Gilbey, D., McKeever, R., Costello, M. Optimum LED Lighting for Green Walls // LED Prof. Rev., 2020, pp. 64–69.
28. ANSI/IES TM‑30–18: IES Method for Evaluating Light Source Colour Rendition, Illuminating Engineering Society, New York, NY, USA, 2018.

Ceramic metal halide lamps (CMH) are a type of high-intensity discharge lamp that are used for a variety of applications, including street lighting, stadium lighting, and horticulture. In this study, we investigate the thermal behaviour of CMH lamps by solving the diffusion equation. The diffusion equation is a partial differential equation that describes the diffusion of heat through a material. By solving this equation, obtain the temperature distribution within the CMH lamp has been obtained. In this study, the finite element method has been used in MATLAB to solve the diffusion equation for a typical CMH lamp. The simulation considers the lamp’s geometry, material properties, and operating conditions. The simulation provides a temperature profile plot of the CMH lamp, which allows us to analyse the heat transfer and thermal distribution within the lamp. The results show that the temperature profile of the CMH lamp is strongly influenced by the lamp’s geometry and operating conditions. The highest temperatures are found at the centre of the arc tube, while the temperatures at the ends of the tube are lower. The temperature distribution within the CMH lamp is non-uniform, which can have implications for the lamp’s performance and lifespan. The study provides important insights into the thermal behaviour of CMH lamps and can be useful for optimizing their design and performance. By understanding the temperature distribution within the lamp, the potential areas of improvement are identified, and new parameters, such as knee point, are opined to enhance the lamp’s efficiency and lifespan.

1. Huang, J., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z. Simulation and analysis of the diffusion equation in ceramic metal halide lamps // IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2017, Vol. 45, # 9, pp. 2401–2407.
2. Lu, J., Liu, C. A study on arc tube of ceramic metal halide lamp based on finite element analysis // Second International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering, Inner Mongolia, China, 2011, pp. 1000–1003.
3. Westermeier, M. Investigation of the emitter-effect in HID-lamps by absorption- and emission-spectroscopy / Ph. D. Thesis, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, 2011.
4. Reinelt, J., et. al. // J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2008, # 41, 144002 p.
5. Langenscheidt, O. Elektroden fur¨ HID-Lampen – Diagnostik und Simulation Ph. D. Thesis, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, 2008.
6. Reinelt, J. Experimental investigation on electrodes of HID lamps at low and high operation frequencies / Ph. D. Thesis, Ruhr-Universitat, Bochum, 2009.
7. Ruhrmann, C., et. al. Influence of a cold spot heating on the emitter effect of an HID lamp: spectroscopic and pyrometric measurements // Proc. 13th Int. Symp. on the Science and Technology of Light Sources (Troy, NY) ed R Devonshire and G Zissis, 2012, CP036, pp. 167–168.
8. Wickliffe, M.E., Lawler, J.E. Atomic transition probabilities for Tm i and Tm ii // J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1997, # 14, pp. 737–53.
9. Flikweert, A.J., et. al. Plasma Sources // Sci. Technol., 2009, # 18, 035019 p.
10. Benilov, M.S. // J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2008, # 41, 144001 p.
11. Lichtenberg, S., et. al. // J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2005, # 38, pp. 3112–27.
12. Callahan, S., Lapatovich, W. On the removal of mercury from automotive HID lamps: a technical and regulatory perspective // Proc. SAE 2002 World Congress (Detroit, MI) SAE Technical Paper, 2002, # 2002–01–0976.
13. Ruhrmann, C., Westermeier, M., Höbing, T., Bergner, A, Denissen, C., Suijker, J., Awakowicz, P., Mentel, J. Combining emission and absorption spectroscopy at rare earth spectral lines: plasma temperature measurements in ceramic metal halide lamps // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2023, Vol. 46, # 29, 5202 p.

1. Smirnova (Meshkova), T.V., Zaeva-Burdonskaya, E.A. Formation of A New Identity of Road Service Objects Using Lighting Design Techniques: Pre-Project Analysis // Light & Engineering, 2023, Vol. 31, # 5, pp. 79–89.
2. Gusev, N.M., Makarevich, V.G. Light architecture, 1973 [Gusev N.M., Makarevich V.G. Svetovaya arhitektura, 1973].
3. Sizy, S.N. The current state and prospects of the development of lighting design // Svetotekhnika, 2018, # 3, pp. 72–79 [Sizyj S.N. Sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya svetodizajna // Svetotekhnika. – 2018. – № 3. – S. 72–79].
4. Nazarov, Yu.V., Eskov, V.D. The origins and prerequisites for the formation of the concept of emotional design. In the sat. Bulletin of the MGKHPA named after S.G. Stroganov. Decorative Art and The Subject-Spatial Environment, # 1–2, 2022, pp. 267–272 [Nazarov Yu.V., Es’kov V.D. Istoki i predposylki formirovaniya koncepcii emocional’nogo dizajna. V sb. Vestnik MGHPA im. S.G. Stroganova. Dekorativnoe Iskusstvo I Predmetno-Prostranstvennaya Sreda. № 1–2, 2022. – S. 267–272.]
5. Ajzenberg, J.B. Reference book on lighting engineering, 3rd edition, ed. Ajzenberg J.B. M., “The Sign”. 2006 [Spravochnaya kniga po svetotekhnike, izd. 3‑e, pod red. Ajzenberga Yu.B. M., “Znak”. 2006].
6. Neumann, D., Stern, R.A.M., Isenstadt, S., Petty, M.M., Lambert, P., Addington, M., Tanteri, M. The Structure of Light: Richard Kelly and the Illumination of Modern Architecture Hardcover – Illustrated, January 25, 2011.
7. Klimenko, S.V., Panova, N.G., Shchepetkov, N.I. Colour light as a tool for working with architectural form in the night environment of the city // Svetotekhnika, # 1, 2022, pp. 49–56 [Klimenko S.V., Panova N.G., Shchepetkov N.I. Cvetnoj svet kak instrument raboty s arhitekturnoj formoj v nochnoj srede goroda // Svetotekhnika, # 1, 2022, s. 49–56].
8. Sokolova, M.A., Silkina, M.A. Elements of landscaping and navigation in the urban environment. Textbook/ M.A. Sokolova, M.A. Silkina, M.: Architecture- C, 2016, 176 p. [Sokolova M.A. Silkina M.A. Elementy blagoustrojstva i navigaciya v gorodskoj srede. Uchebnoe posobie / M.A. Sokolova, M.A. Silkina. – M.: Arhitektura. – 2016. – 176 s.]
9. Fotios, S., Liachenko Monteiro, A., Uttley, J. Evaluation of pedestrian reassurance gained by higher illumination in residential streets using the day–dark approach // Lighting Res. Technol., 2019, Vol. 51, pp. 557–575.
10. Shchepetkov, N.I. The lighting design of the city: a textbook // M.: Architecture Since, 2006, 320 p. [Shchepetkov N.I. Svetovoj dizajn goroda: uchebnoe posobie // M.: Arhitektura S, 2006. – 320 s.]
11. Davidovic, M., Djokic, L., Cabarkapa, A., Kostic, M. Warm white versus neutral white LED street lighting: Pedestrians’ impressions // Lighting Res. Technol., 2019, Vol. 51, pp. 1237–1248.
12. Meshkova, T.V. Lighting design in the formation of a new identity of road service zones (on the example of the gas station environment) / Master’s thesis (Department of Environmental Design of S.G. Stroganov Russian State Pedagogical University), 2022 [Meshkova T.V. Svetodizajn v formirovanii novoj identichnosti zon dorozhnogo servisa (na primere sredy AZS) / Magisterskaya dissertaciya (kafedra “Sredovoj dizajn” RGHPU im. S.G. Stroganova), 2022].

1. Boulos, M.I., Fauchais, P.L., Pfender, E. Plasma Radiation Transport / In: Handbook of Thermal Plasmas, Springer, Cham, 2015.
2. Shilkov, A.V. Spectral Moments Method in Modelling Radiating Collisional Plasma // Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics Preprints, 2016, # 36, 48 p.
3. Gadzhiev, M. Kh., Emirov, R.M., Muslimov, A.E., Ismailov, M.G., Kanevskiy, V.M. Formation of Super Hard Coatings in the Process of Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment of Titanium Films in Open Atmosphere // Technical Physics Letters, 2021, Vol. 47, # 9, pp. 44–47.
4. Noebauer, U.M., Sim, S.A. Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer // Living Reviews in Computational Astrophysics, 2019, Vol. 5, # 1.
5. Zhu, X.M., Cheng, Z.W., Pu, Y.K., Czarnetzki,U. Escape Factors for Paschen 2p‑1s Emission Lines in Low-Temperature Ar, Kr, and Xe Plasmas // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2016, Vol. 49, 225204 p.
6. Novikov, A.A., Kim, D.A., Vichev, I. Yu., Solomyannaya, A.D., Grushin, A.S., Yartsev, B.L. Numerical Study of Xenon Radiating Plasma // Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics Preprints, 2022, # 057, 15 p.
7. Kozlov, A.N., Konovalov, V.S. Model of Non-Equilibrium Ionization Process Considering Level-by-Level Kinetics and Radiation Transfer in the Plasma Accelerator Channel // Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics Preprints, 2017, # 103, 28 p.
8. Reshenov, S.P. Effect of Hyperfine Line Structure on Resonance Radiation Transfer in Low-Pressure Mercury Discharge // Light & Engineering, 2008, Vol. 16, # 3, pp. 93–99.
9. Butcher, J.C. Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations, John Wiley, 2003.
10. Budak, V.P., Zheleznov, I.I. On the Solution of the Radiation Transfer Equation in Low-Temperature Mercury Plasma // Modern Technologies in Science and Education – MTSE‑2023: Proceedings of the VI International Scientific and Technical Forum. In 10 volumes, Ryazan, March 1–3, 2023 / Edited by O.V. Milovzorov. Vol. 2. – Ryazan: Ryazan State Radio Engineering University named after V.F. Utkin, 2023, pp. 14–18.
11. Amanatides, J., Woo, A. A Fast Voxel Traversal Algorithm for Ray Tracing // Eurographics, 1987, Vol. 87, pp. 3–10.
12. Zheleznov, I.I., Popov, O.A. Study of Radiative and Spectral Characteristics of UV Radiation Sources Based on Coaxial Microwave Discharges in Low-Pressure Mercury Vapor // Vestnik MPEI (Bulletin of Moscow Power Engineering Institute), 2023, # 2, pp. 137–143.
13. Lebedev, Yu.A., Yusupova, E.V. Influence of a Constant Field on Near-Surface Plasma in a Strongly Inhomogeneous Microwave Discharge // Plasma Physics Reports, 2012, Vol. 38, # 8, pp. 677–693.
14. Budak, V.P., Zheleznov, I.I. Application of Scientific Visualization in Modelling Low-Temperature Gas Discharge Plasma // Scientific Visualization, 2023, Vol. 15, # 4, pp. 41–55.

Digitalization of biology transforms its information content. New information resources appear, such as collections of digital images, spectral and colour parameters of living biological objects. The creation of such collections develops classical traditions, supplementing them with new information about the state of a living object, plants or animals. This paper presents information on spectral and colour parameters of plants for future digital collections (new generation herbaria). This information was obtained by direct scanning on flatbed scanners of living plant samples before herbariums creation with further analysis by using graphic editors. Simultaneously, spectral and colour characteristics of the surface of the same plants were obtained using commercial digital spectrophotometer-calibrators, which have not been previously used for such tasks. This work represents one of the first examples of biological colorimetry, when objective quantitative parameters of living biological objects were obtained by different physical methods.

1. Tiras, Kh.P. Biobanks in the context of science, technology and education // Genetic technologies and medicine: doctrine, legislation, practice / ed. by A.A. Mokhov, O.V. Sushkova. Moscow: Prospect, 2021, pp. 118–133, (In Russian).
2. Apyari, V.V., Tiras, Kh.P., Nefedova, S.E., Gorbunova, M.V. Non-invasive in vivo spectroscopy using a monitor calibrator: A case of planarian feeding and digestion statuses // Micro-chemical Journal, V.166, July 2021, 106255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106255.
3. Tiras, Kh.P., Zelenskaya, N.N., Valkov, I.N. Digital herbarium of living specimens as a new information resource of biology // Bulletin of Tula State University. International Scientific Conference “Study and conservation of biodiversity”, Tula: Izd-v TulSU, 2023, pp. 160–170, (In Russian).
4. Flora of the middle zone of Russia. Atlas-delimiter / Kiseleva, K.V., Mayorov, S.R., Novikov, V.S.. Edited by Prof. V.S. Novikov, Moscow: CJSC “Fiton+”, 2010, 544 p., (In Russian).
5. Biological Collections: Ensuring Critical Research and Education for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25592. // National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2020.
6. Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, www.binran.ru/resources/current/herbaria/herbariums/25‑detail.html.
7. Skvortsov, A.K. Herbarium. Manual on methodology and technique // M.: Nauka, 1977, 199 с. (In Russian).
9. Index Herbariorumhttps://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/8, date of addressing 01.03.2024.
10. Zelenskaya, N.N., Denisova, L.V. New southern species in the flora of Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve / In the book: Global climatic changes: reg.gy. 2019, (In Russian).
11. Apyari, V.V., Dmitrienko, S.G., Zolotov, Y.A., Unusual application of common digital devices: potentialities of Eye-One Pro mini-spectrophotometer – a monitor calibrator for registration of surface plasmon resonance bands of silver and gold nanoparticles in solid matrices // Sens. Actuat. B 188 (2013), 1109–1115.
12. Ivanov, V.M., Monogarova, O.V., Oskolok, K.V. Opportunities and prospects for the development of colorimetric method in analytical chemistry // Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2015, Vol. 70, No. 10, pp. 1011–1025, (In Russian).
13. Vorobyeva, E.V.; Bratchenko, I.A.; Zakharov, V.P.; Timchenko, P.E.; Kotova, C.P. Experimental studies and mathematical modelling of the optical characteristics of the plant tissue (in Russian) // Izvestiya SSC RAS, 2007, Vol. 9, # 3, pp. 620–625, (In Russian).
14. Zakharov, V.P.; Makurina, O.N.; Timchenko, E.V.; Timchenko, P.E.; Kotova, S.P.; Valiullov, R.V. Ecological monitoring of the urban territories by means of the differential backscattering method (in Russian) // Vestnik SGAU, # 2, 2008, pp. 261–270, (In Russian).
15. Kuleshova, T.E.; Chernousov, I.N.; Udalova, O.R.; Anikina, L.M.; Khomyakov, Yu.V.; Aleksandrov, A.V.; Seredin, I.S.; Feofanov, S.V.; Scheglov, S.A.; Gall, N.R., Panova G.G. Influence of spectral features of the light environment on light absorption by lettuce leaves and its net productivity // Biophysics, 2020, Vol. 65, # 1, pp. 112–124, (In Russian).
16. Hall, D., Rao, K. Photosynthesis / Translated from English, Moscow, Mir, 1983, 134 p.
17. Tarakhovsky, Y.S., Kim, Y.A., Abdrasilov, B.S., Muzafarov, E.N.. Flavonoids: biochemistry, biophysics, medicine / ed. by E.I. Maevsky, Pushchino: Sunchryobok, 2013, 310 p., (In Russian).
18. Gubanov, I.A., Kiseleva, K.V., Novikov, V.S., Tikhomirov, V.N. Illustrated identifier of plants of Middle Russia / Volume 3: Cover-seeds (dicotyledons: split-leaved). Moscow: TMK Scientific Publishing House, Institute of Technological Research, 2004, p. 449 p., (In Russian).
19. Tiras, Kh.P., Rozhdestvenskaya, Z.E., Ilyasov, E.F., Petrov, A.B., Mayorov, S.R. Computer biology – problems and prospects // In Proceedings of Horizons of Biophysics. Ed. G.R. Ivanitsky, Serpukhov, 2003, pp. 62–66, (In Russian).
20. Tiras, Kh.P. Computer biology – bases and definitions // Proc. of the 1st All-Russian scientific-practical conference Computer biology – from fundamental science to biotechnology and biomedicine, Pushchino, 2011, pp. 81–82, (In Russian).

The retrieval of parameters for a turbid medium presents a challenging and ill-posed inverse problem. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of utilizing global optimization algorithms to determine optical properties of the medium such as the optical thickness, the single scattering albedo, the single scattering phase function, and the extinction profile from multi-angle radiance measurements. For this purpose, we consider the application of the Differential Evolution, SHGO, and Dual Annealing solvers.
To address the phase function retrieval problem, we introduce an enhanced modification of Differential Evolution capable of handling this complex task. In the context of phase function retrieval, we find that global optimization solvers demonstrate comparable efficiency when compared to the Gauss-Newton method, which requires the computation of Jacobians. In the case of the extinction profile problem, the incorporation of Jacobian estimation, coupled with Tikhonov regularization, leads to significant enhancements in retrieval accuracy.

1. Bertrand Fougnie, Thierry Marbach, Antoine Lacan, Ruediger Lang, Peter Schlüssel, Gabriele Poli, Rosemary Munro, and Couto André B. The multi-viewing multi-channel multi-polarisation imager – overview of the 3MI polarimetric mission for aerosol and cloud characterization // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 219:23–32, November 2018.
2. Rodgers, Clive D. Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding // WORLD SCIENTIFIC, July 2000.
3. Doicu, A., Trautmann, T. and Schreier, F. Numerical Regularization for Atmospheric Inverse Problems / Springer Berlin, 2010.
4. Yi Qin. Inversion of multi-angle sky radiance measurements for the retrieval of atmospheric optical properties 1. Algorithm // Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D22), 2002.
5. Yi Qin. Inversion of multi-angle sky radiance measurements for the retrieval of atmospheric optical properties 2. Application // Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D22), 2002.
6. Holben, B.N., Eck, T.F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J.P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J.A., Kaufman, Y.J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A. AERONET – a federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization // Remote Sensing of Environment, 66(1):1–16, October 1998.
7. Spurr, R., Wang, J., Zeng, J., and Mishchenko, M.I. Linearized t-matrix and Mie scattering computations // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, April 2012, Vol. 113 #6, pp. 425–439.
8. Yan, J., Efremenko, D. S., Vasilyeva, A. A., Doicu, A., Wriedt, T., and Wirth, C. Scattering morphology resolved total internal reflection microscopy (SMR-TIRM) of colloidal spheres // Computational Mathematics and Modelling, 32(1):86–93, January 2021.
9. Tikhomorov, I.A., Mishkin, F., Vlasov, V.A., Borisov, V.A., Sosnovenko, V.M., and Vasilev, A.G. Methods and devices for determining the scattering indicatrix of laser radiation in a gas-dispersed medium [Metody i ustroystva dlya opredeleniya indikatrisy rasseyaniya lazernogo izlucheniya v gazodispersnoy srede] // News of Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2003, # 306, pp. 41–44.
10. Herrero-Anta, S., Román, R., Mateos, D., González, R., Antuña – Sánchez, J. C., Herreras-Giralda, M., Almansa, A. F., González-Fernández, D., Herrero del Barrio, C., Toledano, C., Cachorro, V. E., and de Frutos, Á.M. Retrieval of aerosol properties from zenith sky radiance measurements //Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2023, 16 (19), pp. 4423–4443.
11. Storn, R. and Price, K. // Journal of Global Optimization, 11(4):341–359, 1997.
12. 2023 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). IEEE, 2023, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CEC53210.2023.
13. Swagatam Das, Sankha Subhra Mullick, and Suganthan, P.N. Recent advances in differential evolution – an updated survey // Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, April 2016, # 27, pp. 1–30.
14. Lobato, F.S., Steffen, V., and Silva Neto A.J.. Solution of inverse radiative transfer problems in two-layer participating media with differential evolution // Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 18(2):183–195, August 2009.
15. Rapin, J. and Teytaud, O. Nevergrad – A gradientfree optimization platform // https://GitHub.com/FacebookResearch/ Nevergrad, 2018.
16. Microsoft. Neural Network Intelligence. https://github.com/microsoft/nni, 1, 2021.
17. Daniel Golovin, Benjamin Solnik, Subhodeep Moitra, Greg Kochanski, John Karro, and Sculley, D. Google vizier: A service for black-box optimization // In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Halifax, NS, Canada, August 13–17, 2017, pages 1487–1495. ACM, 2017.
18. Vladimir P. Budak, Dmitriy A. Klyuykov, and Korkin, S.V. Complete matrix solution of radiative transfer equation for PILE of horizontally homogeneous slabs // Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, May 2011,112(7), pp. 1141–1148.
19. Viktor P. Afanas’ev, Alexander Yu. Basov, Vladimir P. Budak, Dmitry S. Efremenko, and Kokhanovsky, A.A. Analysis of the discrete theory of radiative transfer in the coupled “ocean–atmosphere” system: Current status, problems and development prospects // Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(3):202, March 2020.
20. Spurr, R. and Christi, M. The LIDORT and VLIDORT linearized scalar and vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer models: Updates in the last 10 years / In Springer Series in Light Scattering, pages 1–62. Springer International Publishing, 2019.
21. Schutgens, N. A. J. and Stammes, P. A novel approach to the polarization correction of spaceborne spectrometers // Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 108(D7), April 2003.
22. Meijin Lin, Zhenyu Wang, and Wang, F. Hybrid differential evolution and particle swarm optimization algorithm based on random inertia weight // In 2019 34rd Youth Academic Annual Conference of Chinese Association of Automation (YAC). IEEE, June 2019.
23. Jingqiao Zhang and Sanderson, A.C. Adaptive Differential Evolution / Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.
24. Jingqiao Zhang and Sanderson, A.C. JADE: Selfadaptive differential evolution with fast and reliable convergence performance // In 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE, September 2007.
25. Fei Peng, Ke Tang, Guoliang Chen, and Yao, X. Multi-start JADE with knowledge transfer for numerical optimization // In 2009 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE, May 2009.
26. Stefan C. Endres, Carl Sandrock, and Focke, W.W. A simplicial homology algorithm for Lipschitz optimisation // Journal of Global Optimization, 72(2):181–217, March 2018.
27. Xiang, Y. and Gong, X.G. Efficiency of generalized simulated annealing // Physical Review E, 62(3):4473–4476, September 2000.
28. Hess, M., Koepke, P., and Schult, I. Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC // Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, May 1998, 79(5), pp. 831–844.

Vladimir P. Budak, Igor I. Zheleznov, and Andrei A. Grigoryev
Features of Solving the Radiation Transfer Equation in Low-Temperature Gas Discharge Plasma

Ivan Chuprov, Jiexing Gao, Dmitry Efremenko, and Feodor Buzaev
Application of Global Optimization for Retrievals from Synthetic Multi-Angle Measurements

Feodor I. Manyakhin, Dmitry O. Varlamov, Vitaly V. Kuksа, and Lyudmila O. Mokretsova
Mechanism and Regularity for Luminous Flux Decreasing of Efficient Small Powered LEDs Based on GaN/InGaN Structures at High Current Density

Kharlampy P. Tiras, Nadezhda N. Zelenskaya, Ilya N. Valkov, and Nadezhda R. Tiras
Biological Colorimetry as a New Field of Biophotonics

Yuri I. Yakimenko, Sergei P. Astakhov, Igor V. Yakimenko, and Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
Results of a Study for Spatiotemporal Cloudiness Emission Structures in the LWIR Range

Vladimir P. Budak, Igor I. Zheleznov, and Andrei A. Grigoryev
Features of Solving the Radiation Transfer Equation in Low-Temperature Gas Discharge Plasma

Ivan Chuprov, Jiexing Gao, Dmitry Efremenko, and Feodor Buzaev
Application of Global Optimization for Retrievals from Synthetic Multi-Angle Measurements

Feodor I. Manyakhin, Dmitry O. Varlamov, Vitaly V. Kuksа, and Lyudmila O. Mokretsova
Mechanism and Regularity for Luminous Flux Decreasing of Efficient Small Powered LEDs Based on GaN/InGaN Structures at High Current Density

Kharlampy P. Tiras, Nadezhda N. Zelenskaya, Ilya N. Valkov, and Nadezhda R. Tiras
Biological Colorimetry as a New Field of Biophotonics

Yuri I. Yakimenko, Sergei P. Astakhov, Igor V. Yakimenko, and Raisa I. Stolyarevskaya
Results of a Study for Spatiotemporal Cloudiness Emission Structures in the LWIR Range